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RECOLLECTIONS 



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HENRY WATKINS ALLEN 



BRIGADIER-GENERAL CONFEDERATE STATES ARBOT 
EX-GOVERNOR OF LOUISIANA, 



T 



BY 



SARAH A. DORSET. 



NEW YORK: 
PUBLISHED BY M. DOOLADY, 

448 BROOME STREET. 

NEW ORLEANS: JAMES A. GRESHAM, 
92 Cajsip Street. 



€^'-- 



Entered according to Act of (Congress, in Iho year ISCfl, 

By M. DOOLADT 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Soutb»ra 

District of New York. 



/M^24 



// 



/I 



DEDICATED 

TO 

THE PEOPLE OF LOUISIANA, 

WHOM HE LOVED SO DEAKLY, SERVED SO TRULY, AND FOR WHOSE 
SAKE HE DIED AN EXILE, 

BY FILIA. 



*' A man that fortune's buffets and rewards hast ta'en with equal thanks ! 
And bless'd are those 

"Whose blood and judgment are so well commingled, 

That they are not a pipe for fortune's finger, to sound what stop she please." 

Hamlet, Act iii., scene 2. 

" And you ought to take very great ca.s, when you are about to praise or 
blame any man, that you speak correctly.''' 

Plato— The Minos. 

" But such acts as no poet has yet thrown round them a renown suited to 
their worth, and lohich are still in remembrance, all these it seems I ought, by 
praising, to call to mind, and by introducing them to others, make them a sub- 
ject for songs and other kinds of poetry, according to the actors." 

Plato — The Menexenus. 



" For the main point in biography is, to present tJie man in all his relations 
to his time, and to show to what extent it may have opposed or prospered his 
development. What view of mankind and the world he has shaped from it, 
and how far he himself may be an external reflection of its spirit." 

Goethe— Wahrheit und Dichtung. 



CONTENTS 



Tb.1S.VA0Z g 



BOOK I. 

Birth. — Ancestry. -- Childhood. — Youth. — Manhood. — Teaching School.— 
Texas.— Marriage.— Death of Salome 17 



BOOK II. 

Planting.— Cooper's Wells.— Colonel N.— Baton Kouge.— Allendale.— Lake St. 

Joseph.— The Swans.-College.— European Tour.— State-House Grounds.— 

^ Love of Flowers.-Masic— Poetry. 87 



BOOK III. 

Virginia.— Visit to his Mother's Grave.— In Havana.— Confederate War.— Ship 
Island.- Duels.- Code of Honor.— Fort Berwick Chene.— Jackson 58 



BOOK IV. 

" Holding tho Eiver."— Beauregard.— Lovell.— Polk.— Shiloh 68 

BOOK V. 

" Holding the Elver."— New Orleans 88 

BOOK YI. 

"HoldingthcRiver."—Vick3burg.— First Bombardment.— The Arkansas.. 117 



8 CONTENTS. 



BOOK VII. 

"Holding the PJver." —Battle of Baton Eouge. — The Arkausaa. — Allen 
wounded 127 



BOOK VIII. 

" Holding the Kiver."— Taylor's Gunboat Expedition 153 

BOOK IX. 

Elver lost.— Grant's March.— Fall of Vicksburg 159 

BOOK X. 

Gubernatorial Life.— Banks' Kaid.— Incidents of Surrender 288 

BOOK XI. 

Journey. — Life in Mexico. — Editor of the "Mexican Times." — Illness.— 
Death. — Correspondence about bringing back Eemains. — End 807 

APPENDIX. 

Message to Legislature.— Governor Allen and Missouri. — Letter of Instruction 

to Colonel . — Ladies of New Orleans to Allen. — Correspondence. — Bon- 

necage and Farragut.— Demand for State Papers by Herron.— The Mexican 
Times. — Tribute to Allen. — Leaves from Journal of Allen's Friend near 
Grand Gulf. 877 



PREFACE. 



Many friends of the late " Confederate" Governor of Loui- 
siana, cognizant of the close friendship and intimacy which 
existed between us, instigated by an affectionate curiosity, 
awakened naturally by the unusual circumstances in which, 
as a people, we find ourselves placed at this epoch of time, — 
desirous to know all that can be made public of the private 
life of one so justly beloved, who expiated in exile the " crime" 
of having fought for us and served us, — these still grateful 
friends have requested me to write a sketch of his life and 
give it to the public. It is very essential, for the sake of 
Southern honor, and the position which may be accorded us in 
the future pages of impartial histor^^, that we, Southern people, 
should also put on record on the files of Time, so far as we can, 
our version of the terrific struggle in which we have been so 
recently engaged, and from which we have emerged — after four 
years of unparalleled suffering, gallant resistance, and stern 
endurance of, all the fiercest vicissitudes of any war ever 
waged by any peoples — broken in fortunes, defeated in battle, 
crushed, bleeding, and subjugated I Yet, amidst the misery 
and ruin that surround us, we feel sadness, but no confusion 
of face ; regret, but no humiliation. We did put lives and 
wealth in the balance of fortune, risking, and willing to risk 
all for what we considered more valuable than they. We 
believed our rights invaded, our liberties attacked, and we 
fought to defend them as well as we could. 



10 preface; 

" That for wliicli man offers up his blood or his property mast be more 
valuable than they. In short, only for the nobility within us, only for 
virtue, -will man open his veins, and offer up his spirit. But this nobility, 
this virtue, presents different phases: with the Christian martyr it is 
faith ; with the savage it is honor ; with the republican it is liberty. 

"Jean Paul F. Richter." 

In the thought of the Southern people in 1861, all three 
sentiments were combined — faith, honor, love of libert^^ They 
conscientiously believed all these to be attached. I am, by no 
means, asserting here that it was so, — that the Republican 
party of the Northern States was, and had been for years, 
preaching with all the fervor and enthusiasm of Peter the 
Hermit, a crusade against Southern institutions, and outraging 
the Southern heart in its keenest and most vital susceptibil- 
ities ! That question must be decided in the mind of each 
individual, for him or her self. I only say, the Southern people 
thought so ! and acted under the force of that impression. The 
justice or injustice of their cause must be decided by a higher 
and more impartial Judge than I. 

According to human judgment, success is the measure of 
righteousness in any cause. In that aspect, the South has 
been judged already. She fought — she was weak, she is de- 
feated ! She, however — and on this point we must insist — she 
fought this war from beginning to end, believing' conscien- 
tiously sbe was doI..g only hnr natural duty. 

The " Confederate cross," we were persuaded, was raised in 
honor, and when it sunk below the world's horizon, crimson 
with the blood of Southern men, shed so freely and so vainly, 
we felt it went down behind the purple sea of war without 
dishonor. Frankly and courageously, we, as a noble, true 
people should do, have accepted the issue from the red hand of 
Mars. It remains to be seen, whether those fraternal adver- 
saries, who forced us into peace, overpowering us by superior 
numbers — whether they who have been the victors in this 
Titf^nic contest, are as great in the intoxication of success as 
we, the conquered, show ourselves to be, in submission. Our 



PREFACE. 11 

faults as a People are doubtless many, but deceit and hypocrisy 
are not among- them. 

There will probably be as much instruction for us in the 
study and close examination of the men who have been prom- 
inent among us in our recent contest ; as many lessons for 
us to learn of what is admirable and what is weak in the 
Southern organization, as, perhaps, pages of interest or pas- 
time for the world beyond, in learning what sort of men they 
met in the shock of battle — what kind of Greeks they have 
overpowered ! 

To some extent the very fame of our recent adversaries is 
concerned in this matter. They should remember it height- 
ened the glory of Achilles to have a Hector as an opponent I 
Some Homer, some Thuc^^dides, may hereafter arise for us 
both ! 

I do not, therefore, apologize for the spirit or expression of 
feeling, the tone of this work. It is only what would natu- 
rally be looked for in a Southern woman. I have some hope 
for my country, that it may yet live, even if " brokenly on," 
if President Johnson's policy can be sustained ; and would be 
loth to say or write one word which could frustrate his noble 
efforts. But regarding the War as being the full fruitage of 
the tree of Radicalism ; knowing that my people believed 
themselves fighting, not against the true version of the Con- 
stitution of the United States, but to sustain the fundamental 
principles of Republican liberty ; thinking that New England 
taught us the doctrine of Secession, which we were very 
desirous to apply peaceably, and were not permitted to do, — I 
do not hesitate to say openly what we thought, felt, and did, 
during the war. I write of what was^ not what is. I have 
nothing ta gain. I have nothing to fear. AYhy should T not 
write truth, for the sake of my dead friend, and my almosi: 
dead country I I believe in the continued though transformed 
existence of my friend. I have hopes in the resurrection of 
his body. I have some glimmering trust, some faint hopes, in 
the resurrection of my native land. Allah, Akbar I 



12 PEEFACE. 

We are grateful to the men who fought, bled, died, are in 
prison, or exile for our sakes I We ought not ! we must not I 
we cannot ! we will not, forget them 1 

Hymns and paeans of praise ; essays in prose and verse ; 
orations, ovations, and triumphs, decreed to the heroes of the 
successful army, swell from the lips of poets and orators and 
writers in the North, and are wafted' to our ears on the wings 
of every breeze. Can we be expected to ignore, so soon, all 
that made our hearts burn and glow twelve little months ago ? 
Because we are unfortunate, because we have no sympathy in 
all this wide world, no royal coronations of wreaths or " golden 
crowns,^^ no clapping of hands to stir our souls, but are alone 
in our sorrow, must we forget deeds as brave and hearts as 
true as any the world has ever produced ? 

Memory and gratitude are all that is left us. Our hopes are 
laid in the deep, deep graves scattered through our once fertile 
valleys. Are buried under the mounds, rising like beacons on 
our hillsides. Be silent then, and let us weep ! 

We are not mourning over a desolated land I The soil is 
quick and prolific. It will bloom again, even under the hands 
of the Invaders. We are not raising the sad lament over 
burnt homesteads or hearthstones dyed in blood I They can 
be rebuilt. We do not groan over riches that have flown 
away in smoke on the pinions of fire ; or that lie heaped in 
ashes at our feet ! We weep only for our Bead, our slain in 
battle, fallen in vain. We are weeping silently tears of blood 
in our seemingly quiet hearts, over that Man, the embodiment 
of our Cause, the faithful servant of our will, shut up so long 
in the dreary prison-walls of Fortress Monroe — for those be- 
loved ones who have felt themselves di^iven by necessity away, 
" to lay their mutilated limbs in stranger soil." Day after day 
we number over the leaden hours and think of that man in 
that weary, weary prison ; the marks of the chains still on 
those noble limbs, that the generosity . and the strength of a 
great and victorious people ought never to have permitted to 
be fettered. We are not indifferent to all these things. We 



PREFACE, 13 

would be more or less than human if we were I But we are 
very patient, and are a very sad people I 

What is tliere to fear from us now — from sick, worn, 
feeble, wounded men, broken down by care, anxiet}^, personal 
privation, and national distress — from a people sitting in 
sackcloth among the ruins of their homes ! 

On the sad day, June 1th, 1865, when my friend turned 
away from the door of our temporary home in Texas, and set 
his face pilgrimwise towards the West, — still dark, under the 
faint rays of the early morning, while we stood grouped 
around him, with aching hearts and eyes too full of tears even 
to see clearly the slender, worn, maimed form, the face so pale 
from fatigue and emotion, for whose dear sake we kept the 
tear undropped, and forced back the words of grief that would 
else have sprung bitterly from our lips, — as he pressed my 
hand for the last time, he said : ''I have been asked to give 
notes for my biography — I have not yet done it — but if you 
survive me, will you write it, if it should be asked for again ?" 
This request he often repeated in his letters — in the last one 
I ever received from him he makes it again. 

The promise then given I now attempt to fulfil. I do not, 
therefore, in undertaking this task of friendship, waste the 
time, or exhaust the patience of readers with vain and useless 
apologies for unskilfulness and deficiency on my part. It is 
enough for me to know that my friend considered it wise to 
intrust the rendering of his life's history to my feeble hand, 
although I feel it to be a task better fitted to fingers used 
rather to handle the sword than the distaif. 

It is an ambitious venture for a woman, with her feminine 
mind, which, though often acute, subtle, penetrating, and 
analytic, is too entirely subjective, to attempt in any way the 
writing of history. It was a mistake in the wise Greeks to 
make the Deity presiding over History, a woman. It needs 
the broad, objective grasp of the masculine soul to do justice 
to general History ; but women may perhaps write Biogra- 
phies, just as they paint best, flowers, animals, subjects of still 



14 PREFACE. 

• 
life, that require close, refined, loving scrutin}-, in which affec- 
tion and patience may be useful in giving accuracy and 
penetration to the eye, and which require fine, dainty touches 
of the pencil, and minute, careful elaboration. 

I know of no instance in any Literature where a woman has 
written general History in a manrer at all satisfactory. From 
Anna Commena to the still living Greek Princess Doria 
d'Istria, whose History of Roumania has some local celebrity ; 
Mrs. Strickland, Mrs. Pardee, etc., etc., have all merely written 
Biographies. But Annalists and anomalies must precede 
Livys and Tacituses. Women make very good storj'-tellers. 
So then, it is with no vain or audacious thought of attempting 
to enter the Arena occupied — if occupied by any woman, by the 
two Imperial Greeks, " born in the Purple of genius," as well 
as of temporal empire — that I take up my pen and relate in 
plain and simple style, the only way I know how to v.-rite, the 
story of the life and fortunes of one Confederate Soldier, whoso 
career involved grave questions of public history and interest. 

It can readii}" be perceived how difficult it will be to write 
fully and unreservedly any man's inner life, and yet observe 
the reverence and decorum due to all other persons necessarily 
connected and mingled with that single existence ! I beg, 
therefore, that all those persons who may be incidentally 
mentioned in the course of this narrative, will do me the 
justice to believe that I shall try to say honestly what I have 
to say, endeavoring to free m.y mind from partialities and 
prejudices, regarding them as a painter does his subordinate 
figures, using them only to give light and shadow to his 
central group, and disposing them as well as he can to give 
vitality, distinctness, and prominence to the one portrait it is 
his aim to present to the world. This is only one difficulty I 
have to contend against in this pleasing task. Humboldt 
says, that in gazing at any star, each man sees it differently, 
owing to the diversity of the receptive power in the visual 
organs, common to all humanity. He saw eight rays of light 
proceeding from a single star, while other astronomers saw 



PREFACE. 15 

but four, or six, and some but two. So is it with mental 
vision. It is not your idea, My Reader, it is not anybodj^'s 
but my own, of the man whose life I attempt to sketch in the 
following pages, that I must place before you — it is what I 
saw, I must describe. And here arises another source of dis- 
satisfaction between us. You may consider the drawing I 
make exaggerated, because I see eight rays where you saw 
but four ; or imperfect, because I see but two where 3'ou saw 
six. Coldly, a portrait of my wounded, exiled, dead friend, 
could scarcely be drawn by my pencil — too warmly, perhaps, 
you may think it. 

Should this attempt be favorably received, I may be en- 
couraged to progress still further in this, my labor of love ; 
like Old Mortality, freshening the epitaphs, which are already 
yielding to the corroding tooth of Time, on the gravestones of 
Southern heroes. 

I may be able to lay a branch of Yew, on jomy grave in 
Augusta, oh I beloved, Spiritual Father, who sealed with 
your precious blood your pure devotion to your flock, unless it 
should be done by abler hands than mine. 

" Sicut 
Parvula [nam exemplo est] magni formica laboris. 
Ore trabit quod cunque potest atque adit acervo, 
Quern struit haud ignora, ac non incauta futuri I"* 

Most of this work, where it touches upon the story of the 
War, is merely a compilation of caref il selections from official 
documents and contemporary journals. I ofier no apology for 
the literal and free use I have made of such papers, feeling 
assured the authors will justify such needful plagiarisms. I 
beg to acknowledge special obligations to Generals Beaure- 

* " Thus the little ant (for she may serve for an example) of great 
industry, carries with her mouth whatever she is able, and adds to her 
heap, which she piles up, by no means ignorant of and not improvident 
of the future." — Horace 



16 PEEFACE. 

• 
gard, Mansfield Lovell, S. B. Buckner, and Pemberton. To 
Colonels Thomas H. Hunt, J. M. Sandidge, Henry Denis, 
Major E. Sinjet, of Taylor's staff; Captain Eglin, of Polignac's 
staff ; Captain James McCloskey, Mr. Halsey, Dr. Amzi Martin, 
Ex-Governor Ligon, of Maryland, Hon. F. Watkins, of Vir- 
ginia, Dr. Lindsay, of IN'ew Orleans, and all the other friends 
of Ex-Governor Allen, who have aided me in procuring data 
for this Memorial. 

" FiLIA." 

Lake St. Joseph, Tensas Parish, Louisiana, 
July 16th, 1866. 



RECOLLECTIONS 



OF 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 



BOOK I 



Birth.— Ancestry.— Childhood. — Youth.— Manhood.— Texas.— Marriage. — 
Death of Salome. 

Henry Watkins Allen was born in the county of Prince 
Edward, near Farmville, State of Virginia, on the 29th day of 
April, 1820. His father. Dr. Thomas Allen, a graduate of 
Hampden Sydney College, was of Scotch extraction. Dr. 
Allen was a medical practitioner of some distinction; a man of 
sterling integrity and uprightness — indomitable in the vicissi- 
tudes of fortune — but who seems to have been somewhat stern 
and inflexible in his family relations. The mother of H. W. 
Allen — Ann Watkins — was descended from a Welsh family, 
who doubtless transmitted with the Cymric blood, its heredi- ' 
tary virtues of daring, valor, constancy, and impulsive tender- 
ness, as well as its faults of impetuosity, sudden passion, and 
hastiness of revenge — for sometimes even imaginary insults 
or griefs. In the mother, however, as is often the case in 
women belonging to such fiery races, only the gentlest and 
softest characteristics were developed. The ancient British 
blood in her veins was truly " gentle." She was universally 
beloved, and only distinguished among her own ijoz by pre- 



18 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

• 

senting in her character all feminine virtues in their loveliest 
and most attractive form. 

The first mention of a Watkins in the history of Virginia, 
was of one " James Watkins," a companion of " Captain John 
Smith," in his expeditions in 160*1 and '8. 

Another of the family, Thomas Watkins, of Chickahominy, 
died in 1783. This ancestor seemed to think his children 
would succeed better in the battle of life, unencumbered with 
the burden of money. So he added a codicil to his will de- 
vising- large bequests of real and personal estate to persons 
" not members of his family." There was no proof of the ex- 
ecution of the writing purporting to be a codicil to the will, 
and it never went to record. By operation of the then exist- 
ing law, the old man died intestate as to the property men- 
tioned in the codicil; the real estate, therefore, descended to 
the eldest son, Henry Watkins, and the personal assets, by 
virtue of the will, went to the brothers and sisters. The sons 
and daughters, however, appear to have been anxious to carry 
out the old gentleman's wishes, though it deprived them of 
interests of value. There being some infants, minors inter- 
ested in the succession, there seems to have been some diflScul- 
ties in fulfilling the intentions of the testator. But these were 
overcome, and the children not only relinquished to the in- 
tended Beneficiaries their right and title to the property in 
question, but also made liberal contributions to the intended 
Devisees. Instances of integrity and virtue such as this, are 
rare in any age. Henry and Thomas seem to have con- 
tinued to be family names amongst these worthy people 
throughout their generations — names now borne honorably by 
the subject of this sketch, Henry Watkins Allen, and Thomas 
Watkins Ligon, his cousin, ex-governor of Maryland. The 
Watkinses are related to many of the best Virginia families — 
the Fiuchards, Carringtons, Venables, etc., etc., etc. Thomas 
Watkins, grandson of Thomas of Chickahominy, deserves 
most honorable mention. His father resolved to give him the 
best advantages of education (these people always prized 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 10 

learning and cultivation, it socms), afforded b}^ the schools of 
the period of his youth, and although the Revolutionary War 
prevented the full execution of this purpose, Thomas received 
far more cultivation than was usually bestowed upon the sons 
of Planters. In 1^80, Thomas Watkins made an earnest 
appeal to the patriotism of his neighbors and youthful com- 
panions, to give him their aid in attempting to achieve the 
liberties of the country. By his efforts a troop of Horse was 
organized in Prince Edward County, and he was elected 
Captain of it. He offered his company of Cavalry to " Colonel 
Lee," and desired to be enrolled in his " Legion." Watkins' 
troop presenting a rather plain and unattractive appearance, 
his application was rejected ; subsequent events proved to 
Colonel Lee that he had acted unwisely, but when the Colonel, 
after the battle of Guilford, expressed a desire that the 
Prince Edward troop should join him. Captain Watkins indig- 
nantly refused to do it — he preferred serving under General 
Greene. This Troop has continued its organization to this 
day. The "Watkins troop" fought in the recent war. At the 
battle of Guilford Courthouse, March, 1Y81, Captain Thomas 
Watkins was distinguished for his gallantry: in single combat 
he won laurels. " Colonel George Washington" wrote a letter 
to Captain Watkins, after the action at Guilford, in which the 
bravery and skill of the Prince Edward troop and their com- 
mander is highly extolled and commended. Thomas Watkins 
died in ITQt. On his death-bed he revealed a secret, "that 
had pressed heavily on his soul, and caused him great unhap- 
piness," he said, "from the time of its occurrence until the end 
of his life." In a personal rencontre with a British Officer, at 
the battle of Guilford, he gave, in his impetuosity, a mortal 
blow, with his sword, to his gallant adversar}", before he per- 
ceived that the Officer had asked for " quarter," and was sur- 
rendering his weapon. He said he Lad never forgiven himself 
this hasty act, but had mourned it in silence. 

Doctor Thomas Allen had seven children born to him in his 
marriage with Ann Watkins. Mary, the eldest daughter, 



20 KECOLLECTIONS OF 

married the Hon. P. L. Edwards, of Missouri, now of Califor- 
nia ; Elizabeth, the second, became the wife of Ephraim B. 
Ewing, Judge of the Supreme Court of Missouri. Both of these 
daughters are living. The eldest son, Nathaniel, was killed 
in the battle of San Jacinto, Texas ; the second son, William, 
served a campaign in Florida, removed to Missouri, died in 
Kay County ; the third son, Charles, a very promising young 
man, died also in Kay County, immediately after graduating 
at the University of Missouri ; the youngest son, Richard, at 
the age of fifteen years, joined General Price's command, and 
went through his Mexican campaign. Returning home, he 
remained but a short time in Missouri, then went to California, 
where he resides at present. 

Henry Watkins was the fourth son of Dr. Allen. It would 
be easy for an Ethnologist and Psychologist to trace back the 
sources from whence he has derived those personal character- 
istics which have given him some fame in the history of the 
South. The Scotch blood, with its proud independence and its 
determinate resistance to the ruggedness of fortune ; the 
Cymric, with its fire, its impetuosity, its soft-he arte dness ; and 
the American principles — the Revolutionary pride, instilled 
into him at his mother's knee — the models of military skill and 
burning Virginian patriotism amongst his ancestors held up, 
as examples and stimulants, before his youthful mind — all 
these influences could scarcely fail to produce a proud, ro- 
mantic, chivalric nature, in which we find so much to admire, — 
perhaps something to condemn — a courageous rashness, an 
impulse to strike at a word, which oftentimes leads, indeed, 
sometimes did lead, to sorrow and regret in our hero, for a hasty 
speech or angry stroke; as the same qualities produced in his 
grandfather, at the battle of Guilford, an act which caused life- 
long self-reproach. 

But there never was any malice or nursing of wrath in this 
nature ; — rash, but true ; quick, but not malignant ; flashing 
with sudden ire, but sweet and sound in temper ; with nothing 
hidden, nothing mean, heartfelt warmth, earnest affection, 



HEI^TRY WATKINS ALLEN. 21 

constancy, generosity, no revenge, with a softness and tender- 
ness of soul almost feminine. Behold here the qualities which 
have made the name and memory of Henry W. Allen a sound 
of love and pleasant recollections in the ears of Louisianians, 
and which forced them to turn away with poignant regret 
from the thought that he should have been compelled to divide 
his fate from that of the Land of his birth, and to lay the limbs, 
mutilated for her sake, in the sad grave of an Exile. 

In 1833, Doctor Allen removed to Kay County, Missouri, 
with his motherless children, leaving the remains of his gentle 
Wife, the sweet, tender mother, to rest under the daisies that 
spring so abundantly all over the green sods of Virginia. 
Doctor Allen's natural sternness was perhaps increased by the 
very great grief he experienced in the loss of his incomparably 
lovely Wife. He mourned her always, but in silence, shutting 
up his sorrow in his own heart. He was a devout man, ac- 
cording to the rigid tenets of Scotch Presbyterianism, in which 
denomination he was conspicuous, being what is called " an 
Elder" in their organization. His faith was firm, his aspira- 
tions lofty, his integrity undoubted ; strong, able, compressed 
in nature, reserved in speech, immutable in will, immaculate 
in character, not unloving, but never demonstrative ; a man 
who would be felt as a power, an influence in any position or 
Society. 

While en route fi-om Virginia to Missouri, a little incident 
occurred which exhibits the fugose temperament of the child 
Henry. His father reproved him for some petty misdemeanor, 
harshly, in words that so wounded the sensitive heart of the 
child, that they turned all his natural sweetness of temper into 
gall, and made him gloomy, furious, and miserable — so miser- 
able he desired to die. The transit of the family was made 
overland — there being few facilities of water-carriage in the 
West at that period. Whilst Henry was in the midst of his 
tempest of passion against his father, himself, and the whole 
World, the family caravan arrived at a narrow bridge, over a 
very deep stream. As the wagon crossed this bridge, Henry 



22 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

observed that it shook and swayed fearfully under the heavy 
weight. The father drove very carefully and slowly, seeing 
the tremulous vibration of this Western Al Sirat ; but the 
ang-ry, dauntless child was seized with a sudden desire to put 
an end to his own wretchedness, and to revenge himself on the 
whole party. Springing from the wagon, when it reached the 
middle of the rocking bridge, he deliberately set himself to 
leaping up and down upon it, frantically hoping to make it 
give way from its already trembling supports. Of course he 
was instantly seized by his alarmed friends, and his impotent 
childish rage being appeased, exhausted itself in floods of 
penitent tears. He never could be governed by brute force ; 
but gentleness and persuasion were irresistible powers over 
his quick sensibility. Henry had attended school in Virginia, 
from the house of his uncle Henry Watkins — for whom he was 
named — and for whom all the contemporary members of the 
family appear to have had the deepest reverence and the high- 
est estimation. The School he went to was a mixed neighbor- 
hood school, such as are common in the South in rural districts, 
" Where," writes a schoolfellow of his, *' Henry was distin- 
guished for his aptness to learn, for his high-toned honor and 
politeness, especially towards the little girls, whose champion 
he w^as always ready to be, as well as of the younger and 
weaker boys. He had always a blow prepared for any sort of 
an Oppressor; though he was quite obedient to rule, never was 
contumacious nor unforgiving." Even as a child, he had 
found the fairy secret of winning love from those about him. 
A secret he had either inherited or learned on the soft bosom 
of his mother — " Love begets love I" He retained it through 
life, being, even to the day of his death, simple, frank, eager, 
grateful, demonstrative — some might have thought to excess. 
But in spite of Mr. Locke, and the profound Reasoners of his 
school, every-day experiences teach us, that nature, like 
murder, " will out," to a greater or less extent. Proclivities 
may be restrained, they can rarely be eradicated, and so Henry 
was always more like his warm, loving, Welsh mother, than his 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 23 

reserved, colder, Scotch father. Henry was sent to school for 
awhile in Missouri. Dr. Allen now decided to make a merchant 
of this son. So he was taken from school, which he quitted most 
reluctantly, and put in the store of S. B. Stramacke, in the 
little town of Lexington, Missouri. He acted here in the 
capacity of store Boy, at first — later, as an under Clerk. He 
remained here twelve months, but his tastes were not for trade, 
the life and its occupations were insupportable to him. He 
longed to go back to school to pursue his studies, so rudely 
broken off in the midst of his ambitious application to them. 
Books were always his delight. To become a lawyer, or better 
still, a soldier — his earnest, eager, boyish dream of glory and 
distinction I'^ Dr. Allen, growing slowly conscious of his son's 
great unhappiness in the career his paternal prudence had 
marked out for him, seeing Henry's unconquerable distaste to 
mercantile life, yielded at last to his son's importunities, and 
removing him from Mr. Stramacke's establishment, permitted 
him to enroll himself among the students of Marion College, 
Missouri. AVe will see later in the history of our hero, that 
the knowledge of trade, and the laws which govern it, that 
Henry learned at Mr. Stramacke's, during what he then_ re- 
garded as lost and misapplied time, proved of immense value 
to him and to thousands of human beings under the exigencies 
of his gubernatorial responsibilities. But he was now very 
glad to get away from counters and book-keeping. He re- 
mained at Marion College only two years ; his College friends 
speak of him with great affection. Amongst these were 
Slaybrock, Page, the Bentons, and Brant of Missouri ; Poller 
of Texas ; and Charles Singleton of Now Orleans. 

While at College he heard accidentally that his father had 
been insulted by an officer of the State militia. Just at that 
hour, Henry was not altogether pleased with his father. Lov- 
ing each other profoundly, yet there was no affinity between 
the reserved father, cold and rigid as Brutus, and the impulsive, 
impassioned son. As Henry advanced in years, he learned to 
value his upright Father, to understand and reverence the fine, 



2.4 EECOLLECTIONS OF 

strong nature ; but during his childhood and youth, it was 
only his Mother, and his Mother's memory that he worshipped, 
with a lavi'^"' idolatry, that neither time, absence, nor death 
itself was ever strong enough to lessen. Even to the day of 
his death, in speaking of her, his voice trembled and took a 
softer tone. But he would not allow his old Father to be in- 
sulted, so he sat down immediately, wrote to the Officer, de- 
manding either an ample apology to his Father, or a hostile 
meeting without delay. The apology came. His companions 
of this period declare him to have been aflectionate, generous, 
and just, but impatient of ridicule, and sensitive to a fault, in 
what he esteemed "jnatters of honor," of which, even at that 
early age, he had formed his oiun code ! He had a merry, 
light heart, an April temperament, full of sunshine, yet clouded 
in an instant with sorrow. Alwaj^s ready for fun or frolic ; a 
lithe, active frame, thrilling with nervous energy. Stung by 
some fancied wrong at the hands of his Father, Henry resolved 
to leave College and be "independent." "Honor, independ- 
ence," those two words, and the qualities they represent, were 
the master-keys in the intricate wards of his impetuous, often 
suffering heart, through life. One other passionate desire, the 
love of being loved, the love of approbation, was as strong in 
him then, as Dr. Brown says, " it should be," in all human 
souls ; as strong as it was in the exquisite soul of Mozart, 
who wept when his friends hesitated in responding to the 
naive question of the wonderful Musician — " Il^aimez-vous 
Men .^" It is a beautiful chord in a human soul, especially 
when it is the dominant — that of honor, self-reliance, and love! 
It was beautiful in this boy's heart. 

Henry ran away from College at the age of seventeen, came 
down the Mississippi Kiver to the little village of Grand Gulf — 
which during the recent war has acquired historic fame. It 
was a thriving place at that time. He did not know a human 
being here, and was without a dollar in his pocket ; but he 
had capital in his youth, energy, health, and a fair English 
education. 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 25 

It was Sunday morning, a group of three Gentlemen stood 
talking together, when a steamboat landed, and , a plank was 
liastily thrown out. A lithe, active, fair-haired /'"y of seven- 
teen, walked briskly off the Boat to the shore, — beardless, 
neatly dressed, a small carpet-bag in his hand. Stepping up 
to the gentlemen, he accosted them frankly and trustfully — 

" Gentlemen, can you tell me whether there is a probability 
of m}^ getting a place as a teacher anywhere here ? — my money 
is out, and I want work." . 

Attracted by the candor and youthful confidence of the lad, 
one of the group replied " Yes," and taking the youth by the 
arm, led him to a gentleman just issuing from the church door. 
" This gentleman wants a teacher for his sons : Mr. M' Alpine, 

this is Mr. ," looking at the youth to supply the hiatus in 

the introduction. " Allen," replied the boy promptly. The 
preliminaries were soon settled, and Allen was installed as 
pedagogue in Mr. W. R. M'Alpine's family — a wealthy planter, 
who lived a few miles back of Grand Gulf. He taught for two 
years in this estimable family, who have ever since been num- 
bered among his warmest friends. The two boys he educated 
here, now fill Soldiers' graves, on the battle-fields of the Con- 
federacy. They grew to be noble youths, developing in man- 
hood the lessons of high feeling and principle instilled into 
them by their young Preceptor. They were always devoted 
in their attachment to him. His influence over them only 
ceased with the bright young lives that they offered so bravely 
on the altar of the country. 

lieuYy now decided to remove to Grand Gulf and open a 
school on a large scale. He had begun to study law in his 
leisure hours, that profession which gives the open sesame to 
ambition in the United States, which, like all Republics, is 
governed principally by Oratory. Masses of people, who have 
elective privileges, are always under the magical influence of 
eloquence. It was so in ancient Greece I It was so in repub- 
lican Rome ! It is so in America ! Henry studied law at 
night, while he continued to teach school during the day. 

2 



26 EECOLLECTIONS OF 

After a while lie devoted himself altog"ether to his law-books, 
in the office of Torrey & Brenham. He was licensed to prac- 
tise b}^ the late Judge Coalter. He was doing ver}^ w^ell in 
his favorite profession, was quite successfnl as a young law^^er, 
when a bombshell fell in the midst of his pacific pursuits, and 
scattered all his ideas of devotion to Themis. In 1842, Presi- 
dent Houston issued a proclamation calling for assistance 
against Mexico — for volunteers to fight for the freedom of 
Texas. Here was an appeal to all the weaknesses (?) of our 
hero in one loud call. An oppressed and outnumbered people, 
begging for aid, and also an opportunity for attaining military 
experience, and perhaps diditiction f Of course the grand- 
sons of old Thomas Watkins, of Guilford C. H., could not re- 
sist that temptation. It was not in their nature to do it. So, 
as we already know, Nathaniel in Missouri, and Henry in Mis- 
sissippi, without consultation, volunteered, a pi'incijyis, to go 
to Texas. 

Henry immediately raised a company and went over. On 
his arrival at Galveston his services were gladly accepted by 
President Houston. The battle of San Jacinto was fought — 
Nathaniel Allen fell. The brother's heart was mourning ; 
though he was content with the recompense bought by the 
sacrifice of that, to him, most precious life. Texas was now 
free. Nathaniel fell in the hour of victory, and slept with 
honor on the flower-embroidered prairie of the enfranchised 
republic. 

It is a pleasant resting-place, one of those Texan prairies — 
they are bo thick with bloom and verdure. In that dry at- 
mosphere, the wild-flowers seem peculiarly fragrant. Bulbs 
abound — hibiscus, glowing crimson ; narcissi, a sort of 
blue narcissus with a golden centre ; ornithigalliums of fine- 
rayed corollas double as daisies, white with calices of tender 
lilac bordered with green, so delicate they droop in the pluck- 
ing ; crimson poppy-mallows, hanging their heads heavily, as 
Clyte did hers in the Greek Sculptor's thought, on their long, 
Blender, hairy footstalks ; purple Iris, small, T^a'iandyed, 



HEKRY WATKINS ALLEN. 27 

flecked with white and gold dots ; hxrkspurs, pink, and white, 
and blue ; pale, flesh-colored prairie-pinks ; long, full racemes 
of straw-colored cassias ; great bunches of white papiliona- 
ceous blossoms, set in ovate leaves of light olive-green ; starry 
heleniums ; coreopsis too, yellow, eight-cleft, darkening into 
brown-red disk florets ; foxgloves, white and violet-spotted ; 
pink and purple campanulas, cymes of golden bloom, like 
English wallflowers ; panicles of downj'-, azure, four-petalled 
blossoms, like Swiss forget-me-nots ; bull-nettles, with prickly 
runcinate leaf, guarding a tender, snow-white, soft bloom, 
which rivals the Indian jasmine in its exquisite fragrance and 
graceful beauty. All sorts of salvias, verbenas, mints, and 
wild balms, grow profascly on those prairies, mingled with the 
delicate, fine-leaved, close-creeping vines of the lemon-colored 
and pink-blossomed, vanilla-scented sensitive plants (mimo- 
sas), and the rich green of the musquite and gamma-grasses, 
making a lovely covering even over graves. And above all 
this blossoming earth, stretches out a vast dome of clear blue 
sky, vast as the horizon on the wide open sea 1 

Being mustered into the service for six months, Captain 
Allen and his company were shipped to Corpus Christi, thence 
to San Patricio, where they guarded the frontier and fought 
the Mexicans during the Summer. On the termination of his 
engagement, his command was ordered to rendezvous at Egypt, 
on the Colorado, where they were honorably discharged. Most 
of them returned to their homes in the United States. It was 
here, while only twenty-two years of ago, that Allen exhibited 
the qualities essential to military command — the whole re- 
sponsibility of conducting the expeditionary forces, from the 
frontier to the Colorado, devolviiig on him. He made his re- 
port to Secretary Hockey, the head of the War-oftice of the 
Kepublic of Texas, received the thanks and praises of the 
President and Secretary of War, and then resolved to return 
to his home on the banks of his beloved Mississippi — that 
stream, which, though unattractive and devoid of beauty to 
the eyes of strangers, exercises a magic power of attraction to 



28 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

all who have lived on its banks, until they come to think a 
draught of its brown water a drink of the Gods, and long- for a 
view of its dark, rapid, hurrying current, with the same yearn- 
ing that the German feels for his father Rhine, or the Swiss for 
his snowy Alps. We do not say our land is more fair than 
any other — our rivers as limpid — our skies bluer. We only 
say — ^just as it is — ive love it ! That we find beauty in those 
vast, level, prolific lowlands ; in the tangled swamps, filled 
with precious cypress-trees ; in the luxuriant vegetation ; in 
the stately oaks ; in the long, gray, sweeping, Spanish-moss ; 
in the wild prodigality of wreathing, garlanding, climbing, 
clasping, crushing vines, in which our forests are almost 
smothered ; in our lovely lakes — glimmering opals in the de- 
clining light of such glorious, deeply-hued sunset clouds, as 
colder and clearer climes can give no idea of ; in all the peace- 
ful charms of a purely agricultural life ; in all the associations 
of the hospitable homes of a cheerful, simple, refined people, 
whose ancestors once bowed in the stately presence of Louis 
XIV., did homage to the haughty Spanish king", or rode witii 
Sir Walter Raleigh in the tourneys held in honor of the virgin 
Queen. 

We have heard Captain Allen relate with gusto, one or two 
incidents that occurred at Houston on this youthful expedition, 
which we incorporate here as illustrative of life in Texas at 
that early period. On his arrival at Houston, 1842, he re- 
ported to President Sam Houston, who occupied as the Execu- 
tive ofiice a small brick building on the Buffalo Bayou. The 
President received him very kindly. After the ordinary civil- 
ities had been exchanged between them, Captain Allen told 
him lie " had brought a company of volunteers from Mississippi 
to join the army of TexasP Houston's eyes twinkled. He said, 
with mock gravity : " Captain Allen, I did not know there loas 
any army of Texas." [Those familiar with the history of 
Texas, and Houston's almost despairing efforts to gather an 
army, will not wonder at such words from his lips at that 
time.] 



HENEY WATKINS ALLEN. 29 

Allen looked surprised. " Mr. President, is not General 
Burleson with the army at San Antonio V' 

'' Yes," was the caustic reply, " the thief is there.''' 

" What I is your vice-president a thief f" 

" Yes, sir ! he is I and I intend to have him shot P' 

Allen became uneasy, and grew anxious to get out of the 
presence of the chief magistrate of Texas, who was going to 
have the vice-president shot ! 

But General Houston soon got over his pettishne&s, and re- 
laxing into a bright, fascinating smile, said with great amia- 
bility— 

" Allen, Burleson is a good-natured sort of a fellow : how do 
you suppose he spells whig V 

Allen responded respectfully, he could imagine but one 
way to spell that very simple word. 

Houston laughed ; turning to his private secretary he said 
dryly : " Mr. Mills, be good enough to show Captain Allen the 
letter just received from General Burleson !" 

Allen took the letter, and was amused to discover that the 
vice-president had made terrible havoc amongst vowels and 
consonants all through the epistle, and that he spelled '* whig^' 
" ichighP 

Allen returned the letter with the thought that Burleson 
was partial to what Greek scholars call '' rough breathings." 
But if the vice-president of Texas could not spell correctly, he 
knew how to make " his mark'' with his sword. And he did 
make it, so that his memory is deeply revered in Texas, which 
owes him a large debt of gratitude. 

The other incident we take from a private letter, giving it 
in Allen's own words. 

" When I was in Houston, in 1842, I saw a large crowd at 
the Courthouse ; being a lawyer, as you know, I was naturally 
attracted by the concourse flowing into the place of justi%. 
I found a criminal trial in progress there — a man was being 
tried for murder in the first degree. He was defended by 
Esquire T , who was considered the greatest criminal 



30 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

lawyer in Houston. The prosecuting" attorney closed his 

case, and informed Esquire T , in legal parlance, ''that 

he rested." The counsel for the murderer informed the 
prosecuting attorney, without proffering a single additional 
word, that he also rested the case, having no witnesses to 
produce. 

" To the surprise of the court, jury, bystanders, and even 
of the criminal himself, who looked visibly uneasy, the case 
was thus submitted to the jury without any evidence what- 
ever on the part of the defendant. The prosecuting attorney 
read the indictment, cited the law, summed up the facts, and 
gave way to his brother of the law to reply, in evident con- 
sciousness of entire success. 

" Esquire T rose up and said very calmly : ' May it 

please the court, I deny that there has been anybody killed in 
this case. Much has been said about shooting, and stabbing, 
and all that, but sir, my learned brother, the prosecuting 
attorney, has failed to prove the " corpus delicti." No witness 
has yet proved that there was a dead body ! I therefore c?e- 
mand of your honor, to instruct this jury to return a verdict 
of not guilty 1^ The judge smiled, the prosecuting attorney 
looked confounded. It was true ! A most atrocious murder 
had been committed 1 The victim, a respectable citizen, had 
been killed in the streets in presence of numbers of people, 
but the attorney had neglected to prove the man was dead. 
The jury were obliged to return a verdict of ' not guilty.' 

Esquire T was radiant with triumphant exultation." 

Captain Allen quitted the court-room highly edified with the 
Texan mode of managing criminal cases. At Galveston, 

Allen had a rencontre in a bowling-alley with a Captain E , 

an Alabamian, who made a remark in regard to the repudia- 
tion of the State of Mississippi, which gave offence to our 

sensitive hero. Allen struck him. E retaliated. They 

had a fight, a rough-and-tumble affair. The combatants were 
soon separated, but not until they both had bloody faces and 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 31 

torn clothes. They were immediately reconciled, and con- 
tinued good friends ever after, though they religiously re- 
frained from all discussion of the merits of their respective 
States. 

Allen returned now to Grand Gulf and resumed the practice 
of the law. 

Now began his real experiences of life. He met, in social 
intercourse, a beautiful girl — Salome Ann Crane — daughter of 
a well-known planter near Rodney, Mississippi. Salome was 
only eighteen ; very bright, gay, somewhat coquettish, much 
admired by the gallant youths of the neighborhood, especially 
by the college students of Oakland, who were set wild by her 
brilliant, sparkling, brunette beauty, her wit, playfulness, 
and wilful girlish caprices. It was a Romeo and Juliet affair 
with these two. Captain Allen had nothing but his honor and 
his profession to depend on. This was enough for Salome, 
but parents are properly prudent about the future of beautiful 
daughters, and so the course of this true love did not run any 
more smooth than that did in the old days of Verona. Alter 
exercising what they regarded extreme patience for a reason- 
able period, the young people took matters in their own hands, 
eloped together one bright moonlight night, and were married 
at Grand Gulf, on the 4th day of July, 1844. Four days after 
his marriage, taking up the quarrel of his friend, the Rev, 
Dr. Hunt, a Presbyterian minister, who had been severely 
criticised by ttie Vicksburg Sentinel, Allen challenged and 

fought a duel with Dr. M , a physician of Grand Gulf. 

They fought with large pistols loaded with buckshot, at 
the distance of three paces (ten feet). Both fell badly 
wounded. In abdominis partibus inferioribus vulneratus 
fuit Allen ; ictu transcidente et lacerante prorsus membra 
vitalia. 

In 1846 Allen was elected to the legislature of Mississippi. 
As a young debater Allen took a prominent position in the 
councils of the State. His ambitions were now being grati- 



32 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

fied ; his heart rested satisfied in the ties of home. This 
was the happiest period of his checqiiered life. But a 
cloud began to gather slowly over his horizon, nov/ so 
flattering in its bright promise, — -a cloud from whose bosom 
would be launched the thunderbolt that would strike his 
heart to its centre, and render the rest of his life cold and 
solitary. 

As time elapsed, the parents of his Salome, missing her 
bright face in their family circle, had made the best of what 
couldn't be helped, forgave the disobedience of the young 
lovers, and Mr. Crane aided in establishing them in their own 
house, on a plantation in Claiborne County, Mississippi. They 
were very happy together, those two. They suited each 
other exactly. Allen found in his wife a piquancy, a spirit 
of humor, frolic, and independence, which gave variety and 
interest to the usual monotony of conjugal relations. She 
had a good mind, quick intellect, but she had been the spoiled 
child of wealthy parents, and though pure, innocent, and good 
at heart, she was sometimes rebellious and ''naughty," in 
her pretty petulance and graceful minanderies towards her 
friends. To society and its conventionalities she bade defiance 
whenever she chose to do so. She liked truth and frankness, 
and nobility of soul. Hated sham and ostentation, and when 
she met with it, was as unsparing in ridicule and denuncia- 
tion of it as Mr. Carlyle is. She was perfectly fearless of 
consequence in what she thought right. Her friends used to 
say, " Salome would never be mated, there was not a man in 
existence to suit her." But after her marriage they agreed 
unanimously — she had stumbled on her true life's companion. 
" They suited marvellously well." Salome, so tameless and so 
proud to all others, yielded an entire obedience, a complete 
homage of her whole nature to her husband. The unity of 
heart, will, and instinct, was a never-ceasing subject of re- 
mark and surprise to the admiring friends of the spirited 
beauty, whose prototypes must be sought in the Marphisas, 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 33 

Belisas, tlie Clorindas, the Britoraarts of an elder age I They 
had a simple cottage home, which love and Salome made 
paradisaical enough for Allen, — Love, which like the lamp in 
the hands of the Ferryman in Goethe's fairy tale, turns every 
thing into gold it shines upon,* But Salome — the bright Hebe- 
like Salome, the laughing picture of youth, and health, and 
beauty, the rose of his life's garden — began to droop, to look 
delicate, and to grow weak. She was stricken with consump- 
tion, and her adoring husband had the agony to see her fade, 
wither, and die ; to watch how, day by day, her light bound- 
ing step grew feebler and slower, till at last he had to bear 
her from her couch into the sunlight, cradled in his arms like 
a frail infant. He devoted himself to her, struggling passion- 
ately, with love strong as life, against the cruel hand of death, 
that hovered over his darling. And she, poor child ! she 
tried to live for his sake I she loved him so much ! She was 
so 3^oung, so fair ; her life on earth was full of sweetness. 
But God had called her ! 

Allen was almost weakly indulgent to his wife. Salome's 
mercurial temperament was greatly oppressed by disease. It 
made her nervous, exacting, irritable, jealous of attention. 
She clung with desperate hands to the beautiful life of earthly 
love that was fast sinking away from her. Allen petted her 
to excess ; he soothed her waywardness, met all her exactions 
with unvarying tenderness and perfect patience, upholding 
with his manly strength the tottering steps of this weak, 
young, loving creature, as she was forced to tread the dark 
valley of the shadow of death ! These hours of mortal 

* ** Every passage througli -wliich tlie old man bent liis course, became 
immediately filled witli gold : for tlie lamp which he carried possessed 
the wonderful property of converting stones into gold, wood into silver, 
and dead things into jewels. But in order to produce this effect, it was 
necessary that no other light should he near. In the presence of another 
light, the lamp merely emitted a soft illumination, which, however, gave 
joy to every thing." — De Marchen. 



2* 



34 EECOLLECTIONS OF 

anguish are almost too sacred for any hand to dare to touch, 
or to attempt to lift the veil which hangs so low before this 
Holy of Holies — a man's domestic sorrows ! These g'riefs, 
broad and deep as humanity itself, touch us all too nearl3\ 
We shrink like sensitive mimosa at a careless grasp of these 
tensely-drawn heartstrings of the deep tetra chord of human 
passion, in the hand of sphinx-like Fate. A remark of this 
young child-wife, so touching, so naive in its tenderness, was 
repeated to me bj^ a dear friend of hers, that I venture to 
write it here, although it is almost too piteous in its strength 
of innocent love, for any ears but those of the friends to whom 
her remembrance is sacred. 

One day, this friend, who loved her, remonstrated about 
some wayward words Salome had uttered in hasty, childish 
vexation. 

" Salome, Captain Allen would not like you to say that 1'^ 

Turning quickly, her black eyes flashing, her red lips pout- 
ing saucily, Salome said : " I know very loell he wouldn't !'' 
Then in a softer tone she added : " I know you think I deserve 
he should slap me sometimes I Well I I would not care if he 
did ! — if he were to strike me to the ground, so he would only 
pick me up and kiss me afterwards .^" 

One of Salome's chief charms was her magnificent dark 
hair, which was remarkable for its length, beauty, and abun- 
dance. Her favorite position, in the nervousness produced by 
delicate health, was on a cushion on the floor, at her husband's 
feet, while her head, weighed down by its heavy tresses, 
rested on his knee ; and she would make him smooth by the 
hour the glossy locks which fell around her, a dark shining 
veil, down to the very floor. Nestled so, she would prattle 
and gossip like a true woman, in happy forgetfulness of all the 
world but him. But the brief, bright dream was soon over. 
Let us hasten over this period of anguish for these clinging 
hearts doomed to part. Salome faded out of the passionate 
clasp of her husband's arms, trying to smile to the very last 



HENEY WATKINS ALLEN. 35 

on him she loved so unutterably. She died in 1850. They 
had been married six years. She left no children. 

" Quasi un dolce dorroir ne' suoi begli occhi, 
Essendo '1 spirto gia da lei diviso — 

•56- * * •je- « 

Morte bella parea nel suo bel viso."* 

* Like a sweet sleep upon her beautiful eyes. 
The soul already parted from them — 
Death itself seems fair upon her lovely face." — Petrarcho. 



BOOK II 



Planting in Tensas. — Cooper's Wells. — Colonel N. — Baton Eouge.— Allen- 
dale. — Lake St. Joseph. — The Swans. — College. — European Tour.— State- 
House grounds. — Love of Flowers. — Music and Poetry. 

Allen removed his negroes to a plantation in Tensas Parish, 
Louisiana, trying to find distraction from his sorrows in the 
labor of a pioneer's life ; but his health now began to fail him. 

" Mens est quce diros sentiat ictus."* 

Suffering terribly in body and mind, he repaired to the 
famous Cooper's Wells in Mississippi. He soon experienced 
the healing effects of those excellent waters. These finite 
affections of ours, so complex and so mysterious, have a won- 
derful vitality. All organizations which are healthy, free from 
morbidities, possess a great power of reaction, a marvellous 
tenacity of Life that seems almost Zoophytic I Allen had this 
power in a very remarkable degree ; wherever he was thrown, 
in any position of life, however adverse, he assimilated him- 
self to the altered condition of things, and sent out green and 
vigorous shoots of fresh growth and interest, taking new hold 
of the new earth about him. As soon as he became con- 
vinced that any event in the chain of existence was inevitable, 
he yielded instantaneously, without repining, witliout bitter- 
ness. He thus " accepted his fate," as Mr. Carlyle expresses 
it, and set himself to work sedulously to see what could be 

* " It is the mind, they say, which felt the wound." — OviD. 



3S RECOLLECTIONS OF 

done with it. Accordin<^ to Plato, tliis is true fortitude, true 
heroism. Hence, while Allen was romantic, he was not senti- 
mental ; Bayard-ish, Quixote-ish, perhaps, sometimes, but not 
Byron-ish. He never sat down and mourned " like a slave," 

" By any sad sea wave," 

which swept off, in the tempest of an hour, the fruit of the 
careful labors and hard toil of a lifetime. " Ultra pergere" 
was his motto, unconscicnisly , as it was Mr. Pitts' determin- 
ately. And yet, Do Quincy says, " there is no such thing as 
forgetting possible to the mind." We do not think Allen an 
exception to this rule. We do not think he ever knew Indif- 
ference, " Coeceeque oblivia mentis !"* 

What he lost on Earth of Love and Hope, he seemed to lay 
up with childlike trust in the hands of the Divine All-Father I 
He had the most unquestioning faith in the received doctrines 
of Christianity. He believed in God, in Christ, in the Resti- 
tution of all things, in the Immortality of the Soul, and the 
Resurrection of the body. He did not like to hear these vital 
questions of religion attacked, or even discussed philosophi- 
cally — he became restless, uneasy, impatient, under such argu- 
ments. His own soul was so permeated with simplest faith, 
that he had neither pity, patience, nor sympathy with doubt- 
ino-s or infidelity in any form. This is a very rare and beauti- 
ful trait among men ; especially was it so in Allen, who had 
never taken time, nor had interest enough in doubt, to study 
closely the vast perplexing questions of Theology, which, after 
all, generall}^ prove to be a Daedalian Labyrinth to all those 
who enter its winding paths, and which almost deserves to 
have inscribed above its doorway the doleful inscription — 

" Lasciate ogni speranza voi clii entrate ;" 

a Labyrinth where is seldom found an Ariadne with a golden 
clue, or still fairer Beatrice, to guide one upward into lovelier 

* " Oblivion of the blind mind."— OviD. 



IIENKY WATKINS ALLEN. 39 

resplendent regions of everlasting light ! Allen knew no 
more of religion than what his Mother had taught him; neither 
was he an adherent of any church or sect. His life had prob- 
ably been controlled by as pure principles as that of most men. 
Mistakes he made, errors he was guilty of, but his faults were 
of such a quality, as only made his friends smile and love him 
better than before. And his enemies, if he had any, could 
never accuse him of any thing premeditated, calculated, malig- 
nant, or bitter. And the eyes of the Great Impartial Judge 
has probably made sufficient allowance for impetuosities of 
temper and fire of organization in one of His creatures who 
never claimed to be all-perfect ! A fermenting nature he had : 
rapid, rushing as a mountain torrent — hurrying along the narrow 
rocky channel of life — eager, restless, ambitious, dashing itself 
clear and pure against obstructions, until at last it lay calm 
in its crystal transparence, and was a still mirror to reflect the 
soft moonlight and steady radiance of the stars of Eternal 
Truth and Divine Beauty. It must ever be so, where faith 
in God, in man, and in one's self, make the substratum of a 
nature I Integrity, love, and truth, have preservative and 
clarifying properties — like alum and charcoal in muddiest 
waters — or like the innate refining qualities in pure grape- 
juice. They perhaps increase the fermentation for a while, but 
leave the true wine of life clear and sparkling upon the lees 
at last. 

Allen's love for his Mother was always one of the strongest 
forces in his nature: says the wise author of the Soirees de St. 
Petersburg, ''That which one calls man — that is to say, the moral 
man — is formed perhaps at ten years of age ; and if a man has 
not thus been /or??ie^ upon his mother'' s knees, he will feel it a 
heavy misfortune throughout his life. Nothing can stand in 
the place of such an education. If the mother has made it a 
duty to grave deeply the Divine character on the forehead of 
her son, we may be almost sure that the hand of vice will never 
be able to efiace it." — Vol. i., p. 215. 

He was fortunate too in his incorruptible and stern Fatlier. 



40 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

The heathen moralists considered the power of a Father's 
influence and example all-important — 

** By whom each vice and folly of their own 
Is handed down, and by their children shown." 

Surely, Christians cannot rate this influence less than Pagans 
did! 

While at Cooper's Wells, Allen became acquainted with 
Colonel N , an aged planter of W^est Baton Rouge. Col- 
onel N was very sick : Allen, always tender-hearted, and 

now much more so, suffering as he was under his recent be- 
reavement, was exceedingly kind to the sick old man. When 
Colonel N left the Wells, he had become so much at- 
tached to Captain Allen that he insisted on his accompanying 
him to Baton Rouge, where he was certain the young lawyer 
would find a larger circle of practice than in Grand Gulf. 
Allen, who had neither desire nor heart to return to the deso- 
late place, which was nothing but a tomb of buried hopes, 
shadowed bj^ sorrowful remembrances of the happiness he had 

lost, eagerly accepted the idea of change. Colonel N 

continued his friendly attachment, associated the young lawyer 
in the management of his estates, and at his death, having no 
children, he sold to Allen, in connection with his nephew, a 
large estate at a very low price, on a long time — thus almost 
presenting him with an immense fortune. About this time 
there was considerable turmoil in the Public mind, in Claiborne 
County, Mississippi, where Allen had lived. A well-known 
Presbyterian minister was most wantonly killed, and the affair 
assumed a political phase. Allen, according to his ideas of 
chivalry, ever ready to break a lance for a friend for right, or 
to defend the weak, especially women or preachers, stept for- 
ward as the champion of the ministerial order. A very re- 
markable instance of disinterested knighthood — very Bayard- 
ish, rather Quixote-ish, and entirely Allen-ish ! In all the diffi- 
culties and affaires-cVhonneur that this man was concerned in, 
it is very extraordinary that he never fought a single duel on 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 4:1 

his own account, but had himself shot to pieces for other 
people and — his country ! We do not forget that this Hero of 
ours, with his high and most delicate sense of honor, all his 
refinement of feeling, all his tender emotions, could and did 
sometimes rave and storm, and discharge blistering anath- 
emas like a full battery of Parrott guns. For instance, he 

published two articles, one against Mr. A , and another, at 

a later period, in regard to , which could only be con- 
sidered fair specimens of Billingsgate, and would be unworthy 
of mention here, except to give an opportunity to declare, as 
publicly as they are known, that Allen ever regretted them, 
and entertained afterwards a high regard for the men he once 
so violently and rudely assailed. He was ever ready to ac- 
knowledge and to repair an error. Emerson says : " Errors 
are our best Teachers P^ 

Allen was engaged to be married, for a short time, to a lady 
still living ; but He was not destined to be fortunate in les 
affaires du cocur — circumstances were unpropitious, the en- 
gagement was broken off, and the lady married another person. 
Allen never again attempted to renew his domestic ties. 

In 1852, Allen removed to his estate of "Allendale," in 
West Baton Rouge. He was nominated for the Senate, and 

was defeated by General S , who got a small majority of 

votes. The next year he was unanimously elected to the 
Legislature from his Parish. It was in 1853 that I first met 
Captain Allen ; he had long since, whilst he was residing in 
Grand Gulf, become intimate with my relatives, who were 
planters on the banks of Lake St. Joseph, immediately oppo- 
site Grand Gulf. The R family were numerous, gay, and 

hospitable ; fond of good living, and of having their friends 
about them, to aid in the enjoyment of well-stocked cellars ; 
abundant tables, billiard-rooms, libraries, and fast horses. As 
Captain Allen liked all these things, and was pleased with the 
society of these frank, warm-hearted people, he was much 
among them. It was very gay in the winter on Lake St, 
Joseph. Every house was filled with guests ; for boats on the 



42 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

lake, forests full of game, camp hunts, fishing expeditions, for 
gentlemen, and every social amusement that could be thought 
of to wile away time, for ladies, drew guests from the cities to 
our country houses in small crowds. Mr. J. R 's Christ- 
mas Banquet always united the greater portion of the R 

family around his splendid Board at that Holy Season of the 
Year. To this grand family reunion, where we mustered 

nearly a hundred strong, Mr. R would ordinarily add an 

"outside" friend or so. These invitations were always es- 
teemed a special honor by the favored guests, as, with these 
limited exceptions, birthright alone gave the entree to the 
brilliant festival. 

Captain Allen was frequently a guest here, and at the even- 
ing dancing-parties. We all liked him. He was joyous, gay, 
light-hearted, and threw himself into any social amusement 
with entire abandon. We used to laugh at his vehement 
dancing. He would insist on making " all the steps,^' which, 
however actively and skilfully performed, was somewhat 
startling and amusing, when it was the fashion to glide 
through a Quadrille with as little perceptible motion of the 
feet as was possible. But He did not mind our laughing — He 
wouldnH walk — He danced, according to rule, in an altogether 
wonderful way. He was especially fond of Polkas, reels, and 
all sorts of round dances. In after years, when I would con- 
gratulate him upon the increased interest, grace, and dignity, 
he had acquired by being lame in both legs, from his wounds 
received at Baton Rouge, assuring him it was so much more 
becoming and attractive than the ancient "ballet style,^' he 
w^ould accept my friendly gratulations with a very wry face, 
declaring he infinitely preferred the youthful mode of progres- 
sion, in Lake St. Joseph days. From his bright gray eyes, in 
those days, there certainly looked forth a winged soul, and in 
beholding his marvellous pirouettes, I used to think, like 
Mercury, he also had ivingedfeet I 

Very soon after my marriage he came over to dine with me. 
I had several distinguished guests that day, one or two among 



HENEY WATKINS ALLEN. 4:3 

them inclined to classicality. As was usual in our rural 
menage, we kept a huntsman, who supplied my Larder with 
game from the Forests and fish from the Lake. In my rides I 
had noticed with great admiration a group of seven beautiful 
white swans, who had found comfortable winter-quarters in 
the reeds which bordered the calm waters of the Lake. I was 
never weary of watching the graceful, stately birds, and felt 
a most loving interest in their welfare. But my huntsman, 
unfortunately, had no sease of To KaAov, so he had shot at 
the " big- wild geese" and killed a lovely, tender, cygnet. My 
exclamations of surprise and regret, when he proudly emptied 
his bag of the " biggest goose he ever saw," filled him with 
dismay. However, the cygnet was dead, lamentations would 
not restore its life. I resolved to try how this antique luxury 
would suit the taste of my classical friends, without letting 
them know what dish they were served with. After all the 
usual courses of meats and entremets had been removed, my 
cyojnet was brought in state and placed on the table. There 
was a general exclamation at the size of the bird — it looked 
like the hugest of huge geese — and I had departed from 
Apicius so far, that it was not stuffed with onions and assa- 
foetida, but simply with mashed apples and celery sauce. 
Everybody was helped in silence. They all seemed to enjoy 
the dish greatly — it tasted very well. After the feast was 
concluded, I asked if they knew what bird they had been fed 
upon ? They declared it to be the tenderest goose, but the 
largest, they had ever eaten. I laughed, and turning to 
Captain Allen, said : " Yes, it was the Moeonian goose." In 
an instant he seized the idea, and exclaimed : *' It was a 
swan I" 

" Et quae Moeonias celebrarant carmine ripas, 
Fluminse volucres medio caluere Caystro." 

" Yes, it was a cygnet I" and like the guilty Procne I pro- 
duced the swan's head. They unanimously declared that cyg- 
nets were very good food; though afterwards, and particularly 



44 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

on one occasion, when I remonstrated with Captain Allen about 
his eating " Robins," on account of a sentimental infantine sym- 
pathy I had retained for the ancestors, who were so good to 
the poor little babes in the woods, he reproached me vehe- 
mently for having been guilty of the barbarity of feeding him 
on the Bird of Apollo. My beautiful Swans forsook the Lake 
after the murder of the cygnet, and never returned again. 

Allen w^as five feet ten inches high, very erect, slight, mus- 
cular in make ; had high cheek-bones, denoting his Scotch 
extraction, bright gray eyes, fair hair and moustache ; his 
mouth was large, mobile, and expressive, his chin square and 
firm. He was exceedingly neat in his person, and careful in 
dress. Like an antique knight, he appreciated " bravery" in 
externals as much as " bravery" in spirit. He was very ob- 
servant of such matters, especially of delicacy of taste and 
daintiness of apparel and person in women. I have seen him 
notice, with critical eye, the delicacy of embroidery on a lady's 
pocket-handkerchief, the fineness of her lace, the fit of her 
gloves, the glossiness of her hair, and the beauty of her slip- 
pers. His rapid glance would take in all these petty details, 
and he usually formed some idea of her character by the gen- 
eral effect of her dress. He was closely observant, but so 
quick that very few discovered this trait that did not know 
him well. Whatever was refined, spirituelle, dainty, in woman- 
hood, he liked and instantly appreciated. He ''worshipped 
i?iteUect" he would very often say. His house was very large 
at Baton Rouge, and he was generous in his use of it. The 
young people in his neighborhood were fond of him. He was 
always ready to further their plans for amusement. He al- 
lowed them to keep their dancing-schools* in his large apart- 

* Since the death of Ex-Governor Allen, I received a visit from the 
Dancing-Master wlio conducted this school. He is quite an original, — 
an Italian, a native of Rome, who has not yet lost his foreign accent in 
speaking the rough English. He is a man well known and universally 
respected : a musician of very considerable ability, both as a violinist 
and vocalist. All who know this excellent man esteem and value liim. 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 45 

ments, and to use his Bachelor establishment pretty much as 
they pleased. However, his popularity was not without its 
cares — all popularity gives some trouble to the fortunate or 
unfortunate possessor. He became unfortunately involved in 
the domestic dissensions of one of his neighbors, whose wife 
wished to marry him to her daughter. He acted rather im- 
prudently in the affair. It produced dissatisfaction, and a 
quarrel which ended in a divorce, between the Parents. It 
made some noise at the time, but very justly died away, leav- 
ing our Hero somewhat mortified in vanity, sobered in enthu- 
siasm, and doubtless benefited by his experiences. 

In the spring of 1854, Allen took the romantic notion into 
his head to return to college and complete his course, which 
we remember was unfinished at Marion College. Perhaps Plu- 
tarch, who studied Latin " so late in life," and Cato, the censor, 
who learned Greek when he was an old man, would not have 
corrsidered this act unworthy of a wise man ; but we, in the 
nineteenth century, regard such conduct as eccentric, to say 
the least. Hov/ever, Allen quitted his fine estate in Louisiana, 
went to Cambridge University, Mass., and matriculated as a 
student of law. He remained tliere some time, reviewing his 
studies and attending the lectures of Agassiz. At this time lie 
formed valuable acquaintance witli Parsons, Loring, Worces- 
ter, the lexicographer, Edward Everett, and Green of the 
'' Boston Post," and other lions among the Bostonians. In 
1859 he went to Europe, attracted by the Italian War. He 
got there too late to take personal part in the struggle, as he 
had intended to do. He spent several months in travel, and 
then returned home. He was a most industrious traveller, dis- 
playing as much energy in sight-seeing as he so characteristi- 
cally did in any thing he undertook, obeying literally the 

In the course of conversation the death of Governor Allen was spoken of. 

Signor G turned to me with deep feeling and said : " H' Allen was a 

good, good man. Everybody loved HAllen. I am sorry he is dead." 
The strong aspirate prefixed, could not mar the depth of tender emotion 
with which he enunciated the name of my departed friend. 



46 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

apostolic precept, to do with all his might whatever his hands 
found to do. 

It was our good fortune to be with him during a portion of 
this tour. We were often amused at his eager and vivacious 
activity. He knew very little French, but he bought himself a 
grammar, a phrase-book, a guide-book, and provided himself 
with a master, the day after his arrival in Paris. He then 
methodically devoted part of the earliest morning hours to 
stud}^, and the rest of the day to the most indefatigable sight- 
seeing. We venture to say he saw more of Paris in three 
weeks than ordinary travellers do in as many months. It was 
absolutely fatiguing to listen to his accounts of what he did 
see every day I He learned a good deal of French, too, though 
he had no talent, no facility for acquiring languages ; which was 
always a trouble and a matter of regret to him. He overrated 
this mechanical gift of memory when he met with it in others. 
It was wonderful to him — the readiness with which some per- 
sons could learn a language ! It was very hard work for him. 
But then, perhaps, he thought more wisely in his own, than 
some people, who, as Mr. Pitt says, " knew how to say foolish 
things in seven tongues." He w^as always eager " to learn." 
In one of the last letters I received from him, just before the 
sudden illness which snatched him from his arduous labors to 
the rest of eternal life, he regrets that he has not been able to 
devote as much time " to Spanish^' as he desired, — the con- 
stant work for his newspaper, which the necessities of life 
forced him to undergo, not permitting him any hours of relax- 
ation in lighter tasks. He liked, while in Paris, to ride in the 
Bois de Boulogne in the cool evenings, accompanied by a very 
beautiful Louisianaise friend of his. I do not know that he 
ever invited her j)lainer companions to go on these expeditions. 
It was pleasant to have the Frenchmen stare at the gold ring- 
lets and blue eyes of this unusually fair American ; and the 
others would probably have not excited a sensation, as she did! 
Like a true knight, Allen had a great deal of what Jean Paul 
calls " general love" for all women — particularly pretty ones I 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 47 

He was extremely sick, for several weeks, on bis return to 
London, in the fall of 1859. He received during" this danger- 
ous illness the most devoted attention from two English gentle- 
men, whose acquaintance he had formed whilst travelling in 
Italy. He was very grateful for the affectionate services ren- 
dered him in this hour of need by these gentlemen, and often 
spoke of it. He was happy in the possession of the " divine 
power which moved him like that in the stone which Euripides 
called Magnesian and the common people Heraclean,"* which 
attached all things to itself and held them there, as he did 
friendship and affection wherever he went. He wrote a num- 
ber of letters to a journal in Baton Rouge during this tour, 
which were afterwards gathered up into a book, and made 
quite a readable volume, entitled " Travels of a Sugar Planter." 

His criticisms on art are original, and often amusing if not 
valuable. Among statues, he liked Dannecker's Ariadne be"t- 
ter than any thing he saw. He thought the head of the Venus 
de Medici '' too small" and her " toes too short," " the arms 
placed very ungracefully," etc., etc. 

The Fornarina, he preferred to all tlie Madonnas of Raphael. 
He said '' it was the most beautiful thing on canvas ; — no 
angelic face, no spiritual conception of ideal fancy, but a sure- 
enough beautiful woman, of blood and flesh, capable of loving 
and being beloved, and of continuing to love with passionate 
devotion even beyond the grave." His ideal of beauty, it can 
be seen, like that of most fair men, was brunette. This book 
of his can be obtained, and therefore I do not make extracts 
from it. It is of no value, except as a bright pleasant diary 
and journal of travel for his friends. 

Contrary to my earnest entreaty at the time, Allen persisted 
in going Jirst into Switzerland, then coming down the Rhine, 
'* which reversed the usual order of receiving impressions, as 
well as changed the approaches to the exquisite views on the 
most beautiful river." So he did not " see the Rhine" to advan- 
tage, therefore writes ill-humoredly about it. At Shreveport, 

* Plato: Ion. 



4:8 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

just previous to his departure for Mexico, he laughingly 
acknowledged his mistake in this matter, and regretted the 
obstinate haste which made him rush into Switzerland, among 
the sublime mountains, instead of accompanying us to the 
milder beauties of Germany. 

He wrote with ease, in a somewhat dashing style, rather 
poetic and ardent, with considerable shrewdness ; was thor- 
oughly American in his observations and proud of his own 
country. He had a most passionate love of his own country. 
His addresses, either written or spoken, always told on the 
masses of people, or the soldiers, who were devoted in their 
love to him. He was so frank and true, so peculiar, so swayed 
himself by those lofty abstract romantic principles which are 
recognized by and responded to by all humanity, that he made 
himself always thoroughly understood by men in masses, even 
where he might have failed to influence them as individuals by 
cold reason. 

During his absence he was re-elected to the Legislature. He 
took a prominent position in this body. His talents qualified 
him for leadership ; his acts are upon record, they can speak 
for themselves. He was quick and ready as a Debater, spoke 
with sharpness and energy ; his utterance was rapid and dis- 
tinct ; his enunciation clear and defined ; always enthusiastic, 
he was sometimes violent, but he had the good fortune to have 
generally his political adversaries his personal friends. In his 
politics he was Whig, until the election of Mr. Buchanan, when 
he became Democratic, with nearly all the South. 

Allen took great interest in the improvement of the State- 
House grounds at Baton Rouge. He made trips to Cuba for 
the purpose of procuring plants, seeds, and exotic trees for its 
ornamentation ; it was a delightsome task for him. He sent 
for Afleck, the horticulturist, to aid him in laying out these 
grounds, where he spent many busy, pleasant hours afterwards, 
in perfecting the plans they devised together. Lord Bacon 
says, " God Almighty first planted a garden ; and, indeed, it is 
the purest of human pleasures ; it is the greatest refreshment 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 49 

to the spirit of man ; without which, buildings and palaces are 
but gross handiworks : and a man shall ever see that when 
ages grow to civility and elegancy, men come to build stately 
sooner than to garden finely ; as if gardening were the greater 
perfection." The Greeks would have considered it a great defi- 
ciency in any of their heroes not to love flowers, music, and 
poetry. Allen loved them all. I have frequently received in 
my letters from him a rare or peculiar wild-flower, gathered by 
the wayside in his walks or rides, some plucked on the prairiea 
and deserts between Texas and Mexico, as he travelled along 
in his ambulance on that last sad journey of exile. In a letter 
from Monterey he says : " In passing through the deserts of 
Mexico to this place, I often stopped my ambulance and gath- 
ered the beautiful flowers and thought of those I loved, and 
who, though so far away, I know loved me so much. I have 
seen twenty different species of cacti, all beautiful. I wish I 
could send you a specimen of each one to put in your garden 
at home, as you are so very fond of flowers." 
Again, the next day, he writes : 

" MoNTEEEY, Mexico, July 7tli, 1865. 
" My Dear Friend : 

"I wrote you on yesterday, and as Major L leaves to-day I wiU 

write again. He will tell you all — how we travelled tlirougli the desert, 
etc., etc. I have only time to write you a few words in pencil, as I leave 
within an hour for the City of Mexico. Write me immediately, and 
direct your letters ***** 

" Good-by, my dear, dear friend. May God bless you forever. I send 
you a lovely flower I gathered in this desert for you. Oh^ I wish you 
co?^M 566 these flowers! You would like to paint them!" * * * 

Again, from Monterey, he writes : 

" In this place there is every thing but butter and buttermilk. These 
luxuries have never been seen by the oldest inhabitant ! This is quite a 
city ; 40,000 inhabitants, with many fine buildings, and much wealth. The 
French are in power here. They are rapidly conquering the country, and 
in a few months all will be quiet in Mexico. I dined, or rather breakfast- 
ed, yesterday, with Col. Van Negros, the commandant; sixteen courses! 
Every thing in elegant style ! I have been treated with great cousidera- 

3 



50 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

tion and kindness everywhere, by everybody. I never expect to be able 
to return to the United States, although it is my sincere desire to do so/ 
It is my intention to leave this place in a few days for the City of Mexico, 
and there make my permanent residence. Do write immediately — do 
write often. Think of me often, poor exile that I am ! Many Confeder- 
ates here, all in destitute circumstances. A good many distingucs among 
them. Generals, judges — all seeking a resting-place — all out of money. 
I think of you daily, I might say hourly, in the midst of these lovely, 
lovely flowers, you like so much ; I wish I could send you some." 

In one of the last letters I had from him he writes, after 
visiting Carlotta ; 

"April 7th, 1866. 
" You ask about the flowers of Mexico, and the Flower of Paradise. It 
is our Passion-flower. The Roses are the same as with you in La. ; the 
Camelias I don't think are as pretty as I have seen in New Orleans. But 
the Flora of Mexico is most exuberant, and excessively lovely in the 
" TieiTa Caliente." Around Cordova and on the road to Vera Cruz the 
woods are filled with the finest specimens of exotics I ever saw. Each 
large tree and every shrub is covered with blossoms of the rarest and 
richest colors. I know none of their names. One species, especially, at- 
tracted my attention. It is a large tree without a single leaf. The ends 
of the limbs or branches have great scarlet flowers. I would call it a 
species of mimosa. The mango (a fruit-tree) has a most beautiful and 
delicious blossom. It grows very large and gives a magnificent shade. 
General Price has a fine grove of these trees, near his shanty in the vil- 
lage of Carlotta." 

I could add a number of such extracts from his letters, show- 
ing how fond he was of music, poetry, and flowers ; no beauty 
of nature, no charm of a landscape escaped his quick obser- 
vation — from a little blue gentian at the foot of a glacier, to 
the effect of the sunset clouds on the crown of a snow-covered 
Alp ; from a tiny cactus on the sands of Mexico, to the fierce 
dashing of the waves around the Fortress of San Juan d^Ulloa. 
He had naturally a good voice, and sang with taste and ex- 
pression. He was very fond of the ballad of Annie Laurie, 
and of the tenor song in the Trovatore — 

" Ah che la morte ognora." 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 51 

He made me write for him some " Confederate^^ words, to be 
sung to the tune of Annie Laurie, which he was fond of sing- 
ing. He says of this: " Your welcome letter, with the verses 

set to 'Annie Laurie,' has just reached me from .* Thank 

you a thousand times for your kindness in gratifying my whim. 
I do like tliat air so much, and you know I like every thing you 
write. This poetry is really beautiful, and exceedingly patri- 
otic, as is every thing from your wonderful pen !'' 

He wrote verses himself, sometimes ; but rhymes good 
enough for a Troubadour or a Soldier to sing, should not be 
submitted to cold criticism as poems. He was especially fond 
of Moore and of Lyrical poetry. Melody in any form he liked. 
He had not much sense of harmony, though as he grew older, 
and had deeper experiences of life, his appreciation of combi- 
nation of tones, and the mysterious and infinite in Music, 
deepened, as well as his tastes in poetry and in character of 
man. But he was born several centuries too late. In all 
respects he would have suited better with the age of Tancred 
and Rinaldo, of Bayard and Gaston de Foix, than he ever did 
with this. He was essentially a Troubadour, singing his 
bright melodies under sunny skies, in gardens of blossoming 
roses of Provence, with little sympathy for the Bards, who 
learned depths of strange harmonies from the sough of the 
wind around the Hills of Morven, from the sad murmur of the 
bending Pine Forests, the lament of the Fir Trees in the snow 
blasts of Norway, or the djnng echoes of sea-waves in the 
fluted basaltic Caves of Fingal. He never liked Ossian nor 
the Lake Poets. He read aloud admirably. There are por- 
tions of Shakspeare's plays and some of Moore's Songs that I 
have heard him read, that are now inseparably associated with 
his memory in my mind. He was not particularly fond of 
Byron — he had no sympathy with misanthropy or gloomy 

* If I could recall tlie verses I would insert tliem here, as lie liked 
them so much ; but they were dashed oflf in a moment, and not even 
copied before I sent them to him. 



62 RECOLLECTIONS. 

views of life in any shape. He was usually cheerful, full of 
bonhommie and impetuous warmth of outflowing feeling. He 
had a good memor^^, and it was stuffed with odds and ends of 
poetry, which he was very apt to introduce as he spoke or 
thought it. I once heard his perplexed Secretary exclaim re- 
proachfully, when the Governor was dictating a State paper, 
and involuntarily quoted some lines that happened to come 
into his head at the moment : " Good Heavens ! Governor, I 
believe if you were saying the Multiplication Table you would 
introduce a distich between twice one and twice tw^o." Allen 
laughed, submitted with perfect good-humor to the rebuke, 
and omitted the verses. Again, after he became the Editor of 
the Mexican Times, he began to write and publish in his paper 
several pieces of poetry, which he sent me for criticism. I 
wrote him frankly, remonstrating with him about publishing 
his rhymes, which, though interesting and valuable to those 
w^io loved him, were not woiihy of publication, and 1 felt sen- 
sitive about it. He took my reproof wdth beautiful humility, 
and said : '' Your advice, my dear friend, is always good, and 
so far from being offended at it, I shall profit by it. I know 
that I ought not to try to write poetry — it is so trivial. But 
you must remember that Sir Philip Sydney, and John Quincy 
Adams, and Eichard Henry Wilde, and Lord Derbj^ and Mr. 
Gladstone, all have written poetry. You must therefore ex- 
cuse this little recreation in a poor Exile, who gets lonely, and 
sick, and tired, and completely disgusted with all the ivorld ! But 
your advice shall be followed, because it is good" 
After all, it is not necessary 

" Verbi seqiii fidibus modulanda Latinis 
Sed verse numerosque, modosque ediscere vitae."* 

* To scan words to be set to music for the Roman liarps, but rather to 
be perfectly an adept in the numbers and proportions of real life. 



BOOK III, 



Virginia. — Visit to his Mother's Grave. — In Havana. — Confederate "War.-— Joins 
Fourth Louisiana. — Ship Island.— Duels. — Fort Berwick Chene. 

In 1861 Allen visited Virginia, and spent a short time with 
his relatives at his Birthplace in Prince Edward. Whilst there 
he went to the family Cemetery, where the Watkins' had been 
interred since Virginia had been colonized, to see his Mother's 
grave. "Never," says the Cousin* who accompanied him, 
'* never did I witness such uncontrollable emotion as seized 
him when he approached that hallowed spot. I said to him, 
* Henry, there is your Mother's grave !' The firm, bold man 
was melted, and bowed to the earth. He knelt down by the 
grave, overwhelmed with a burst of grief, not surpassed, I 
am sure, by those who witnessed her dying hour, when she 
calmly and beautifully passed into her home in Heaven." He 
could never speak of his Mother without showing strong 
emotion ; nor of his wife, we might add here, nor of any love 
that had once been his, that had passed away from earth. He 
was so grateful for love, and prized it above all things. Mr. 
Watkins goes on to say : *' When Henry was here, he gave 
me unlimited authority to improve and beautify this spot." 
He had a horroi^ of being forgotten — of having a neglected 
grave ! Frequently spoke to me of how he would like his 
own to be visited, and adorned with fragrance and bloom, as 

* The Hon. F. N. Watkins, of Virginia. 



64 RECOLLECTIOXS OF 

we saw them in Germany and Switzerland. In this cemetery 
rested old Colonel Thomas Watkins, who, '' Peter Francisco" 
(so well known in Virginia) said, " was the best soldier in 
the Southern army in Kevolutionary days ;" and also his 
Maternal great-grandfather, Nathaniel Venable, member of the 
House of Burgesses, in lT6t, whose descendants still show 
with pride, as evidence of his patriotism and self-sacrificing 
desire to sustain the Government of the United States, many 
thousand dollars of Continental money, which Nathaniel 
Venable "received for his dues, after it ivas proclaimed throughr 
out the country to be worthless /" 

On his return, Allen went to Havana, and remained there 
till May. His health had never been strong since his first 

duel with Dr. M , of Grand Gulf. The sword of the spirit 

fretted the scabbard of the flesh, with him, too, very much at 
times ! He had no pity on himself, always exacting from his 
wearied frame, work that robust men would have hesitated to 
undertake. I may as well mention here, en passant, that he 

was entirely reconciled with his former adversary, Dr. M . 

He met him at Nacogdoches as ho was en route for Mexico, 
and the former enemies, who had borne for twenty years the 
marks of each other's bullets, parted with friendliest feelings 
and mutual respect. 

When he returned home, the Confederate War had begun. 
He immediately joined the Delta Rifles as a volunteer. We 
have the old muster-roll, with Henry W. Allen, the first " high 
private," upon it. Regiments were formed upon the rendez- 
vous of the troops, Allen being elected Lieutenant-Colonel of 
the Fourth Louisiana infantry, Robert J. Barrow being Colonel, 
and S. E. Hunter, Major. The Fourth Louisiana was sent to 
the sea-coast of Mississippi, Headquarters at Pass Christian. 
Allen, with four companies, was ordered to Ship Island. This 
is a low sandy island, about seven miles long, with a group 
of pine-trees at one end, — remarkable only for being entirely 
barren, and for having been the spot where the French at- ' 
tempted to make one of their first Colonial settlements in 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 65 

Louisiana. But it was so sterile and unpromising" that they 
were forced to abandon it. Later in the war, it was used by 
the Federals as a depot and a prison for Confederate civilians. 
It is situated about midway between New Orleans and Mobile. 
Allen remained here with his small force for several months. 
He kept his men amused and healthy by making them build 
sand-bag batteries — warm work under a tropical sun ! The 
labor was hard (though essential) : one company (not of the 
Fourth Louisiana) mutinied about it, and refused to work. 
Allen promptly ordered the guns turned on the mutineers, 
marched the whole force, with loaded muskets, upon them, and 
quelled the mutiny without shedding a drop of blood. The 
soldiers liked him none the less for his resolute discipline. 
The Confederate Army, being composed, in the beginning of 
the war, principally of Volunteers from the highest circles of 
social life in the South, was a peculiar body of men. They 
proved themselves to possess in the greatest degree the 
qudities of gallant soldiers in the hour of strife. They rather 
liked to fight! But handling spades and digging ditches went 
hard with men who had worn kid gloves all their lives, and 
never held any thing more disagreeable than "the ribands" of 
their "teams," the sword or the pistol in a duel, or a rifle and 
fowling-piece in hunting over their plantations in winter. 
"Noblesse oblige" however,- and gallantly did they devote 
themselves to the dullest, most arduous, and to them most 
disgusting labors, for the sake of their beloved Country. We 
don't think the Southern men deserve so much credit for fight- 
ing well — that was to be expected of such a race as ours — but 
to submit for years, so cheerfull}^, so unmurmuringly as they 
did, to every species of personal privation, ivas heroic. The 
Spartans never did any better ! All-en was the right sort of 
a commander for such men — strict and rigid in discipline. 
Off duty he was the companion and genial friend of his men, 
whom he knew to be as well-born and as educated as himself. 
He never forgot his was an army of gentlemen — some of our 
officers did 1 



56 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

Whilst on Ship Island there occurred an incident, that is 
really so outre that it is scarcely credible to modern thought ; 
at least would be incredible of anybody but our Hero, who 
must not be judged by modern standards. The man was 
unique, and belonged to an older age than this. Taking offence 
at an expression in the official report of the Federal officer in 
command opposed to him — regarding the observation as indi- 
vidually insulting, independent of the public quarrel — Allen 
sent him a cartel. The officer refused it. The Fe.ieral did 
not understand Sir Lancelot, redivimis ! Allen fou^-ht duels. 
He thought it right. I know, from his own lips, that he al- 
ways said his praj^ers as piously before going out to fight a 
duel as when he went into battle. In a letter on this subject 
he says : "Although my services as a duellist have been very 
often sought after, thank God, I always succeeded in compro- 
mising the affair honorably to both sides. I know you approve 
of this, and I am proud of it." 

There was a period in the life of the world, when God was 
nearer in the belief and hearts of men than He is now, when 
man intrusted entirely the resolution of a doubtful question of 
justice to single combat, to a diecAsioiihy sories virgilianoe.ov io 
lot — the ancient classic and pagan belief, in the direct inter- 
position of the Gods, in behalf of the just sword, prevailing 
over the mind of all peoples. This Pagan superstition was 
grafted by popular custom upon Christianity, and gave the 
laws to knight-errantr}^ From the customs of chivalry the 
duel has descended to us. There is, however, a deeper view 
of the meaning of the Code of Honor. I insert here the ver- 
sion of this peculiar law, as held by Allen and such men as he, 
taking the w^ords literally from the letter of a mutual friend 
sent to me : 

** I do not take the same view of duelling that you do. 

" The very flower of civilization is a refined and delicate 
sense of honor. Savages know nothing of this sense. Savage 
men, in a civilized community, know nothing of it. The rab- 
ble in all lands are wholly ignorant of its existence. The low 



HENRY WATKIKS ALLEN. 57 

may repeat its words, they never comprehend, never under- 
stand, never appreciate its spirit, its high commands, its 
rigid rules. Noblesse oblige is the motto only of 7ioblesse — it is 
Greek to the vulgar. 

" Pretentious fellows, endowed always with audacity and 
often not deficient in physical courage, attempt to assume the 
attribute of true nobility, because they have the physical cour- 
age to maintain their claim at the risk of limb and life ; they 
are bold men — yet they may not be gentlemen. They are 
brave, but they have not been educated in the school of honor. 

" The law rights many wrongly — but there are wrongs of a 
verj^ grievous nature, of which the law cannot take cogni- 
zance. 

" If men and women were all one in grade and social posi- 
tion, laws might be passed to protect them in their respective 
rights, and to punish aggressions on those rights. Pre- 
cisely as a man or woman is endowed with an extremely 
delicate (and therefore extremely /i^s^) sense of honor and pro- 
priety, just in so much is he or she liable to wrong, insult, or 
injury by acts and words that contravene this high sense, yet 
which do not violate the letter of any written lav/ whatsoever. 
Do you not know that men and women may be wronged — 
may be most grossly outraged, may be empoisoned, blasted, 
mildewed, blighted, and overwhelmed by words and acts that 
the law does not reach, or only punishes by some paltry, miser- 
able, filthy sum of money ? What would you have men 
and women do when thus injured ? Men of honor and the bro- 
thers of women of honor have in all times had but one answer 
to this question. At all costs, at any risk, at every hazard 
they have taken upon themselves the responsibility of rectify- 
ing the wrongs thej^ have suffered. Though the law forbids a 
challenge and a meeting, they do not hesitate to incur the 
penalties of the law rather than undergo the pangs of wounded 
honor. In cases of injury derogating from his honor, the gen- 
tleman ignores all risks, all perils, all consequences, all suits 
of law, and all prosecution. True honor is an inestimable 



58 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

jewel ; the desire to preserve it overcomes the love of life. 
The love of law and order are very worthy and becoming to 
all men, but the love of a fair and spotless fame is an immeas- 
urably higher feeling. He who gave life and the love of life 
to all, has given this high pride of character, and this keen 
sense of lienor to some ; and to these it is a stronger feeling 
than the love of life. Will you hold them guilty in the sight 
of Him, when they risk and sacrifice life for honor ? 

" How far beyond all price is reputation ! How futile are 
the fines and penalties of the lawmaker against the crime 
which would rob men and their sisters of this invaluable pos- 
session ! How pitiful, how mean, how despicable does it 
seem in the eyes of a gentleman to seek a compensation in 
vile coin for the wrong of the calumniator ! What mountain of 
gold can pay for tarnished honor ? What shall be weighed in 
satisfaction to him who has lost the one priceless jewel ? 

" The duel is but an incident to the Code of Honor. When 
one gentleman suffers a grievance at the hands of another, the 
Code gives him a remedy more or less complete as the spirit of 
the Code may be more or less completely carried out. The 
party aggrieved calls for amends, and submits his case to hon- 
orable dispassionate friends, in whose hands he is willing to 
intrust his reputation and honor. The injuring party does 
the same. The principals are, more or less, under the influence 
of excitement ; their respective friends are calm, unbiased, 
cool, deliberate. These friends assume absolute control of the 
matter at issue. They form a Court of Honor. They at once 
go to the bottom of the difficulty. They trace back the griev- 
ance, by severe investigation, to its cause and origin. They 
ascertain precisely who is at fault and the extent of the in- 
jury done. Their main object is to settle the difficulty ivithout 
a hostile meeting. If, without such a meeting, they can save 
the honor of their respective friends, it is their duty to do so. 
All are supposed to be averse to wanton bloodshed. None 
wish any thing else than a fair and equitable settlement. If, 
in their careful and solemn investigations, they find the griev- 



HENRY WATKIXS ALLEN. 69 

*^ 

aiice complained of real, it is their duty to compel the wrong- 
doer to make immediate and ample apology and reparation ; 
bnt if they find the grievance imaginary or trivial, it is equally 
their duty to compel the party wrongly supposing hinlself in- 
jured to withdraw his demand for satisfaction. Wlien sensible 
gentlemen are thus formed into a Court of Honor, self-respect 
and their regard for the friends they respectively represent 
forbid a meeting on any trifling or puerile cause of complaint. 
Impetuous principals sometimes control their friends, and ig- 
norant and thoughtless seconds sometimes miss very obvious 
methods of preventing a meeting. These are perversions of 
the Code, and are both silly and brutal. The Court of Honor 
has no place for bullyism, and its rules can only work their 
legitimate results when administered by men of honest pur- 
poses and cool judgment. The strict rule is, that the princi- 
pal places his honor entirely in the hands of his friends, and 
promises to do any thing which they, in their cool deliberation, 
may command him to do. This should be made an invariable 
condition by every one acting for a friend ; and the Code re- 
quires it should be made. 

'' The hostile meeting is that which gives sanction and vital- 
ity to these efforts of friends to arrange difficulties. Without 
such sanction the efforts would be rarely made, and when 
made, very rarely succeed. This necessary consequence of 
failure is the strongest stimulant to earnest effort at adjust- 
ment. The consequence is, that, in a very large proportion of 
cases, where bloody personal rencontres would otherwise have 
occurred, leaving the parties, if surviving, their relatives and 
friends more at enmity than ever, the difficulties are amicably, 
completely, and finally settled without a meeting. Four-fifths 
of otherwise deadly difficulties are thus settled ; nine-tenths 
would be, if the seconds had the requisite judgment and resolu- 
tion. Be it understood, that what is occasionally done in wan- 
tonness and passion, by half-crazed or inebriate young men, is 
not to be charged to the Court and Code, whose adherents are 
in no manner responsible for the criminal follies of those who 



60 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

do not know or abide b}'- its behests. I speak of the Code as it 
IS known and administered among men of character and sound 
sense, and not as abused by thoughtless and impulsive youths, 
or by riotous and swaggering fellows who seek the fame of 
personal courage, and who are but too ready to convert a bar- 
room dispute into a formal deadly meeting. What they seek 
and covet is precisely what the truly honorable and humane 
believer in the Code tries most diligently to shun. 

" If, after this careful arbitration of friends, formed into a 
Court of Honor, the grievance in question cannot be other- 
wise adjusted, a meeting must result ; but it is the right and 
duty of seconds to secure equality in weapons and conditions, 
and to bring the meeting to a close with the least possible 
damage. It is not necessary to repeat the rules prescribed, 
either for the guidance of seconds in their efforts to adjust 
difficulties, or in their attempts to conduct an inevitable meet- 
ing in the fairest possible manner. I have only sought to give 
the spirit in which the Code is construed by men of highly 
cultivated sense of honor, joined with humanity of disposition 
and sound sense. Nor have I done this with the view of ad- 
vocating and justifying this method of settling troubles be- 
tween gentlemen. I had much rather the law could, if pos- 
sible, be made so perfect as to reach all offences against right, 
reputation, and honor. I had much rather see men, so just, 
so kind, and so courteous, as to preclude the possibility of 
insult or injury. I would much prefer a state of society where 
chivalric and most kind-hearted Christian gentlemen would 
never feel called upon to defend their names and rights with 
deadly weapons, on the field of honor. While I grant there is 
something semi-barbarous in the duel, I only wish to show 
that in its theory and practice it is not, in the hands of 
thorough gentlemen, altogether an unmitigated evil, especially 
when we consider that for every actual hostile meeting, under 
the rules and sanctions of the Code, there would probably 
have been half a dozen street-fights, each of which would have 
been the fruitful source of others. I can certify from personal 



HENRY WATKIXS ALLEK. 61 

experience that a far more respectful and courteous demeanor 
marks the intercourse of men in a country where the Code is 
recognized, than in those where it is wholly ig-nored. It were 
to be wished that all men should become so considerate in 
their conduct as to entirely avoid offence ; duels and lawsuits 
would then cease among individuals, and wars among nations. 
In that Millennium of ploughshares and pruning-hooks, perfect 
men, obeying a perfect law, will need neither pistols, rifles, 
nor swords. 

I do not defend this Code — but this much was needful to be 
said — in order to relieve Allen and his countrymen, who live 4/ 
under this Code of Honor, from the accusation brought against 
them of bullying, and " fire-eating," because they fight duels 
on principle. The reasonings may be sophistical in the belief 
of the Man of God, w^ho sees written on the Table of Stone, 
by the finger of the Deity, the simple words, " Thou shalt not 
kill !" But this Code governs the whole South, and all men, 
except they may be clergymen, are considered to be bound by 
it ; by the adamantine fetters of opinion, caste, and custom. 
We have seen how ready Allen was to assume the champion- 
ship of such persons. Whenever he found the weak or defence- 
less attacked, he regarded it his duty as a gentleman to 
defend them. He must be judged by the thought of his people. 
In many respects he was a Representative Man — his virtues 
and his faults were entirely Southern. 

It makes a very curious argument for metaphysicians, this 
common instinct of a whole people, rating the immaterial life 
higher than the material, the irvevfia above the IXr] — a strong 
confession of the immortality of the soul, in this preference of 
it over the body. No man had deeper faith in man's immor- ' 
tality than Allen always felt and avowed. 

By the urgent appeal of the gallant Colonel Barrow, backed 
by the Engineers, Allen was removed from Ship Island and 
sent by Lovell to take charge of the important post of Fort 
Berwick Chene, at the mouth of the Atchafalaya. In the 
month of March following, the Fourth Louisiana was ordered 



62 RECOLLECTIONS. 

to Jackson, Tennessee, to report to Beauregard, Colonel 
Barrow was forced to resign his command by reason of ill- 
health, and Allen was elected Colonel of the Fourth Louisiana. 
He was now appointed Military Governor of Jackson, by 
Beauregard, and considerable rcvsponsibility and much power 
given into his hands. 

Plutarch says : " It is an observation no less just than com- 
mon, that nothing makes so thorough a trial of a man's dispo- 
sition as power and authority, for they awake every passion 
and discover every latent vice." In natures who rise to meet 
responsibilities — who are instinctively gifted with qualities of 
fortitude, truth, justice, and freedom from covetousness — 
power only develops and enobles, as it always did with Allen. 
" For though he had such an insatiable avidity for honor, he 
was never unwilling that others should have their share — for 
he was entirely free from envy !''* 

* Plutarch : Life of Cicero, 



book: IV 



" Holding the Rivev." — Beauregard. — Lovell. — Polk. — Shiloli. 

To retain possession of the Mississippi River 1 That was 
the problem which occupied the thoughts of the Confederate 
Leaders in the West. Above all, Beauregard felt and urged 
the vital necessity of the control of the River to the success 
of the Southern Cause. He had disapproved the removal of 
the Confederate Government from Montgomery to Richmond. 
It was contrary to the usual rules of defensive war, to put 
the Capital of a country, with all its cumbrous appendages of 
governmental workshops and offices upon the borders of that 
country. However, this first step, which cost so much in the 
sequel, was made partly from an idea of political expediency — 
principally to gratify the pride of Virginia, noble Virginia, 
who bared her bosom, like a true mother of States, to receive 
the blows aimed at her ofl'spring I But this removal was 
probably a mistake ! It was once said of a political measure, 
" A mistake is worse than a fault P^ We, Southern People — our 
Leaders, both civil and military — our Politicians and our Press — 
made a good many mistakes in the course of the war, and we, 
alas ! were not strong enough to be able to endure or amend 
a single one. From the very beginning of the conflict, in our 
desperate circumstances, opposed as we were by superior 
numbers, an organized government of superior wealth, un- 
limited credit, and a people of wonderful perseverance and 



64: RECOLLECTIOXS OF 

marvellous ingenuity, as well as by the morale of the world, 
any, the slighest mistake, on our part, was almost necessarily 
mortal. 

Napier says wisely : 

" Error is common in an art which at best is but a choice of 
difficulties." 

" He who wars, walks in a mist through which the keenest 
eyes cannot always discern the right path." 

" So vast and so complicated are the combinations of war, 
so easily and by such slight causes are they affected, that the 
best Generals do but grope in the dark, and they acknowledge 
the humiliating truth. By the number and extent of their 
fine dispositions, then, and not by their errors, the merit of 
Commanders is to be measured." 

Turenne says : 

" Speak to me of a General who has made no mistakes, and 
3^ou speak to me of one who has seldom made war." 

Beauregard had been stationed for years in New Orleans, 
employed in building the Custom House, and in strengthening 
the coast-defences, especially those at the entrance of the Mis- 
sissippi River. He was therefore thoroughly informed on 
these points. He was a son of Louisiana, and of course 
vitally interested in her defence. All his personal and private 
interests were concentrated here ; but he was ordered to 
"Western Tennessee, where he remained until after the retreat 
from Corinth, when he was sent to take charge of Charleston 
and Fort Sumter. He quitted the valley of the Mississippi 
with reluctance, but was too good a soldier to hesitate to obey 
any order, or to take any position assigned by his superiors in 
office, if not in wisdom. His w^hole heart was absorbed in the 
Southern cause. . He gave repeated evidence, throughout the 
war, of his readiness to assume any, even subordinate com- 
mands, when it was deemed essential to the welfare of the 
Confederacy. He is probably one of the most thoroughly 
trained and scientific (seciindem artem) of the Southern Gen- 
erals. He fights and plans boldly, but always according to 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 65 

the best rules of the Art of War, which he modifies, as he can, 
according to circumstances, by inexhaustible ingenuity and 
prompt invention. 

" Mere professional skill and enterprise do not constitute a 
great General," but, " sagacity as to the general course of the 
war, and promptness in taking advantage of particular oppor- 
tunities, are the distinguishing characteristics of real geniusJ^ 

Gustave Pierre Toutant Beauregard, is a descendant, on the 
Maternal side, of the Ducal family of the Reggies of Genoa. 
Beautiful Genoa ! who has sat a crowned Queen, on the side 
of her mountains, so many, many centuries, with the blue 
Mediterranean kissing her feet, and tossing in homage before 
her all the treasures of commerce of the world, its spices and 
pearls, its silks, its jewels, gems of art and perennial beauty, 
bearing riches to her — to her — throned on the everlasting hills, 
on the crests of its sapphire waves — those azure waves, on 
which once sailed the mimic fleet of chips and straws, made 
by the child Columbus in his merry play, before the dream of 
the undiscovered world ever rose before his spirit. It is but a 
step from the home of Columbus to the former palace of the 
Reggios, and just below, close down by the sea, stands yet 
the ancient mansion of Andrea Doria, who, " singly" — " of the 
Corsair," 

" With his own forces, purged the briny flood. 
So that we see, each Continent and Isle, 
Shake at his name from Calpe to the Nile ; 
But on Ms country, not himself, that fee 
Shall he bestow, which is his labor's pay, 
And beg Iter freedom, where himself perchance 
Another would to sovereign rule advance. 
The pious love he tears his native land, 
Honors him more than any Battle's gain."* 

Lineage tells, the Southern people think I The Paternal 
ancestor of Beauregard, a French emigre of distinction,f came 

* Ariosto. t Of the family of Montaigne. 



QQ RECOLLECTIONS OF 

to Louisiana by way of Canada, as did the Ibervilles and 
Bienvilles. Beauregard is therefore a true Creole — French is 
his native tongue — and he exhibits, both in physical and 
mental traits, the characteristics of his ancestry. The enthu- 
siasm, the clear, rapid, analytic thought of the French temper- 
ament is his, combined with the tenderness, lofty impulse, im- 
passioned constancy, profound religious reverence, a deep 
piety (according to the faith of the Church of Rome), and 
fixedness of purpose, the ingenuity and subtle cleverness of 
the Italian nature. There is in his conversation a calm, 
logical, concise sequence of idea, a clearness of conception 
and definiteness of utterance, that is surprising to those who 
do not know that the brilliant, dashing, enthusiastic soldier 
is also a profound and reasoning student, who has burned the 
midnight lamp many an hour, when the rest of the world was 
sleeping. He seizes an idea and pursues it through the intri- 
cacies of thought and the episodes of conversation like a 
sleuth-hound, and piles his arguments in different heaps, as 
easily as the Fairy assorted, with the touch of her wand, the 
seven barrels of mingled feathers, whose separation was given 
as a task to the Amiable Princess we all remember to have 
sympathized with so warmly in our earlier days. 

Beauregard spoke freely to President Davis in regard to 
strengthening the Forts at the mouths of the Mississippi 
River, of the great importance of putting larger guns in posi- 
tion at the Forts, and of placing obstructions in the River itself. 
This latter point he insisted upon as a matter of supreme ne- 
cessity. Mr. Davis agreed that the Forts ought to be strength 
ened— he doubted the absolute need of the obstructions in the 
River. He thought the Federal ships could never pass the 
Forts if they were properly defended. Beauregard reiterated 
his warning to General Mansfield Lovell, who visited him at 
Fairfax Courthouse, Virginia, for the purpose of consulting 
him, before he (Lovell) 'came out to take command of the de- 
fences at New Orleans. Lovell heartily concurred in Beaure- 
gard's opinions about the obstructions to be placed in the 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN". 67 

channel of the River. The question now was, what were 
they to consist of, and how to place them ? Beauregard gave 
the plan of a double swinging-boom raft. One raft to be 
firmly fastened to the shore, and held by anchors at the other 
end, was to extend more than half way across the river, 
diagonal to the current : the other raft, fastened by one end 
to the opposite shore, was to swing loose towards the centre 
of the River. This latter end, fastened by a chain which 
crossed the river to the shore. Tliis chain was to be loosened 
or tightened by the working of a steam-engine, so the raft 
could be opened at will, to allow the drift-wood to pass on to 
the sea. Beauregard, born on the banks of the river, knew 
how the huge masses of drift could be collected, in a little 
time, by this giant in its Titanic play of rushing waters, and 
therefore he was careful to provide it with an outlet, a door of 
egress to the Gulf, else he knew the " Stream God" would rise 
in his might, laugh at man's feeble attempts to restrain his 
free course, and hurl the puny fetters from his fierce, roaring 
bosom with contempt. These long rafts were to be constructed 
of timbers laid in a peculiar manner, so as to be perpetually 
acted on by the strong pressure of the current, and thus be 
forced up stream and kept in position, except when the chain 
should be loosened and the raft allowed to swing around to let 
the drift-wood pass out. 

I am thus particular in describing tin's design of the favorite 
son of Louisiana, because, as the reader will see later, it was 
the accumulation of drift, the breaking away of the raft, 
caused by the vast weight of matter collected against it, that 
opened the river and permitted the enemy's fleet to enter the 
stream, which brought about the fall of New Orleans, the loss 
of the river, and aided greatly to overthrow the Southern 
Confederacy. Torpedoes, and all the usual instruments of 
marine warfare, should have been used abundantly about this 
work, and the shore ends should have been protected by forts. 
We will see later why Mansfield Lovell did not, and could not, 
make such obstructions as he desired. " It can never be too 



68 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

often repeated, that war, however adorned by splendid strokes 
of skill, is commonly a series of errors and accidents." 

General Lovell assumed command of the Department of 
Louisiana on the 18th of October, 1861. Before quitting Vir- 
ginia he had an interview with the President at Richmond. 
In the course of conversation Lovell spoke of the " obstruc- 
tions" for the River. Davis smiled, " Ah, you have been talk- 
ing with Beauregard ?" Lovell acknowledged that he had 
seen Beauregard, and that he shared his opinion on this point. 
It must be remembered that both Beauregard and Lovell were 
officers and artillerists of high consideration in the old army of 
the United States. 

Beauregard's defence of Charleston, Savannah, Drewry's Bluff, 
have, of course, given hwi immortal fame. He also instructed 
Capt. Harris, of the Engineers, as to the defences of Vicksburg. 
But Lovell has not had justice done him ; neither his abilities 
nor his patriotism have been duly acknowledged by the peo- 
ple of the South. Let us be unjust no longer ! 

Mansfield Lovell came — on the maternal side — from a Geor- 
gian family.* He was born in the District of Columbia — all 
his antecedents were Southern. He was educated at West 
Point. He remained always Southern in his sympathies. He 
was, as a young officer, a special pet and cherished friend of 
General Jolm A. Quitman, under whom Lovell fought during the 
war with Mexico. It was at the house of General Quitman, 
whilst Lovell was still suffering from a wound in the arm, re- 
ceived at Chapultepec, that the writer of these pages first met 
him, and had an opportunit}^ to witness the high appreciation 
of the military ability, as well as warm affection for the man, 
lavished by the indomitable champion of Southern rights upon 
his gallant young guest. Lovell had retired from the army of 
the United States, was living in New York city as a civilian 
when the war broke out. He immediately abandoned a situ- 

*His father, an officer in the old United States army, was a New Yorker 
by birth. He was always a Democrat in political principles, and a slave- 
owner all his life. 



HENEY WATKIXS ALLEN. 69 

ation, where the einohiments were v(;ry hirg'e, to come South 
and cast in his lot with the fortunes of his own people. Two 
of his brothers had become sons-in-law of Quitman. The peo- 
ple of New Orleans, and the Department generally, were dis- 
satisfied with the appointment of Lovell to this command. 
They murmured loudly. They did not know him. They did 
him great injustice — for they mistrusted him. They would 
have preferred Bragg to Lovell — and, of course, Beauregard to 
either. Lovell had, consequently, forced upon him immense 
responsibilities ; no sympathy and little aid from either Gov- 
ernment or people to meet those responsibilities. 

" The great mass of men in all nations are only endowed with 
moderate capacities and spirit, and, as their thoughts are in- 
tent on the preservation of their families and property, they 
must bend to circumstances ; thus fear and suspicion, igno- 
rance, baseness, and good feeling all combine to urge, and in 
troubled times, to put on the mask of enthusiasm, for the most 
powerful, while selfish knaves ever shout with the loudest. 
Let the scene change, and the multitude will turn with the 
facility of the weathercock." 

General Leonidas Polk, the beloved Bishop of Louisiana, 
now acting as an officer in the Southern army of " Patriots,'^ 
finding that the Southern territory was about to be invaded 
through Kentucky, and appreciating the necessity of " holding 
the Biver" seized upon Columbus, on the 4th of September, 
186L It was a valuable strategic point of the external line of 
Southern defence, which, passing through Bowling Green, 
Forts Henry, and Donelson, protected Nashville and the rail- 
roads. The Federals were already occupying Paducah, at the 
mouth of the Tennessee River, and Cairo, at the mouth of the 
Ohio. The Battle of Belmont, one of the most glorious of the 
war, was fought and won by Polk on the Vth of November. 
The Battle of Mill Spring, in which the Confederates were de- 
feated and compelled to retreaf, after experiencing the severe 
loss of Zollicoflfer, was fought on the 19th of January. After 
this reverse Beauregard was sent out to consult with General 



70 KECOLLECTIONS OF 

Albert Sydney Johnston, who was in a situation of extreme 
peril at Bowling Green, and who seemed to be abandoned — a 
prey to the enemy — by both people and Government, without 
any effort being made to assist him on the part of either. The 
suffering so cruelly inflicted on this noble man, which eventu- 
ated in producing the recklessness by which he exposed and 
sacrificed his most valuable life, will be an eternal stain on 
the escutcheon of the Southern people, Press, and Government. 
We can only mourn in bitterness of spirit that we appreciated 
him too late. In speaking of him, in a private letter, Beau- 
regard says : " Albert Sydney Johnston possessed all the quali- 
ties of a good general. He was intelligent, brave, and patri- 
otic. Truly, his was a noble heart." 

Beauregard consulted with Polk about the defence of the 
River. He approved of the seizure of Columbus and the ex- 
terior line of defence north of Nashville, '' as a temporary meas- 
ureP He feared the distances were too great between the 
detached works at Columbus, for the line to be held for any 
length of time. He recommended the immediate fortification 
of an inner and more southern line, beginning at Fort Pillow 
and extending towards the Tennessee River ; an advice, the 
wisdom of which was very soon made apparent by the surren- 
der of Forts Henry, Donelson, and of Nashville, and the 
forced retreat of the Confederate troops from Columbus and 
Bowling Green. 

Some remarks have been repeated to me, which occurred in 
the conversation between Polk and Beauregard, that are very 
characteristic of the two men. 

Polk was a grand man : a colossal nature, both in physique 
and morale. He thought largely, he acted nobly — his instincts 
were all right and true. He had invention, imagination, policy, 
skill, and valor of a high degree — but no sense of economics — 
no frugality. To travestie a homel}^ proverb, if he " had a 
coat to cut, he must have plenty of cloth ;" he would cut a good 
coat, but not a full one, out of scant measure. His was a 
broad, lavish hand ! He had recognized. Instinctively, the 



HENEY WATKINS ALLEN. 71 

right points of defence. He seized them, unhesitatingly. He 
never shrunk from responsibility. He fortified Columbus with- 
out orders ; but 

Beauregard went to see him. Polk explained his views in 
his firm, earnest, seignorial manner. 

" All right, my dear General Polk ! but how many men do you 
require to man these well-designed but very extended works ?" 

" About fourteen thousand ! not more V^ 

" Fourteen thousand V with an uplifting of the eyelids and 
French shrug of the shoulders ; ''fourteen thousand ! My dear 
General, that will never do ; you can't spare so many ; you 
must make fourteen hundred do !" and, seizing his pencil, 
Beauregard showed Polk how the works could be contracted 
and yet be equally strong. The fortifications were made at 
Island No. Ten, and at Fort Pillow. General Buckner's 
heroism could not save Fort Donelson. After a terrible siege 
he surrendered with his men, whom he would not desert, but 
shared their fate, and became a prisoner of war ! Island No. 
Ten fell — the second line of defence was broken. The Confed- 
erate possession of the River was growing narrower and more 
strictly defined. The third line of defence was formed. Beau- 
regard had ordered Vicksburg to be fortified, and concentrated 
his forces near Corinth. This is a village situated about ninety- 
two miles east of Memphis, at the junction of the Memphis 
and Charleston, the Mobile and Ohio railroads. General 
Johnston joined Beauregard on the 1st of April. Several regi- 
ments had come from Louisiana, sent by Lovell at Beaure- 
gard's call. Two divisions under Polk from Columbus, and a 
corps of troops from Pensacola and Mobile, had also united 
with Johnston. It was one of the largest armies ever assem- 
bled by the Confederates ; but composed principally of new 
levies, raw and undisciplined ; most of them volunteers ; some 
of them regiments of ninety-days men, who had thrown down 
their pacific avocations and rushed to the field enthusiasti- 
cally at the peal of Beauregard's slogan-cry. They were op- 
posed by General Grant, who held a position at Pittsburg, in 



72 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

the direction of Savannah. He was only waiting to be re-en- 
forced by Biiell, who was now advancing by forced marches 
from Nashville by way of Columbia, Tenn. To prevent this 
junction of the enemy's forces, and to check their onward 
movement, Beauregard resolved to attack Grant without de- 
lay. He had to seize the favorable instant; a day would en- 
tirely change the aspect of things. He felt assured he could 
crush Grant before Buell could re-enforce him. At Beauregard's 
suggestion General Johnston moved his men as rapidly as he 
could, in hopes to attain this end. Corinth was the strategic 
point — that was not to be abandoned; but Grant was to be whip- 
ped ; the fruits of victory, in his well-supplied commissariat, 
gathered up ; then the Confederates were to fall back to 
Corinth if necessary, or to cross into Middle Tennessee. 

Johnston began his march on Thursday, the 3d. A fall of 
rain made the roads heavy, and the army could not be got into 
position before Saturday evening, the 5th. Had Johnston 
been able to have fought, according to Beauregard's plans, on 
Saturday, he would have gained a complete victory, instead of 
being only partially successful. As it happened, by this un- 
fortunate rain, one precious day was lost. It is a very trite, but 
nevertheless a very true proverb, that history always repeats it- 
self in the cycle of time; therefore I do not hesitate to transcribe 
frequently, in the course of these pages, observations which strike 
me as being as justly applicable to us as they were when ap- 
plied to the Patriots of Spain, by the wonderful historian of the 
Peninsular War. Our state, our faults, our virtues, and our 
weaknesses were very similar to those exhibited by the Span- 
iards in their struggle for national existence, — a struggle 
which would probably have ended as disastrously to them as 
ours has done to us, had they not been so efficiently aided by 
England. We had the same kind of troops, but better Gene- 
rals than they had, among their own people. Napier says : 

" When Sylla, after all his victories, styled himself a happy 
rather than a great general, he discovered his profound know- 
ledge of the military art. Experience had taught him that the 



HENRY WATKIXS ALLEN". T3 

speed of one legion, the inactivity of anotlier, the obstinacy, 
the ignorance, the treachery of a subordinate officer was suffi- 
cient to mar the best-concerted plan — nay, that the intervention 
of a shower of rain, an unexpected ditch, or any apparent tri- 
vial accident might determine the fate of a whole army. It 
taught him that the vicissitudes of war are so many, that dis- 
appointment will attend the wisest combinations ; that a ruin- 
ous defeat, the work of chance, often closes the career of ttie 
wisest and most sagacious of generals, and that to judge of a 
commander's conduct by the event alone, is equally unjust and 
unphilosophical, a refuge for vanity and ignorance." 

The morning of the 6th of April dawned before Johnston 
got his lines ready for battle. Twenty-four hours had been 
lost through the rain and tlie difficulty of moving rapidly his 
undisciplined levies over the heavy roads. The enemy were 
encamped along a broken country, a succession of hills and 
valle3^s — filled with woods, interspersed with an occasional open 
field. Their principal camp was near a log-cabin used as a 
meeting-house, called " Shiloh." Their line stretched away on 
the road leading from Pittsburg Landing to Corinth, — their 
camps generally located in the small open fields, scattered at 
intervals throughout the forest. The Battle was, therefore, 
necessarily fought in fractions ; giving opportunities for exhi- 
bitions of personal courage and deeds of heroic daring, always 
eagerly welcomed by Southern men. Johnston and Beaure- 
gard had formed the army in three parallel lines of battle — the 
first under Hardee, the second under Bragg, the last under 
Polk and Breckinridge ; each line had its centre and two 
flanks, protected by artillery and cavalry. Johnston was with 
the second line under Bragg, and Beauregard was with the 
third line under Polk and Breckinridge. This resutne of events 
was needful in order to make the reader understand why the 
Battle of Shiloh was fought, — the first field on which Henry 
W. Allen was engaged and was wounded in the service of the 
Countr3^ He connnanded his beloved Fourth Louisiana, in the 
line of Bragg. He was overflowing with military ardor and 

4 



74 RECOLLECTION'S OF 

eager patriotism, and communicated magnetically his excited 
interest to iiis regiment. Tiie Fourth Louisiana, as well as 
its Colonel, was ready for any thing. The night previous, talk- 
ing with some of my relatives, in their tent — discussing the 
probabilities of the morrow — Allen said, very gravely, "A man 
ought always to expect to be killed in battle, and should be will- 
ing and prepared for death always before he goes into it;" then 
he repeated the beautiful invocation to death, from Hallcck's 
" Marco Bozzaris." On the morning of the Gth he was ordered 
by Bragg to charge a battery of the enemy, stationed in a 
thicket; it was a strong position on an eminence, and llie guns 
were very troublesome. The aid-de-camp, who took the order 
to Allen, says, " I found him near a small copse or bosquet of 
woods. He received the order in silence; then turning his 
head around, he called bis servant, Hyppolyte, who was stand- 
ing near by. ' Hyppolyte,' he said in his rapid way, ' we are 
going to charge ; stand here in a safe place, but watch that 
flag,' pointing to the regimental colors. ' I shall either be 
before it or by it. If I fall, search for me, and take me to the 
roar if wounded ; if dead — bnry me decently ; and now, God 
bless you, you have been a faithful servant,' wringing the 
hand of his now w^eeping slave. Allen led his regiment." 
Twice he charged on the battery : his men were fearfully cut 
up, but they heard the rallying voice of their beloved Colonel, 
clear and distinct through the noise of battle, and they follov/ed 
him through the storm of shot and shell unhesitatingly, never 
faltering an instant. Allen's heart bled to see his men drop- 
ping around him — wounded — dying. After the second charge 
he sent to tell General Bragg that his regiment was suffering 
fearfully, and to ask if he must make another charg-e with them. 
" Tell Colonel Allen I want no faltering now," was the stern reply. 
Allen was startled and stung at the unjust insinuation of lack 
of courage. He 7iever forgot nor forgave it. Eising ni his 
stirrups, without a word of reply, he waved his sword to his 
men to follow, and charged the guns once more. The men 
rolled from their saddles like leaves about him. This last 



HENKY WxiTKINS ALLEN. 75 

charge was as useless and ineffectual as the other two. The 
enemy's position was too strong*. A Minnie ball struck Allen 
in the mouth, as he cheered his men on this fruitless ride to 
death — for so many of them. The ball passed out through the 
cheek. Catching up a handful of cotton lint, Allen stuck it on 
the wound — which, though painful, w^as not serious ; tied his 
handkerchief around his jaws with sangfroid, in the midst of 
the rain of bullets and shells. His clothes, cloak, and cap 
were riddled with shot-holes ; but he remained in his saddle 
all day, never quitting the field, but doing his utmost to the 
last lingering hours of daylight before he sought medical re- 
lief or repose. The day declined on a glorious victory for the 
Confederates. Grant was cowering near the River, under the 
protection of his gunboats, when Beauregard, careful of the 
lives of his men, finding them much wearied and exhausted 
from the day's work and want of food, discovering, too, that 
there was some difficulty in manoeuvring with his raw, un- 
drilled troops, ordered the pursuit to be checked, the lines re- 
formed, and the attack to be continued at daybreak on tlic 
following day. Grant was still strong behind his batteries 
along the River and under the cover of his gunboats. It is 
questioned whether Beauregard was right or wrong in check- 
ing this pursuit. But there are several points to be considered 
in viewing Beauregard's conduct at Shiloh. In the first place, 
his plans — owing to circumstances that he could not control — 
were only tardily carried into effect. 

" Rapidity in war depends as much on the experience of the 
troops as on the energy of the chief." 

Beauregard was always careful of the lives of his soldiers. 
Though an Engineer, he would abandon any, the most cher- 
ished fortifications, to save his army. And also — 

" It is too common with soldiers, first, to break up the ar- 
rangements of their Generals by want of discipline, and then 
complain of the misery those arrangements were designed to 
obviate." So it proved liere. 

Our undisciplined forces became much demoralized by the 



76 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

sight of the rich booty they found spread before their victori- 
ous eyes, in the captured tents of the Federal encampments. 
The costly viands, the splendid accoutrements, were so many 
golden apples of Atlanta, to our poor, hungry, thirsty, weary 
boys. In vain the Commanders stormed and raged, the gal- 
lant army, " who had rushed," Beauregard said, " like an 
Alpine avalanche" on the enemy, on the morning of that event- 
ful day, at nightfall were mostly a dissolved, disorganized 
rabble of soldiers. 

The 7th of April broke upon Grant, re-enforced by Buell. 
The Confederates had been gathered in some order by their 
indomitable Leaders. Grant attacked them, now strong in hia 
re-enforcements. On the centre and right he was steadily re- 
pulsed — he could make no impression there. The left he at- 
tacked obliquely, pouring line after line of fresli, vigorous 
troops on it, who were as continually repelled by the Confed- 
erate phalanx. But, opposed to an enemy wlio were con- 
stantly re-enforced, the Confederate ranks were growing thin. 
A gentleman on Beauregard's staff, narrated, with humor, to 
the writer, how he came unexpectedly on Colonel Allen, with 
his face still tied up in its improvised dressing of the previous 
da}^ trying to rally his broken troops, who were nearly deci- 
mated by the hard fighting he had led them into. He said : 
" There was Allen, his face tied up in a bloody handkerchief, 
with a bit of raw cotton sticking on his cheek — which cer- 
tainly did not improve his beauty — one minute entreating, 
praying, weeping, tears streaming as he implored the men to 
stand ; the next moment, swearing, raging at them, abusing- 
them, berating them, giving them every angry epithet he could 
think of ; then addressing them in the most affectionate words. 
But he succeeded in gathering together, not only his own men 
but a number of stragglers from other regiments, whom he 
coaxed or abused back into the ranks. The last I saw of him 
he was off with them like a whirlwind into the thick of the 
battle. It made me both laugh and cry to watch him. He 
was a regular Murat — but instead of the ' ichite plume, ^ it was 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 77 

tlie white speck of cotton, and head tied up in the white hand- 
kerchief, that was alwaj^s in the van." According to General 
Beauregard, the number of Confederate troops engaged on the 
6th, at the Battle of Shiloh, was about 33,000 — lost one third. 
Grant had 55,000. On the Tth, the Confederate force did not 
exceed n,000. The Federals had — Buell 22,000, Lewis 
Wallace 8,000, Grant 10,000 or 15,000, making nearly 45,000 
in all. The battle-ground extended about two miles and a 
half or three miles. The Federal loss in the two days' fights 
was nearly 20,000, killed, wounded, and taken prisoners. On 
the first day of the battle, while the Confederates were press- 
ing Grant down on his Gunboats, the firing was very heavy 
on the part of the boats' batteries, in order to cover Grant's 
retreat. The great conical shells were rather alarming to our 
verdant, unused troops. They would strike and cut down 
large trees, with a neatness and dispatch that startled tyros 
in the art of war. We were all somewhat timid, at that time, 
about bombardments from mortars and howitzers, a timidity 
that we soon got rid of, as the war progressed, especially all 
of us living on the water-courses, where we were exposed to 
being shelled every day — we got used to it. However, these 
marine batteries did considerable damage to our troops at 
Shiloh, killing and wounding the men frightfully, until they 
got inside the range of the boats' guns. Allen was leading 
his men in the fight when one of these huge messengers of 
death demolished a tree in front of him, and lodged in the 
earth at his horse's feet. Seeing the extremity of danger to 
his men, Allen spurred his horse, leaped the cavity formed by 
the unexploded shell, waving his sword and calling to his men 
to follow him. They obeyed instantaneously, and were all 
safe be3''ond when the shell exploded. By his presence of 
mind and coolness, he thus preserved his men and his own 
life. 

In the melee, Major Aaron Vertner, a nephew and aid of 
Van Dorn, was killed accidentally by his own troops. He had 
captured a Federal Flag by a dashing charge ; tearing the 



78 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

veil from the staff, he carelessly wrapped it round his body* 
His clothiDg", unfortunately, was bluer than the usual blue" 
gray of Confederate uniform (if, in the poverty of our people, 
our army could be said to have had any uniform : — our men 
wore any clothes they could get, of any material or color). 
Major Vertner, thus accoutred, rode up at full speed to give 
an order for a sortie to his regiment ; just as he approached, 
waving his sword, cheering to the troops to " come on," a 
volley was sent from the muskets of his friends, and the brave 
Confederate fell dead from his saddle. He was recognized 
almost immediately, and his inanimate body sadly borne from 
the field by the hands of his comrades. A brave and gallant 
officer. Major Edward Ingraham, was basely murdered by a 
party of Federal troops in ambuscade, near Farmington, in a 
skirmish succeeding the battle. Major Ingraham, who was 
much attached to Van Dorn, commanded a battalion of cavalry. 
He happened to be near Van Dorn, who was desirous to send 
a message to General Price, in a distant part of the field. 
Major Ingraham volunteered to go ; while skirting a small 
piece of woods he was struck in the arm by a ball from the 
foe, who were concealed among the bushes. Feeling himself 
wounded, and about to faint, Ingraham threw up his arm and 
called aloud, " I surrender.'' He was instantly surrounded by 
the enemy. Three times he called aloud for quarter, three 
times he was shot, and assailed with oaths and imprecations 
as he lay helpless upon the ground. A number of Confeder- 
ates coming up at a gallop, made tliis cowardly troop of the 
enemy take to their horses, and put them to flight. The griev- 
ing friends lifted the still breathing man from the earth, and 
tenderly transported him to the rear. Major Ingraham lived 
twenty-four hours, long enough to press the hands of his weep- 
ing commander. Van Dorn, who was most deeply attached to 
this gallant young ofiicer, and to tell him of the cruel manner 
in which he had been killed, contrary to the rules of civilized 
war. Major Ingraham was universally beloved, and most 
v,ndely lamented, both in the army and in social life. His 



HENRY WATKINS ALLE^T. 79 

brotlier fell at Chancellorsville. They were nephews of General 
Thomas Meade, U. S. A. 

Tlieso young" men came from the neighborhood of Port 
Gibson, in which Allen formerly resided. I have heard him 
speak with much feeling of their early deaths. 

After eighteen hours' hard fighting-, Beauregard thought it 
best to withdraw his wearied troops to his camp at Corinth. 
General Breckinridge covered with his command the gradual 
withdrawal of the Confederate army. This retreat is regarded 
as a remarkable one. It was managed so quietl}^, so rapidly, 
so steadily, so skilfully, the enemy were completely deceived. 
Breckinridge presented a bold, resolute front to the last hour, 
while Beauregard drew back his lines without confusion, and 
concentrated them again at Corinth. Sydney Johnston had 
been killed : the news of his death, and his mode of meeting 
it, sent a pang of regret and bitter remorse through every 
Southern heart. We recognized, too late, the great spirit of 
the man we had driven to reckless desperation. 

Colonel Allen had retired at last, his wound growing painful 
from the tv/enty-four hours neglect to have it properly dressed 
by a surgeon. While under the surgeon's hands, he heard the 
cry of retreat, raised by the wagon-drivers. Jumping up, ho 
rushed among them, mounted on his horse, and aided greatly 
in restoring order among this portion of the army. After- 
wards, when he got time, the dressing of the wound was com- 
pleted. His careless treatment of this wound in the face, 
which he regarded so slightly at this time, caused him much 
unnecessary pain from it ever after. 

Bragg made the amende honorable to Allen by a very flat- 
tering and handsome mention of him and his beloved Fourth 
Louisiana, in the official report of the Battle of Shiloh ; but 
Allen never entirely forgot the implied censure of the rigid 
Commander — never heartily forgave it ! 

Allen was now ordered to Vicksburg, which was being 
fortified by Major M. L. Smith, by General Lovell's orders, ac- 
cording to Beauregard's plans. This city was the strategic 



80 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

point of the third and last, north line of defence of the Missis- 
sippi River. Here both people and army had resolved to 
make a stand, and to fight to the last for their homes and 
liberties. We all fully appreciated the importance of Vicks- 
burg, perhaps we over-edimated its value, as Pemberton cer- 
tainly did, when he declined to evacuate the city, thus allow- 
ing himself to be caged with his army, like rats in a trap. 

" In matters of great moment, and in war especially, it is 
not the actual importance, bnt the comparative importance of 
the operations which should determine the choice of measures ; 
and when all are very important, this choice demands judg- 
ment of the highest kind !" 

In a private letter, Beauregard says : **The reason why 
Helena or Napoleon, Yicksburg and Port Hudson, were not 
fortified sooner, was, that we had no heavy guns to spare for 
those places. It was not until Lovell informed me (shortly 
before the fall of New Orleans) that he would let me have a 
few guns, to which Bragg added a few more from Mobile, that 
I gave detailed instructions to Captain (afterwards Colonel) 
Harris, of the Engineers, to commence at once the construc- 
tion of Batteries at Vicksburg. The time was then so short, 
New Orleans having fallen, that the Governor of Mississippi 
telegraphed me to know if it would not be best to remove the 
guns into the interior. I replied, ' No, by all means, but to 
put the guns in position first, then to build the parapets of the 
Batteries around them after,'' which was done with some of the 
guns." 

Allen was singularly earnest in nature. His intellect was 
very quick and bright. If a jest or an amusing* anecdote was 
repeated to him, he would seize the point instantly, and his 
merry laugh would ring out with all the enjoj^ment of a child. 
But he had himself no innate sense of humor, no appreciation 
of what Mr. Puskin calls " the grotesque." The simplicity of 
his nature, on this point, was amusing, and produced, some- 
times, in those who loved him most, a sort of tender, wonder- 
ing, smiling pity ; because, from the lack of this inherent 



HEKRY WATKIKS ALLEN. 81 

consciousness of the ludicrous, be was sometimes betrayed 
into tbe assumption of positions that in other men would have 
been ridiculous. The incongruity, however, never striking 
him, he would do and say peculiar things, that would make 
people smile, with such entire bonhommie, such singleness of 
purpose, honesty of heart, and open warmth of expression, as 
Sir William Hamilton expresses it, "such OM^nes.s" of truth, 
and goodness, such high ideal perception of romantic senti- 
ment, and so much clever, shrewd, practical, intellectual 
ability, shining through every thing, that while he was often 
peculiar, frequently amusing, he never was absurd or frivolous ! 
Though sometimes he seemed vain, he was never affected. He 
was honest even in his foibles. If he had had any sense of humor 
he would not have seemed vain. People that are gifted witli a 
quick perception of wit and humor, instinctively avoid placing 
themselves in what they fancy might be " a ridicidoiLS position. ^^ 
Their vanit}'' is deep, perhaps, but it is hidden. It is a sensi- 
tive nerve, that warns them, and preserves them from peculi- 
arity. Tliey are sensitive to ridicule, and fear being " laughed 
at." Allen never had that fear ; he never for an instant sup- 
posed anybody would laugh at him. He liked the badinage 
and railleries of a friend, they amused him, even at his own 
expense. Allen never saw any thing amusing in his making 
a desperate charge at Shiloh, with his head bound up in white 
cotton ! He considered it all en regie. It was the best to be 
done under the circumstances ! 

4* 



BOOK V 



" Holding the River." — New Orleans. 

This City of " Bienville'a^' heart ; — this peculiar, half foreign, 
half American, Crescent City — low and flat aa a town of Hol- 
land — built below the level of the magnificent river, that pours 
down upon it all the wealth of the vast valley between the 
Alleghany and the Rocky Mountains, and that threatens it 
annually with a flood of waters, as it chafes and rages against 
the Levees, which repel the swift current with their immense, 
immovable breasts ; — this Babel of languages, and peoples, 
and manners, and customs, and trades, and commerce, so rich 
in historic associations, so gay with its French population, so 
fragrant with its gardens, where the roses and oleanders 
bloom, and the mocking-bird sings all the winter long ; where 
the night-air is heavy and faint with the perfume of the orange- 
flowers ; v/here the beautiful lemons glow like Hesperidean 
apples, and the tall bananas flaunt their great leaves, split 
into fringes by the Gulf breezes ; where the Date sends up 
its feathery plume-like head, and the earth and the air seem 
redolent with the sweet blue \iolets, that the quaintly- 
turbaned French '' marchandes" carry about for sale in the 
streets, heaped up in their wicker-baskets ; — this strange 
city, with its exuberant life, its teeming', bright, pleasure- 
loving people, its terrible epidemics — touching thus the 
dramatic extremes of botli joy and sorrow — is situated in 



84 EECOLLECTIONS OF 

an alluvial delta, on the left or northern bank of the river, 
about one hundred railes from its mouth. From below 
New Orleans to Donaldsonville, a distance of about ninety 
miles, the river runs in an east course, nearly parallel with 
the Gulf coast. Bounding' the city limits, on the north, lies 
Lake Ponchartrain, which is forty miles long- by twenty-five 
broad. Between the river and the lake lies the strip of land 
upon which New Orleans is built, through the end of* which 
runs the New Orleans, Jackson, and Great Northern Kailroad, 
the only line of land communication the city has with the 
Interior. It is virtually built on an island. The river divides 
above the city, and makes its way to the sea by various chan- 
nels, forming a true delta. Lake Ponchartrain is in immediate 
communication with the Gulf of Mexico. Lake Borgne, also 
connected with the Gulf, gives water approach close to the 
river, at a point not far below the city. This was the route 
chosen by the English in 1815, Tlie coast line of the Depart- 
ment was penetrated by passes and streams navigable in high- 
water season, at no less than twelve or fifteen different points, 
many of which required, in the beginning of the war, imme- 
diate fortification, as the Federals had command of the sea. 
Starting at Pascagoula, on the east, the coast could be entered 
by water at Biloxi, Bay St. Louis, and Pearl River, which latter 
empties itself by two mouths into the Gulf of Mexico, outside 
the entrance into Lake Ponchartrain, on which Fort Pike Avas 
located. A short distance up the Pearl River, a baj^ou con- 
nected the river and the lake, giving entrance into and avoid- 
ing the guns of Fort Pike, beside which a fair road led west 
to the Mississippi River, leading to the Jackson Railroad, as 
well as the whole north shore of Lake Ponchartrain. The lake 
was connected with the Gulf by two outlets, the Rigolets and 
Chef Menteur Pass, on the former of which was located Fort 
Pike, on the latter, Fort Macomb. 

From the shore of Lake Borgne, four baj^ous put into the 
land, through which access could be had by water to points 
near to and convenient for attack on the citv. Two of these 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 85 

had small works on them — Bienvcniie and Phillippon ; and 
two, Gentilly and OSillets, were unguarded. Proceeding west, 
three large streams gave access directly from the ocean to 
firm ground, near the River Mississippi, more than forty miles 
above Forts Jackson and St. Philip — viz., Bayou La Loutre, 
Terre aux Boeuf, and Aux Chenes. The enemy were now oc- 
cupying Isle Breton with land forces, directly off the mouths 
of these bayous. The next main point of entrance is the 
Mississippi River, which enters the Gulf by five ''passes" 
Forts Jackson and St. Philip are located on opposite sides of 
the river, about twenty-five miles above the head of the passes, 
and seventy-five below New Orleans. Further west is Barra- 
taria Bay, at the entrance of which is an island, on the west 
end of which Fort Livingston is situated. The pass at the 
east end was not defended. From Barrataria Bay there is 
direct water communication with the river, just above New 
Orleans, via Bayou Barrataria, Bayou Families, and a short 
canal. The next principal inlets are Bayou La Fourche and 
the Grand Caillon, the former of which is one of the mouths 
of the Mississippi River, from which it offsets at Donaldson- 
ville, and crosses the Opelousas Railroad at Thibodeaux. The 
other heads near that railroad. Atchafalaya Bay and River 
affords the next important water approach. 

This river also connects with the Mississippi through Baj'ou 
Plaquemine, above Donaldsonville, and besides gives access, 
via Bayou Teche and other streams, to a rich and important 
section of country, as well as to the terminus of the Ope- 
lousas Railroad at Brashear City. 

West of this are Bayous Sale and Dead Cypress, and Cal- 
casieu Bay, — the latter of which gives entrance to a large 
grazing country, full of cattle. Besides these important points, 
there are numerous smaller creeks and bayous, through which 
an enterprising enemy could penetrate and obtain access 
to approaclies above the defences. 

West of Lake Ponchartrain, and between it and the Missis- 
sippi River, is situated Lake Maurepas, connected with Pon- 



86 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

chartraiii by the Xorth and South Manscliac Passes, which 
were separated by an island, and with the river by Baj'Oii 
Manschac, in former years " leveed" so as to destroy the river 
connection. The Xew Orleans, Jackson, and Great Northern 
Railroad runs through the narrow strip of land between Lake 
Ponchartrain and the river, skirting the southern and western 
shore of the lake, and passing between it and Maurepas, across 
the North and South Manschac Passes, going northward into 
the interior. 

The New Orleans and Opelousas Railroad starts from 
Algiers, opposite New Orleans, and runs westward, crossing 
Bnyous Lafourche, Des Allemandes, and others, terminating at 
Brashear City, on the Atchafalaya, about eighty miles in 
length, whence the great road led into Texas. This road was 
the principal means of transportation for beef-cattle, and silp 
lies, from Texas, for New Orleans and the East, and its 
security was a matter of great importance. 

The Mexican Gulf Railroad connected the city with Proctors- 
ville, on Lake Borgne, distant twenty-eight miles. There 
were also two short railroads from the compact part of the 
city to Lake Ponchartrain, besides a water connection with the 
lake by the new canal and the Bayou St. John, both of which 
led into the heart of the city. Through the latter, the Con- 
federate States steamers Bienville and Carondelet were taken 
from their place of building to the lake. There were two good 
roads from the city to Lake Ponchartrain, one along the Bayou 
St. John and the other on the Metairie Ridge. Also a road 
following Gentilly Ridge to Fort Macomb, near which road 
heads Bayou Gentilly, emptying into Lake Borgne, by which 
route the Forts would be avoided. The city could also be 
approached by the enemy's fleet from the LTpper Mississippi, 
descending the river. 

It can readily be seen from this simple enumeration of the 
inlets to the coast, which commanded the city of New Orleans, 
that it was a costly and troublesome task to undertake its 
defence, and yet it had to be done. The Mississippi River was 



IlKNllY WATKIXS ALLEN. 87 

the Trachea of the Confederate body. Lovell took command 
on the 18th of October, ]861. General Twiggs, his predeces- 
sor in the Department, welcomed his arrival with joy. Twiggs 
was old and infirm, and felt himself utterly unable to cope 
with the immense responsibilities of this onerous charge. In 
his rough way (he was very profane in his language), he told 

Lovell '' he was d d glad he had come ; that he was too 

feeble himself to make personal inspection of the various 
points of the Department ; that it was almost entirely de- 
fenceless ; that he had no guns of proper calibre, no ammuni- 
tion, no any thing ; that he had been unable to get any thing 
done, and that at many points we could not make an hour's 

fightP 

Lovell's first act was to make personal inspections and 
critical examinations throughout the whole extent of the De- 
partm.ent. This occupied him day and night for more than 
two weeks. He found matters in a woful condition. The 
troops (three regiments) on the Mississippi coast were badly 
armed and had very little ammunition — one of the regiments 
not more than five rounds per man. The entrances into Pearl 
River were entirely unobstructed, as indeed were all the other 
inlets and approaches into the country. In addition to the 
works hereafter to be named, there was an open Battery of 
ten twentj^-four-pounders on Bayou Bienvenue, and one of five 
on Phillippon ; and two small earthworks, intended for five 
guns each, had been thrown up, guarding the entrance to Ber* 
wick's Bay, but had not been completed. The forts in the 
Department — viz., Pike, Macomb, St. Philip, Jackson, and 
Livingston — were originally small earthworks of a very inferior 
class, built of brick and earth, and having been unoccupied 
for many years, had become much dilapitated, and in places 
they were crumbling with their own weight. These were 
armed principally with smooth-bore twenty-four and thirty-two 
pounders — there not being in the whole Department more than 
nine guns mounted of a greater calibre than a thirty-two- 
pounder and but thirty-six of these mounted. Seven or eight 



88 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

of the thirty-twos had been rifled, but there was neither shot 
nor shell for them. The guu-carriag-es were generally old and 
defective, from long exposure to the weather, — many so de- 
cayed that a penknife could be inserted with ease into the 
wood. There was likewise a very great deficiency in all the 
implements and equipments necessary for the service of heavy 
guns, etc., etc. The ammunition did not average more than 
twenty rounds per gun. 

There were no guns or works at Pass Manschac, Bayou La- 
fourche, Grand Caillou, or on the approaches, or Barrataria 
Bay, to the river near the city. No measures had been taken 
for obstructing any of the rivers or passes, either by felling 
timber, driving piles, or making rafts, except that materials 
had been collected in part for making a raft to be placed in 
the Mississippi River, at the Forts ; and work on it had been 
commenced. A line of intrenchments around the city itself 
had been planned and begun by Major M. L, Smith, but it was 
entirely unfinished, not a gun mounted, nor magazine built, 
nor platform laid. The length of this line was more than 
eight miles. General Twiggs had received from the Norfolk 
Navy Yard one hundred old navy-guns, many of which had 
been long in use, and the vents so worn as to be unfit for 
friction tubes. Many of these guns had been cast more thau 
forty years. There were none above a forty-two-pounder, and 
a number were thirty-two-pounder carronades, a gun entirely 
useless except for firing grape and canister at short distances. 
No carriages, chassies, or implements came wnth these guns, 
and none of them were mounted when Lovell took command. 
There was a vast amount of engineer and ordnance w^ork to 
be done, and both of these important branches were imposed 
upon Major Smith, who found it impossible to do justice to 
both. On the water, there were two small vessels, the 
McRae and the Joy, and the ram " Manasses," with one gun. 
Two river steamboats were being strengthened and ironed for 
service, the keels of two iron-clad ships, the " Louisiana" and 
" Alississippi," had been lately laid, and two smaller gunboats, 



HENEY WATKINS ALLEX. 89 

for service on Lake Ponchartrain, were on the stocks in tlie 
Bayou St. John. Several new regiments were in process of 
organization at Camp Moore, seventy-eight miles north of the 
cit}^, but these were only partially armed and equipped. 
There were in all five new regiments, unfit to take the field. 

Anticipating an attack in the January of 18G2, Lovell set 
himself diligently to work, with all the available means at his 
disposal, to supply the deficiencies of his defenceless Depart- 
ment. He found himself materially delayed by the want of a 
sufiScient number of competent officers, of experience and de- 
tailed knowledge. This deficiencj'' was made known to the 
War Department and relief asked on several occasions, with- 
out success. We may as well observe here, in the beginning, 
that the apparent negligence and indifference of the authori- 
ties at Richmond, in regard to New Orleans, was most cul- 
pable and most inexplicable. Their whole attention seemed to 
be absorbed by the war in the East. They never realized the 
importance of the River, or the West of the Confederac}^ ! 
Even Mr. Benjamin, whose interests were nearly all in Louis- 
iana, seemed to ignore her necessities ; but he never believed 
New Orleans w^ould be, attacked. When such representations 
were made to him, he laughed at the anxiety of Lovell, Beau- 
regard, Conrad, and turning to them, in his careless, insouci- 
ant way, said gayly : " Bah I the truth is, you «re all scared to 
death, dovm at home r Mr. Mallory's inattention was gross 
and inexcusable. God forbid that I should ever write one word 
against the noble, immaculate man, whom we placed at the head 
of our Government. But he was, though one of the purest and 
grandest of men, still but a man — whose humanity limited 
his earnest desires ; who was forced to delegate powers to 
subordinates, who often abused his confidence and betrayed 
his trust; and many terrible mistakes were made for which he, 
perhaps, is not responsible. Let the world say what it will of 
the late President of the Confederate States, we. Southern 
people, have only towards him, pride in his patriotism, in his 
purity, in his beautiful intellect ; reverence for his moralitv, 



90 RECOLLECTIOXS OF 

fur his fortitude ; gratitude for his love, his patience ; tears 
for the scars made on the feeble emaciated limbs, by the 
manacles worn for our sakes ; pity and grief for his suffer- 
ings, and silence for his faults or his mistakes ! We had no 
abler, no better man among us ! 

Lovell telegraphed to Colonel Gorgas, Chief of Ordnance at 
Richmond, for mortars or columbiads. He replied, " he had 
none to spare." Then Lovell telegraphed General Bragg, at 
Pensacola, for at least some ten-inch guns and mortars. 
Bragg answered : " Not a gun to spare." Then, knowing 
there was no hope of finding any in the Confederacy, Lovell 
resolved to try and have some made. He arranged with 
Leeds & Co., Burnett & Larges, and S. Wolf & Co., to put up 
reverberatoiy furnaces, and made arrangements for casting 
eight and ten inch columbiads, and ten-inch sea-coast mortars. 
He procured all the large chains and anchors that could be 
had from Pensacola, Savannah, and other places, for the pur- 
pose of constructing rafts and booms, to place in the various 
water-approaches, giving particular attention to that in the 
Mississippi River. 

He contracted for building and sinking an obstruction in 
Pearl River ; had Salt Bayou, as also Gentilly and Aletche 
Bayous, filled with rows of piles driven across the channels ; 
and La Loutre, Terre aux Boeufs, and Aux Chenes, obstructed 
by felling timber on the banks ; and eventually, with the 
assistance of the Safety Committee of New Orleans, had two 
rows of piles, each more than a thousand yards long, and 
braced at the top, driven in the channel, under the guns of 
Fort Pike, w^iere the water was nearly fifty feet deep. The 
channel leading into the Atchafalaya Bay was also filled up 
by sinking green live-oak trees, forming an obstruction forty 
feet wide at the base, and eight at the top ; and a raft was 
placed on the river just below Fort Berwick. 

He had his guns rifled. He replaced the twenty-four- 
pounders — en barbette — bearing on the water, at Forts Jack- 
son, St. Philip, Pike, Macomb, with the forty-two and thirty- 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEX. 91 

two-poiinders received from Norfolk. He strengthened the 
various garrisons. He built a water-battery at Fort Jackson. 
He gathered up saltpetre and sulphur wherever he could find 
them, and began to manufacture powder — the little that was 
sent him was worthless, and had to be remanufactured in New 
Orleans. He arranged with the foundries to cast shot and 
shell. He established an arsenal for the repair of small-arms. 
He made cartridges, supplying not only his own needs, but 
sent more than a millioii rounds to the Army of Tennessee. 
He gave the Navy twenty-five thousand pounds of powder, 
sent seventeen thousand pounds to other departments, and 
twelve thousand pounds to Richmond, besides furnishing all 
the ammunition to the troops sent to General A. S. Johnston 
in Tennessee, and giving the River defence fleet what they 
needed. Earthwork forts were commenced on the Grand 
Caillou and on Bayou Lafourche; also on Baj^ou Barrataria, at 
the Manschac Passes, at Proctorsville, and two forts on Ber- 
wick's Bay. On the Mississippi River, works were put up 
above the city and on the southern and western shores of 
Lake Ponchartrain. 

The general plan adopted was to have two lines of works, 
an exterior line passing through the forts, and earthworks 
erected to defend the various water-approaches, and an in- 
terior line, embracing New Orleans and Algiers, which was 
intended principally to repel an attack by land. The total 
length of the intrenchments on this line was more than eight 
miles, and when completed, it, in connection with the swamp, 
put New Orleans in an impregnable position, so far as re- 
garded any attack by land. It mounted more than sixty 
guns of various calibres, and was surrounded by wide and 
deep ditches. One regiment of troops was taken from the 
Mississippi coast and stationed at Berwick's Bay, '^ a point of 
vital importance, ^^ where was also located a battery of field- 
artillery, and a company of cavalry. Colonel H. W. Allen was 
put in command here, being withdrawn from Ship Island. 
Lovell now organized the twenty independent companies of 



^2 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

infantry, raised by Twiggs, into regiments, and placed them 
as garrisons in the various works of the exterior line. The 
infantry at Camp Moore, under General Ruggles, were organ- 
ized into a brigade, and well armed and equipped out of 
Lovell's workshops. He laid a railway track in the city 
between the Ponchartrain and Mexican Gulf roads, so as to 
transfer troops as rapidly as possible from point to point, and 
established telegraph lines to Proctorsville and Brashear City, 
on Berwick's Bay. He made every effort to accumulate a 
►supply of flour and meat sufficient for sixty days, for the 
whole city, to enable the inhabitants to stand a siege ; but 
from causes beyond his control the effort failed, and this want 
of provisions for more than one hundred and fifty thousand 
inhabitants, was an important element in determining the 
evacuation of the city in April. In obedience to the orders of 
the Secretary of War, about the 15th of January, 1862, he 
seized fourteen steamers, then at New Orleans, and proceeded 
to strengthen and protect them with cotton-bales, arming and 
equipping them. For this purpose one million of dollars was 
placed to Lovell's credit, and although not favorably impressed 
with the plan, he labored diligently to carry out the views of 
the Department. Montgomery and Townsend were sent from 
Richmond, and twelve other captains were selected by them 
to take charge of this fleet — the matter being placed in 
their hands by the Secretary of War. Eight of these vessels 
were sent up, by the 1st of April, to Fort Pillow, and the 
others retained by Lovell. 

Immense requisitions of all kinds were constantly made on 
this Department, — provisions, clothing, camp and garrison 
equipage, powder, and munitions of war of various kinds, 
were sent to different parts of the Confederac^^ lie had 
twelve launches fitted up and armed with one good gun each, 
for service on the small bayous and canals with which the 
Department is intersected. These were to act as an Internal 
Police. 

In December, 1861, Lovell was ordered, from Richmond, to 



HEJS'RY WATKINS ALLEN. 93 

send out of the Department twenty-two heavy guns, to Ten- 
nessee and Charleston, S. C, and to provide one gun each for 
the fourteen vessels of the " River fleet." He also turned over 
to the Navy ten forty-two-pounders, for arming the steamers 
Bienville and Carondelet, for service in Lake Pouchartrain and 
Mississippi Sound, He also sent two regiments of troops to 
Columbus, Kentucky, at the urgent request of Polk. In Feb- 
ruar}^, Lovell was ordered by the War Department to send 
live thousand men to Columbus, which took away all his avail- 
able force in New Orleans, leaving him without a single 
armed regiment of Confederate troops in the city. Every 
vessel of war ready for service was also ordered up to the 
same point, and the Department thus left without troops or 
men, except the garrisons of the works on the exterior lines. 
On the 25th of February, Lovell made requisitions on Governor 
Moore for ten thousand militia for the defence of the city; but 
the Adjutant-General of the State reported, that in November, 
1861, he had only about six thousand armed militia, and that 
since that time three thousand of these had been sent to Gen- 
eral Beauregard. This left for the defence of New Orleans 
less than three thousand militia, of which twelve hundred had 
muskets, and the remainder ver}^ indiflerent shot-guns. Thesy 
troops were commanded by their own State officers, and a part 
of them, when ordered to the support of Fort Jackson, muti- 
nied, refused to go, and had to be forced on board the trans- 
ports by other regiments. Lovell reported to the War De- 
partment the manner in which his district had been stripped 
of men, and guns, and ships, and objected to it. 

But Mr. Mallory thought the place to defend New Orleans 
was '' above" So LovelPs complaints met with little favor. 
The strength of the land defences was great. Lovell had ob- 
structed and fortified all the water-approaches, and relied 
upon the Navy to have such iron-clads and other gunboats as 
would enable him to compete with the enemy by water. The 
naval defences were entirely independent of Lovell, under the 
command of Commodore Ilollins, and afterwards Connnander 



94 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

Whittle. These gentlemen complained constantly of the in- 
adequacy of the means placed at their command — they were 
often without money to pay their workmen. The " Louisiana" 
and " Mississippi" were never completed, and yet it v/as very 
well known the safety of the city rested on these two vessels. 
Beauregard's obstructions were never built. They would cost 
*' one hundred thousand dollars," and so, with a " penny-wise" 
policy, they were rejected. Lovell now had built the best raft 
{cheap) he could make, which he anchored as firmly as he 
could with all the anchors and chains he could possibly pro- 
cure. The depth of the river, one hundred and fifty feet, with 
a bottom of shifting sand, made this a difncult task. The 
swift current, swollen to an unprecedented height, piled up 
the drift against the raft. Lovell kept steamboats and skiffs 
constantly at w^ork to remove this accumulation, but the raft 
began to sag — at last it parted, in the early days of March. 
The river w^as opened. Lovell now sent down to make another 
raft, from the debris, with chains and schooners; which he did. 
Tliis second raft was broken by the collision of the fire-rafts 
and tenders, at the time of the siege of the Forts. LovelPs 
only hope about the rafts was, that he could probably keep 
them there in position until the iron-clads, the Louisiana and 
Mississippi, were finished, when they (the iron-clads) would 
answer for '' the keeping of the River .'" He had had made a 
long horizontal boom, but he could not get large chains to 
secure it with. He asked General Polk for some he had at 
Columbus, but received no reply. The chains were afterwards 
abandoned at Columbus. The building of the iron-clads pro- 
gressed slowly. Everybody became impatient about them. 
The " Safety Committee" offered unlimited means and carte 
blanche to the builders, urging that the work should be pushed 
on by day and night. It was vital to the city. Application 
was made to Richmond to hasten it. It availed but little. 
The dreadful apathy about this Department could not be shaken 
off. General Lovell and the Safety Committee Avere the only 
people awake in it ! Lovell was doing his utmost (and he is a 



HENEY WATKINS ALLEN. 95 

man of great activity, both mental and physical). He was 
aided by the State and Governor Moore, as far as possible. 
Some members of the Safety Committee, however, did not like 
Lovell. The people had no confidence in him. They were 
very prejudiced and unjust. On one occasion he asked for 
two hundred thousand dollars from the Safety Committee. 
They declined giving it to him unless he told them the use he 
meant to put it to. Of course he did not satisfy their curi- 
osity, or their suspicion, so derogatory to him in every wa}^, 
as an officer, a patriot, and a gentleman. 

Lovell prepared and sent down forty or fifty fire-rafts, loaded 
with light w^ood, mixed with cotton, rosin, and tar-oil, which 
w^ere placed above and below the second " obstruction." He 
tried to place torpedoes in the river, but the great depth (more 
than one hundred and fifty feet), and the powerful current, 
baffled this effort. He had a Drummond-light made and put 
on Fort Jackson, but the enemy's shells destroyed this. At 
LovelPs request, Governor Moore took two steamers lying in 
the river, had them strengthened with cotton-bales, and pro- 
vided with officers and crews, which he placed under LovelPs 
orders. These two boats, the General Quitman, under Grant, 
and the Governor Moore, under Kennon, were armed with two 
heavy guns each, and sent to Fort Jackson. This was all of 
the icaler defence that Lovell could command absolutely, — the 
" River fleet," and the '' iron-clads," the one under Montgomery, 
the other under Whittle, being responsible to the Secretary of 
the Navy alone. Lovell urged upon Commodore Whittle the 
completion of the " iron-clads," but he replied that they were 
not under his control, the contractors being made independent 
of his order, by the Secretary of the Navy. Lovell, and 
Whittle, and the Safety Committee, and the indignation and 
impatience of the people, could not move the contractors. 
They said they were doing all they could. " Festina lente" is 
not a good proverb, with a powerful enemy thundering with 
mortars and bombshells at one's door, but it seems to have 
been Mr. Mallory's and the Tifts'. The people, witli the usual 



96 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

inconsistency of popular prejudice, poured all the vials of 
their wrath on LovelPs head. Lovell found great difficulties 
in casting heavy guns. The pits for casting could not be 
used on account of the water, which, in that low, flat country, 
rapidly filled them. It became necessary to make casings in 
the pits to exclude the water. Learning by accident, in the 
earl}' part of March, that Pensacola was to be abandoned, 
Lovell renewed his application for some of the columbiads and 
mortars, of which there was a large number there. He tele- 
graphed to Mr. Benjamin, on the 7th of March, 1862 : " In 
case of evacuation of points now fortified, please order ten- 
inch guns and mortars here." To this telegram he received 
no reply. On the 15th of March he telegraphed to Major- 
General S. Jones, commanding at Mobile, to send him ten-inch 
mortars, and also wrote on the 21st. Eeceiviiig no answer, 
he telegraphed the Secretary of War again, requesting him 
to order General Jones to send the columbiads and mortars 
promptly. To which he replied, ''that he had ordered them 
to be sent as requested." On the 29th, Lovell telegraphed the 
Secretary of War — now Mr. Randolph — that the enemy were 
in force at the mouth of the river, and to " please send the 
guns immediately." General Randolph sent a telegram " to 
know what guns Lovell meant, wdiether guns in battery or 
guns on the way to him." Lovell replied : " A part of the ten- 
inch columbiads and sea-coast mortars w^iich were at Pensa- 
cola — that New Orleans had only one of the former and none 
of the latter." 

On the 4th of April the Secretary of War telegraphed 
Lovell that he had endeavored " to get from Pensacola colum- 
biads and sea-coast mortars, but found that all had been sent 
to Mobile that could be spared." 

Finding he could not obtain guns by authorit}^ Lovell sent 
Major Duncan (son-in-law to General Quitman), since dead, an 
energetic officer, to get as many guns of that calibre as he 
could, and to bring them through, unless stopped by a superior 
officer. Major Duncan reported that General Jones would 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 97 

let Lovell have the guns if he were in command, but that ho 
had been ordered away. Major Duncan telegraphed General 
Bragg, who replied, " that the commanding officer was author- 
ized to give the guns if he thought ipvoiper, but that they re- 
garded the points above Memjyhis as best for the defence of New 
Orleans r 

The commanding officer at Mobile refused to give the guns. 
Duncan now went to Pensacola and took three guns, which he 
brought to New Orleans. Lovell telegraphed and wrote to 
Beauregard to request General Bragg " to order''^ him these 
guns — Beauregard knew he needed them. He had said to 
Lovell, before he took charge of the Department, " Put large- 
guns at the Fortsr Lovell now borrowed some of the guns of 
the Louisiana, from Commodore Whittle. Lovell now sent a 
regiment of troops, under Colonel Schymansky, to Quarantine, 
to prevent an approach to the river-bank above Fort St. Philip 
by the enemy. He also organized sharpshooters for service on 
the banks of the River below the Forts. The unprecedented 
high .water dislodged these troops, who were removed to the 
west bank, where they remained until captured by the enemy's 
fleet. General Duncan was put in command of all the works 
of the exterior lines, and he made his headquarters at Fort 
Jackson. Lovell sent to Beauregard for the ram Manassas, 
which he sent down the river as soon as he could. Commodore 
Hollins came down in April with the McRae. Lovell had held 
a consultation with Whittle and Hollins, which ended in his 
telegraphing to the Secretary of the Navy for permission to 
Hollins to take the River fleet, and his own, with the Manassas, 
to attempt a demonstration against Farragut. Hollins said 
*' he felt satisfied he could cut Farragut up. He would fight 
him to the greatest advantage. Farragut's ships would have 
been exposed bow foremost to his broadsides, and the sides of 
his vessels to the fire of the Forts. If he should have ex- 
posed the sterns of his vessels to the fire of the Forts, they 
would have been sunk in a short time." But the Secretary of 
the Navy rejected the plan, replying, that the main attach 

5 



08 eecollectiojS's of 

upon New Orleans was to he from above, not below." Hollins, in 
his reply to the " Court of Inquiry," says : " Had my squadron 
been at the mouth of the river, I could hare kept the enemy 
from crossing' the bar ; their heav^ier ships had to be lightened 
very greatly, their armament, etc., taken out, before they 
could be put over, I could then have whipped their smaller 
craft with n^y squadron, and have prevented their larger 
vessels from getting over, if it had not been in my power to 
have destroyed them. Subsequently, when the enemy^s fleet 
w'as in the river, if I had been permitted, I could have taken 
my squadron and have driven him back at the time he passed 
the Forts. Tiie refusal of the Secretary of the Navy to allow 
these measures to be carried out, is the cause, in my judgment, 
of the fliU of New Orleans." 

On the 20th of April, Commodore Whittle decided to take 
the Louisiana, although not entirely ready with her motive- 
power, down at once to the Forts, but he could get no powder 
for the guns, except three thousand pounds Lovell had already 
given him. As she was an iron-clad ship, mounting sixteen 
guns, many of which were rifled, of tlie heaviest calibre and 
longest range, Lovell determined to give her fifty rounds from 
his battery of smooth-bore thirty-twos, on the lower line, which 
gave the Louisiana five thousand pounds additional, but left the 
Battery with only twenty rounds. He thought the powder 
would do better service on the Louisiana than on the inner 
line, with his light guns and new recruits. He issued no am- 
munition to the militia at the camp near the interior line, because 
they were utterly useless against ships ; no land attack was 
anticipated. And, above all, they had in some regiments mani- 
fested such an insubordinate disposition, that Lovell felt unwil- 
ling to put ammunition in their hands. The best fighting material 
was gone from the city. Lovell had, however, six hundred 
thousand rounds of shot-gun cartridges, made up for the use of 
this line, and deposited in the arsenal, to be issued when the 
proper time should arrive. Lovell now employed two steamers, 
and sent them to General Duncan for towing the fire-rafts in 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. " 99 

position for setting them adrift. Several other steamers were 
also provided to carry down sand-bags, already filled, for pro- 
tection to the magazines, &c., &c., of the Forts. Captain J. K. 
Mitchell was put in charge of the fire-rafts, the steamers for 
towing them, and all other floating defences at the Forts. 
Steevenson, in command of" the River fleet," informed Mitchell, 
Lovell, and Hollins, " that all the officers and crews of the 
vessels under his command had entered the service with the 
distinct understanding, or condition, that they were not to be 
placed under the orders of naval officers ; and, therefore, while 
willing to co-operate with the other forces, he could receive no 
orders from any one himself, nor allow any vessel of his com- 
mand to do so ; that he reserved to himself the right of obey- 
ing or not, any orders issued." 

This was very embarrassing in the face of an enemy. 
Steevenson now undertook " to co-operate," by taking charge 
of the " fire-rafts ;" but he cut them adrift too soon, so 
that they drifted against the banks at the Forts, firing 
the wharves, and lighting up the Forts, while they ob- 
scured the position of the enemy. One fire-raft was taken 
down successfully, by the little tug Mosher, which created 
much perturbation among the enemy. On the 9th of April, 
the enemy made his first reconnoissance — gradually his larger 
boats were worked over the bar, and the bombardment began. 
Hollins was not allowed to go down and fight him at the bar ; 
the River fleet did what they pleased. The Naval force was 
represented by the unfinished " Louisiana" and the ram Ma- 
nassas. Commodore Steevenson's fire-rafts had collided with 
the raft, and helped to break it away. The men in the Forts 
fought nobly. From the 9th to the 28th of April the siege 
continued. The river-water was eighteen inches deep in the 
Forts : the men had to work day and night to keep the maga- 
zines dry, Mitchell did not keep the river lighted with fire- 
rafts. Under cover of the darkness, on the 20th of April one 
of the enemy's gunboats came up and attempted to cut the 
chains of the raft and drag ofl" a schooner. A heavy fire was 



100 • RECOLLECTIONS OF 

opened on her, but not until she had p arti ah y accomplished her 
purpose, could she be forced to retire. The mortar-fire of the 
enemy was accurate and terrible, many of the shot falling 
everywhere within the forts, and disabling the best guns. None 
of the boats acted as a Guardboat at night below the raft, 
though any of " the River fleet" were well fitted for this most 
important duty. Steevenson did not choose to send them. 
Perpetual failures in the fire-barges continued. Tlie enemy 
sent up two launches to examine the character of the obstruc- 
tions in the river. The men in the forts acted magnificently. 
So it went on till the 24th of April. Lovell and Duncan find- 
ing the obstructions gone, entreated Whittle to put the Lou- 
isiana, which was an iron-clad invulnerable floating-battery, in 
a certain position near Fort St. Philip. Whittle replied he 
could not, it would sacrifice the vessel, which had no motive- 
power of her own — being yet unfinished. Duncan said she 
would be under the guns of both forts, and entirely out of the 
bombardment, and that it would require a change in the 
position of the mortar-fleet to enable them to strike the vessel 
with shell, if she would have been struck at all. All these 
facts were explained to Whittle, and he was urged to place the 
vessel there, even if she was lost, as the maintaining the j^osi- 
tion of the troops in the forts, since the destruction of the raft, 
was only a question of time. Whittle told Mitchell " to strain 
a point to put the Louisiana in the requisite position." Mitch- 
ell would not do it ; he said " she would be ready for service 
on the 24th." Duncan told him that would be " too late for 
J^eio Orleans.^'' By the most criminal neglect, the river re- 
mained in total darkness, all the night of the 23d of April. The 
bombardment continued all night, and grew furious towards 
morning. On the 24tli of April, at half past three a. m., the 
larger vessels of the enemy were observed to be in motion. 
*' The Louisiana" was still in her old position above Fort St. 
Philip, surrounded by her tenders, on board of which was the 
majority of her cannoneers and crew ; and the other boats of 
the fleet were generally at anchor above her, excepting the 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 101 

Jackson, Captain Renshaw, C. S. N., commanding, which had 
been sent, at Duncan's suggestion, the day previous, to prevent 
the landing of forces through the canals above. The'McRae 
lay near and above the Louisiana, and the steam-ram Ma- 
nassas with her tender lay in her constant position above Fort 
Jackson, both with steam up and ready for immediate action. 
"The enemy," says Duncan, "evidently anticipated a strong 
demonstration to be made against him with fire-barges. Find- 
ing, upon his approach, however, that no such demonstration 
was made, and that the only resistance offered to his passage 
was the expected fire of the forts — the broken and scattered 
raft being then no obstacle — I am satisfied he was suddenly in- 
spired, for the first time, to run the gauntlet at all hazards, al- 
though not a part of the original design. Be this as it may, a 
rapid rush was made by him in columns of twos in echelon, so 
as not to interfere with each other's broadsides. The mortar- 
fire was furiously increased upon Fort Jackson, and in dashing 
by, each of the vessels delivered broadside after broadside, of 
shot, shell, grape, canister, and spherical case, to drive the men 
from our guns. Both ofiicers and men stood up manfully under 
this galling and fearful hail, and the batteries of both forts were 
promptly opened at their longest range, with shot, shell, hot 
shot, and a little grape, and most gallantly and rapidly 
fought, until the enemy succeeded in getting above and be- 
yond our range. The absence of light on the river, together 
with the smoke of the guns, made the obscurity so dense that 
scarcely a vessel was visible, and in consequence, the gunners 
were obliged to govern their firing entirely by the flashes of 
the enemy's guns. I am fully satisfied that the enemy's dash 
was successful, mainly, owing to the cover of darkness, as a 
Frigate and several Gunboats were forced to retire as day was 
breaking. Similar results had attended every previous attempt 
to pass or to reconnoitre, made by the enemy when we had 
sufficient light to fire with accuracy and efi'ecf. "The passage 
was of short duration, having been accomplished between half- 
past three and daylight, under a rapid and very heavy head of 



102 BECOLLECTIONS OF 

steam." It must be remembered that it is very difficult to 
sink any vessel with shot, in smooth water. She does not roll, 
so a hole could not be put in her between wind and water, and 
all other perforations are readily plugged with shot-plugs, or 
other filling. "The River fleet" now ran away ignobly, adopt- 
ing Falstaff's catechism, or the wise thought of Hudibras, as its 
creed for the moment. The McRae was gallantly and heroi- 
cally handled, and fought by Captain Huger. The Governor 
Moore, under Captain Beverly Kennon, fought and sunk " The 
Varuna." The Manassas was riddled with shot, as if it had 
been made of brown paper. She was now abandoned and 
fired, and set adrift down the river. Lovell had come down to 
try to persuade Mitchell to place the Louisiana in the position 
he regarded so important. He tried in vain to check the 
shameful flight of the River fleet. He remained on liis steamboat 
until "the Varuna" was sunk by Captain Kennon, then returned 
to the city, where he knew his presence was now necessary. 

Lovell found the people in a very agitated state : the rumor 
of the passage of the enemy's fleet into the River had pre- 
ceded him. He addressed the people, and tried vainly to 
allay the excitement. The feeling against him was very much 
exasperated. The populace were ready to believe that the city 
had been sold. It was intimated to him that the citizens were 
willing to sacrifice the city, like another Numantia, and that 
there could be found one thousand desperate men, who would 
man steamboats and attack the fleet — devoting themselves thus 
for the country. He had advertisements put in the difi*erent 
newspapers — oftered to lead this " forlorn hope," or, as he was 
fully cognizant of the prejudice against him, to put it in the 
hands of Major S. L. James. There were one hundred and 
fifty volunteers only, and the matter dropped. As a matter of 
history — and of personal pride — it would be valuable to get 
the list of the names of these one hundred and fifty Decii, if 
possible, to put on record on the golden roll of honor ! 

Lovell now turned his attention to the removal of the Gov- 
ernment stores from the city, to a more secure position. By 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEIT. 103 

the most arduous labor and Herculean elFort, nearly the whole 
of the valuable stores, machinery of the workshops, etc., were 
gotten out and sent off to Camp Moore, and Vicksburg, which 
was now being rapidly fortified under Captain Harris. Lovell 
resolved to evacuate the city, unless tlie citizens were willing to 
sacrifice it — for several reasons, which will suggest themselves 
to any one conversant with military movements. In the first 
place, the city was filled with non-combatants, women and 
children, almost destitute of provisions — utterly unprovided for 
a siege. In the second, New Orleans being an Island, except 
for the narrow isthmus which connected it with the mainland, 
through which ran the New Orleans and Jackson Railroad, a 
single ship of the enemy, laid to command this Railroad at 
Kenner, would effectually bar all further escape on the part 
either of the troops or people. There were but few boats in 
the River above. It would be an impossibility to remove by 
water one hundred and fifty thousand people, under almost 
any, the most propitious circumstances. All, then, that was 
kft for Lovell — after, by the incompetency of the watei' defence^ 
the city was virtually surrendered. — to do, was to save his 
troops^ if possible, and the Government Stores, so as to attem.pt 
the renewal of his effort "to hold the River" in another 
position ; which he unhesitatingly did, unheeding the popular 
clamor, the ignorant vociferations of i\\e multitude, whose best 
interests he was consulting. As a soldier, and a man of 
humanity and patriotism, Lovell's evacuation of New Orleans 
was right, noble, and patriotic. Lovell advised the oflicer in 
command of the Gunboats, " to take the boats on tlie Lake to 
Mobile;" but the officer chose to destroy them in preference. 
"The Mississippi" might have been towed up the River and 
completed, when she alone would have enabled us to have 
" kei)t th« River," but she was burnt by order of the naval 
officers, who alone had control of her. Lovell took his troops 
to Camp Moore on the 25th of April, thus converting New 
Orleans into a defenceless city, and leaving the enemy no 
ground for bombarding it. The River was so high that the 



lOi EECOLLECTIONS OF 

ships lay at least nine feet higher than the level of the city, and 
the guns would therefore be able to sweep the streets in every 
direction. 

Duncan, at the Forts, still continued to hold them. He now 
requested Mitchell to place " the Louisiana'' in the bight above 
Fort Jackson, where she would be more efficient as a battery, 
and her guns could protect the rear of the Forts, and sweep 
the long reach of river above, towards the Quarantine. This 
was the more important, as all the heavy guns at the Forts had 
been mounted to bear upon the lower approaches, and not on 
those above. Mitchell promised to do it " on the next day" — but 
he never did it. The position of the Louisiana remained 
unchanged — the Louisiana had received broadside after broad- 
side from the enemy, within the closest range, uninjured, show- 
ing she was bomb-proof; but she had no motive-power of her 
own, and no tender able to move her — owing to the fact of the 
men. on the tender being intoxicated, one tender also being 
crippled, and the ^''Defiance''' refusing positively to aid in mov- 
ing her. On the 2Gth Captain Mitchell communicated with 
the city above and learned it had been surrendered, and that 
the " Mississippi" had been burned by the authorities. On the 
2'7th, Commander David M. Porter, U.S. IST., commanding the 
raortar-fieet, demanded the surrender of the forts. Duncan 
refused to surrender. " So far, throughout the entire bombard- 
ment and final action, the spirit of the troops was cheerful, 
confident, and courageous. They were mostly foreign enlist- 
ments, without any great interests at stake in the ultimate suc- 
cess of the Kevolution. A reaction set in among them, during 
the lull of the 25th, 26th, and 27th, when there was no other 
excitement than the fatigue-duty of repairing damages, and 
when the rumor was current that the city had surrendered, 
and was in the hands of the enemy. No reply had been 
received from the city to Duncan's dispatches, by which he 
could reassure them. They were still obedient, but not buoy- 
ant nor cheerful — they had v/orked gayly in the almost sub- 
merged Fort, endured all privations and fatigues with great 



HENRY AV ATKINS ALLEN. 105 

and admirable courage — but tliey now lost hope, and fortitude 
failed them. Every thing, however, remained quiet until raid- 
night, when the garrison at Fort Jackson revolted en masse^ 
seized upon the guards and the posterns — reversed the field- 
pieces commanding the gates, and spiked the guns, wliile many 
of tlie men commenced leaving the Forts under arms. The 
men were drawn up underarms, and positively refused to fight 
any longer, and endeavored to force the St. Mary's cannoneers, 
who remained true, to join in the mutiny. The mutineers 
stated that the ofiicers intended to hold out as long as possible, 
or while the provisions lasted, and that then they would blow 
up the Forts with every thing in them ; tliat the city had sur- 
rendered, and there vras no further use in fighting ; that the 
enemy were about to attack by land and water on three sides 
at once, and that a longer defence would only be a butchery. 
Every endeavor was made by the ofiicers to repress the revolt, 
but without avail. Ofiicers upon the ramparts were fired upon 
by the mutineers, in attempting to stop the spiking of the 
guns. Tlie revolt being so general among the men, the ofiicers 
were powerless to act. In this woful condition, there was but 
one course left for the ofiicers to pursue — to let those men go 
v,-ho desired it, in order to see the number left, and to ascer- 
tain what reliance could be placed on them. About one half 
of the garrison left immediately, including volunteers, regulars, 
non-commissioned ofiicers and privates, and among them many 
of the very men who had stood, last and best, at their guns 
throughout the whole bombardment and during the action of 
the 24:th. The St. Mary's cannoneers stood firm, but it was 
evident that there was no figiit in the men remaining — they 
were completely demoralized. Mitchell came over to the Fort 
and discussed the whole question ; after which he left, remark- 
ing he wovdd "now put 'the Louisiana' in position and attack 
the enemy at Quarantine." It icas too late! Had he been 
wiUing to sacrifice the Louisiana — which now had to go — a few 
days earlier, it might have saved the city, the Forts, and we 
might still have "kept the River." It was now decided best 



106 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

to surrender the two Forts, as the men at St. Philip, though 
not in open revolt, were greatly discouraged. Duncan now 
sent a flag of truce to the fleet. While the negotiations were 
pending, the Louisiana, with her guns protruded, and slie on 
fire, drifted down the River towards the Fleet. Fler guns were 
discharged at random, as she floated down, and she finally 
blew up, near Fort St. Philip, scattering fragments everywhere 
within and around the F'ort — killing one of our men and 
wounding three or four others — among them Captain Mcintosh, 
C. S. N"., who had been severely wounded in the discharge of 
his duty on the night of the passage of the Forts. He was 
lying in a tent near the Fort. The Louisiana was fired prior 
to the time of the arrival of the enemy's boats with white 
flags, at the Forts. Duncan now returned to the city. He 
found the enemy's vessels lying off the town — and no flags 
flying in it, except the flag of the State of Louisiana — which 
was floating from the City Hall. Farragut ordered the State 
flag removed, and the United States flag hoisted in its stead, 
upon the penalty of shelling the city within forty-eight hours, 
if the demand was not complied with — ordering the women 
and children out of the city within the specified time. Lovell 
was in the city, having returned from Cam]? Moore to reiterate 
to the Mayor, Mr. Monroe, his willingness to bring his troops 
back if the people desired to fight still — but his profier was 
rejected. The Flag was taken down, now, by some of Far- 
ragut's men, and the United States flag placed there in its 
stead, — the people looking on in silence, and weeping, hope- 
lessly. Lovell now quitted the city and returned to Camp 
Moore. Many of his guns were placed in the fortifications at 
Vicksburg and Jackson, and he had saved machinery and 
stores of great value, as well as his little army, which after- 
wards did good service. 

Lovell fought afterwards gallantly at Corinth and Cofifeeville ; 
and it was Lovell who fortified Columbia. He now resigned 
his rank as Commander of the Department, and was relieved 
by General Yan Dorn, a native of Port Gibson, Miss. The 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN". 107 

clamor of the people still followed Lovell ; but, perliaps, when 
the true history of the Confederate war is written, it will be 
discovered that Mansfield Lovell Vv'as neither unfaithful nor 
inefficient in the discharge of his duties while lie acted as a 
soldier in the Southern army. So fell the first line South of 
defence of the River. The Battle of Baton Rouge eventuated 
in the forming another line, beginning at Port Hudson. Lovell 
had, by ingenuity, activity, and ceaseless industry, not only 
supplied his own defences, prepared all the land fortifications 
admirably, so as to resist almost any attack by land — at all the 
passes as well as the city — but also furnished supplies and aid 
of every kind to other parts of the Confederacy, as well as the 
Naval forces at New Orleans, Avhich he aided to his full extent 
of ability ; but though he thus met, and warded off, the indif- 
ference of the Secretary of War, he had no means, nor was he 
allowed to attempt to fill up tlve slackness of energy and neg- 
ligence of the Secretary of the Navy, on whom must rest the 
whole responsibility of the fall of New Orleans. 

Lovell was censured by the Court of Inquiry for not notifying 
Major M. L.Smith of the surrender of tlie city. The facts are, 
that Lovell was at the Interior line (Cbalmette) on the 24th, 
after the first ships passed the Forts, and gave orders — not 
knowing the niimher which would- succeed in passing, or the 
fact of the destruction of the River and Naval forces^-to have 
the lines held against small vessels, if possible. He knew very 
well two small rifled 32-pounders, and works manned entirely 
with smooth-bores of the same calibre, could do nothinoraorainst 
ships of size. The interior works were intended to be held 
against land attacks, and the few guns put at the River were 
to protect the rear of the works against small or single ships 
which might get up through the shallower passes of the Missis- 
sippi. Smith, as soon as he perceived the fleet within range, 
opened fire with his "^;o/>^i/?i5,"* and shot away all his am- 
munition in a few moments. The stately vessels " opened their 

* Smith's owu worcls 



108 RECOLLECTIOKS OF 

ports" on him, and in a few minutes he evacuated the lines 
with his men — being as ivell posted as Lovell himself about the 
passage of the fleet, and necessary sequence of the surrender 
of the city. Smith now made his way across the country and 
joined Lovell at Camp Moore. The guns were lost on the 
interior line. After being spiked, they wxre abandoned. They 
were not of mu*ch value. 

An eye-witness described to me the grand picturesque 
"effect" of the bombardment of the Forts, as the vessels 
dashed by. I give it in his own words : " I was standing on 
the stern of the little steamboat, who had her head up stream. 
The launch was just being lowered for General Lovell to go 
down to the Louisiana, to try to prevail on Mitchell to put her 
in a position to blockade the river. It was pitch-dark. Look- 
ing up, I saw what I supposed a shooting star rush over our 
heads and fade instantaneously. I observed to a sailor near 
me, ' What a beautiful star !' 

" ' Yes,' he replied, ' and it bodes no good to the enemy, for 
it falls our way.' 

"I smiled at his superstition and turned away. Just at that 
moment another of the stars shot over us; then came the boom 
of a gun from the lower fort. 

" ' Those are rockets, not stars,' I exclaimed ; ' the Yankees 
are showing a head round the corner. Listen to the gun !' It 
w^as so dark Ave could see nothing ; but as the second rocket 
faded, in one instant the whole scene was brilliantly illuminated 
as if by magic. Every gun opened in the Forts. The vessels 
poured broadside after broadside as they rushed past. The 
mortars filled the air. It was so bright with the glare of the 
guns' rapid firing, that we could see every yard, every sail, 
every rope, every man in the rigging, every man at the guns 
in the Forts, dark against the red sulphurous light. The men 
working the little howitzers in the rigging of the Hartford 
looked like black imps or devils clinging and climbing about 
her ropes. It was the most supei-b sight I ever witnessed — so 
flashing, so bewildering, so magnificent, so brief!" 



HENRY WATKIXS ALLEN. 109 

Flag-Officer D. G. Farragut took possession of the city and 
ordered all flags — State as well as Confederate — to be removed 
from the public buildings, and the United States fing substi- 
tuted. The following correspondence may be of value to some 
future historian. I therefore introduce it here as explanatory 
of the heinousness of the murder of William B. Mumford — who 
was afterwards hung by order of General B. F. Butler on the 
7th of June. 

This extract is taken from a newspaper of the day : 

We give the Mayor's reply to the communication from Flag-Officer 
Farragut, received on Monday, as follows : 

City Hall, April 28, 1862. 
To Flag-Officer D. G. Farragut, IT. 8. Flag-SMp Hartford : 

Your communication of this morning is the first intimation I ever had 
that it was by your strict orders that the United States flag was at- 
tempted to bo hoisted upon certain of our public edifices, by officers sent 
on shore to communicate witli the authorities. The officers who ap- 
proached me in your name disclosed no such orders, and intimated nor 
such design on your part, nor would I have for a moment entertained the 
remotest suspicion that they could have been invested with power to 
enter on such an errand, while the negotiations for a surrender between 
you and the city authorities were still pending. The interference of any 
force under your command, as long as those negotiations were not brought 
to a close, could not be viewed by us otherwise than as a flagrant viola- 
tion of those courtesies, if not of the absolute rights, which prevail 
between belligerents under such circumstances. My views and senti- 
ments with reference to such conduct remain unchanged. You now renew 
the demands made in your former communication, and you insist on their 
being complied with unconditionally, under a threat of bombardment 
within forty-eight hours ; and you notify me to remove the women and 
children from the city, that they may be protected from your shells. 

Sir, you cannot but know that there is no possible exit from this city 
for a population which still exceeds in number one hundred and forty 
thousand, and you must, therefore, be aware of the utter insanity of such 
a notification. Our women and children cannot escape from your shells, 
if it be your pleasure to murder them on a question of mere etiquette. 
But if they could, there are but few among them who would consent to 
desert their families and their homes, and the graves of their relatives, 



110 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

in so awful a moment. Tliey would bravely stand the sight of your 
shellfc, tearing up the graves of those who are so dear to them, and would 
deem that they died not ingloriously by the side of the tombs erected by 
their piety to the memory of departed relatives. 

You are not satisfied with the peaceable possession of an undefended 
city, opposing no resistance to your guns, because of its bearing its hard 
fate with something of manliness and dignity, and you wish to humble 
and disgrace us, by the performance of an act against which our natures 
rebel. This satisfaction you cannot expect to obtain at our hands. 

We will stand your bombardment, unarmed and undefended as we are. 
The civilized world will consign to indelible infamy the heart that will 
conceive the deed and the hand that will dare to consummate it. 

Eespectfuliy, 

John T. Monroe, 
Mayor of the City of New Orleans. 

About half-past seven o'clock on the morning of the 29th, two naval 
officers from the Federal fleet in the river, presented themselves at the 
City Hall, bearing the following communication : 

U. S. Flag-Ship IIartfoed, ) 

At anchor off the City of New Orleans, > 
Apiil 29, 1883. ) 

To His Honor the Mayor of the City of 2^ew Orleans : 

Sir — The Forts St. Philip and Jackson having surrendered, and all the 
military defences of the City being either captured or abandoned, you 
are required, as the sole representative of any supposed authority in the 
city, to haul down and suppress every ensign and symbol of Government, 
whether State or Confederate, except that of the United States. I am 
now about to raise the flag of the United States upon the Custom-House, 
and you will see that it is respected with all the civil power of the city. 
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 

D. G. Farragut, 
Flag-OlTicer Western Gulf Blockading Squadron. 

About ten o'clock the City Council met, and after some consultation 
adjourned, it being understood that the members would individually do 
all in their power to suppress any violence or disorder during the visit of 
the Federal force to perform the acts of authority contemplated. 

Subsequently the Mayor iss .led the following proclamation : 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. Ill 

Mayoralty op New Orleans,) 
City Hall, April 29, 1862. i 
It is requested that all citizens retire to tlicir liomes during tlie per- 
formance by the United States forces of those acts of authority which it 
would be folly to resist. Any violence or disorder would be productive 
of the most serious disasters, and entail danger and suffering on the un- 
resisting population of the city. 

Fellow citizens, the honor and dignity of New Orleans have been main- 
tained. The flag of Louisiana is not to be removed from this building by 
any act of your authorities, but by those who have the power and the 
will to exercise it. 

You are enjoined to preserve order, and that silence, more eloquent 
than words, which befits so solemn an occasion. 

John T. Monroe, Mayor. 

Having heard that the Federals were preparing to land, we went down 
io the levee and saw some eight or more boats, filled with armed men, 
lying out in the river, a short distance from the levee, apparently wait- 
ing for orders, and a very large number of persons evidently watchijjg 
with intense interest every movement afloat. Returning into the city, 
we, not long afterwards, heard that the armed force of the ships had 
landed and proceeded to the Custom-House, to hoist the Federal flag on 
that building. On going in that direction, as we turned into Canal- 
street, we witnessed the hoisting of the flag. This was at half-past eleven 
o'clock. There was a large crowd in Canal»street, especially around the 
Federal force, drawn up in line alongside the Custom-House. There was 
no disturbance, and we did not hear any insulting expressions towards 
the men engaged in doing their duty. The act in which they were par- 
ticipating was one calculated to mortify and excite the thousands of spec- 
tators, but, suppressing the painful emotions the scene aroused, the great 
mass of persons present displayed a calm dignity that was highly credit- 
able to them and to the city. In very many cases, those who witnessed 
the painful spectacle, preserved " that silence more eloquent than words," 
while in others, the muttered exclamation betokened a volume of sup- 
pressed passion and hatred of the oppressor which boded no good to 
those who have overpowered us, but was indicative of a patriotism that 
cannot be extinguished. 

The same proceedings were had as to the City Hall — the Federals, 
armed with muskets and bayonets, and sailors with two brass cannon, 
proceeded to their work. All was quiet among the populace until the 
Federals were about leaving for their boats, when there were long, loud, 
and deafening cheers given for their departure. 



112 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

From Sunday Delta, of the 8th of Jime, 1863. 

Headquahteks, Department of the Gulf, ) 
New Orleans, 5th June, 1862. ) 

Special Order No. 70. 

William B. Mumford, a citizen of New Orleans, having been convicted, 
before the Military Conamission, of Treason, and an overt act thereof, in 
tearing down a United States flag from a public building of the United 
States, for the purpose of inciting other evil-minded persons to further 
resistance to the laws and arms of the United States, after said flag was 
placed there by Commodore Farragut of the U. S. Navy — 

It is ordered that he be executed according to the sentence of the said 
Military Commission, on Saturday, June 7th inst., between the hours of 
8 A. M. and 12 m., under the direction of the Provost Marshal of the 
District of New Orleans ; and for so doing, this shall be his suJGBcient 
warrant. 

By command of 
(Signed) MAJOR-GENERAii Butler, 

General Commanding. 

This extract is taken from a newspaper of the day. It was 
known among us that Mumford was not guilty of this " crime''' 
(?), of taking down the United States flag, which was done 
before the City was surrendered, and not done by him. General 
Butler's Court of Military Commission found him guilty. It 
must have been on circumstantial, if any evidence, because the 
flag was removed by a young lad of sixteen, " Adolphe Harper," 
who was hurried out of the City by his alarmed friends imme- 
diately after the commission of the daring act, before Harper 
Avas aware of Mumford's capture. Harper was sent up the 
River near Natchez. Learning afterwards of Mumford's sum- 
mary execution, young Harper, in an agony of distress, tried to 
get back to New Orleans, in order to surrender himself to the 
United States Authorities, in a vain thought of expiation to the 
niartyred Mumford. But liis friends about Natchez prevented 
this mad, boyish act — prompted by the lad's sense of honor — 
and at last succeeded in convincing him that it would be a use- 
less sacrilic>e of another life, which could be made valuable to 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN 113 

the South. Harper then joined Bradford's scouts, and was 
killed in a skirmish about ten miles from Natchez. He is 
buried in Fayette. Harper's friends say he was always 
" unde?^ a cloud^^^ after Mumford's death. He was very hand- 
some, and a very brave, reckless soldier. 

I hesitated as to the expediency of writing this fact of history; 
but I have cast expediency aside in the presence of truth, and 
I write it. 

Note. — Most of tliis account of tlie Fall of New Orleans is draTvn 
from official sources, and tlie proceedings of the Court of Inquiry, held at 
General Lovell's repeated requests. From this I extract also the follow- 
ing portions : — 

EXAMINATION OF GENERAL BEAUREGAHD. 

" The Forts commanding the river having been passed, New Orleans 
lay necessarily at the mercy of the enemy's heavy guns afloat, which, 
owing to the high sta^e of the River, commanded the banks on both sides 
to the swamps, skirting the River at a distance varying from a half to a 
mile. An army of fifty thousand men, or more, could not have saved the 
City from destruction. Whether the latter was desirable at the time, 
before New Orleans had experienced Butler's iron rule, could only have 
been determined by the State or Confederate Authorities, who should 
have considered whether the destruction of so large a city would have 
done more injury to the enemy than to ourselves. It is evident that to 
him (the enemy) Baton Rouge is a better strategic point than New 
Orleans, and the destruction of the latter would have relieved him of the 
necessity of keeping a garrison of five or six thousand men there to guard it ; 
this act would have been mere empty bravado — a wanton destruction of an 
immense amount of private and pul)lic property, which would have shaken, 
at tlie time, the Confederacy to its very foundations, and thrown upon the 
(iovernment a helpless population of about one hundred and sixty thousand 
non-combatants (men, women, and children) to feed and provide for, 
when already overburdened to supply the wants of the armies in the field. 

" As I have already stated, the Mississippi River being extremely high, 
the streets of New Orleans could have been swept from one extremity to 
the other by the heavy guns of the enemy's fleet. Or, had Commodore 
Farragut preferred reducing the place to submission without using his 
guns, it would have been only necessary to have cut the Icvec above and 



114 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

below tlie city, and the whole population would liave been utterly de- 
fenceless and in a starving condition in a few days. Without the com- 
mand of the Mississippi River, New Orleans is not worth holding as a 
military or strategic position. 

" I am decidedly of opinion that Forts Jackson and St. Philip could not 
have prevented a certain number of steamers out of a fleet, from passing 
up the River in a dark night or a foggy day. A boom construction is, in 
my opinion, the only kind that could have answered the pui-pose of pre- 
venting the enemy's steamers from passing those Forts ; but the x)roblem 
of constructing those booms so as to enable them to resist the pressure of 
the drift-wood, is a difficult one, wliich would require very thorough ex- 
amination and study to solve it satisfactorily. Knowing the importance 
of a boom for the defence of New Orleans, when the State seceded, I had 
made the drawing and estimates of a boom, to be put across the River, 
between those Forts. When, in February, 1861, 1 left New Orleans for 
Montgomery, at the call of the Confederate States Government, I placed 
the dra-vvings and plates referred to in the hands of Colonel Paul Herbert, 
for the use of the State Military Board, calling their attention to the 
urgent necessity of having the boom constructed and put in position at 
the earliest moment practicable ; but I am informed it was never done, 
on account of its cost (less than $100,000), and the time required for ita 
construction, probably three months." 

EXAMIXATION OF LIEUTENAKT A. F. WAELY, C. S. N. 

Question. " Why was not the Louisiana placed in the position desired 
by Generals Lovell and Duncan ? 

Answer. " The vessel was not put in that position, desired by Generals 
Lovell and Duncan, because the vessel had no propelling power of her 
own, and to have taken that position she would have been under the fire 
of the mortar-boats of the enemy, while she would not have been able to 
have reached them ; her port-holes were so constructed that her guns 
could not have had sufficient elevation to bring their fire within range. 
In my opinion, she would have been sunk in that position in a half-hour, 
without effecting a particle of good. In that opinion the Senior Officers of 
the Council concurred without a dissenting voice. One shell falling perpen- 
dicularly on the upper deck of the Louisiana would have been sufficient 
to have sunk her. The upper deck was flat, and only covered with very 
thin plates of iron. She was built to fight against vessels throwing 
broad.^ides at close range. We hoped to be able in three or four days to 
propel her at the rate of three knots an hour, which would have enabled 
her to have destroved everv thing in the River." 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEX 115 

Question. " What measures not adopted miglit have been taken that 
would have been effective for liolding the Mississippi River against the 
Federal fleet? 

Answer. " If the River-defence fleet and the Governor Moore and the 
General Quitman had co-operated with the Manassas, as rams, they 
might have prevented the passage of the Forts. One of the River-fleet, 
the Defiance, never left the bank, and all the other- boats, except the 
McRae, steamed np the River without firing a gun, or taking any part 
in the fight. The next morning, the Stonewall Jackson and the Governor 
Moore came down to the Quarantine, ran into a Yankee Gunboat and 
Bunk her. Had they acted in the same manner the night before, making 
their power available, they could have kept the enemy's fleet under the 
fire of the Forts, and the city would liaye been saved. If the fleet could 
have teen held fifteen minutes under the fire of the Forts, I believe we 
might have sunk every vessel they had. Had there been proper use of 
the fire-rafts, it would have conduced greatly to tlie safety of the city. I 
know of but one fire-raft carried down to the fleet, which came near 
destroying the Hartford, the Flag-ship of the enemy ; this was taken dov/n 
by the Mosher, commanded by Captain Sherman, who was wounded, and 
had his vessel sunk. There was a large number of these rafts, thirty or 
forty of them (prepared by Lovell), wliich were not used, and which, even 
if not set on fire, would have been useful in blockading the channel, had 
they been sent down. Steevenson, generally called Commodore Steeven- 
son, of the Montgomery fleet, in attempting to carry down some fire-rafts 
on the other side of the obstructions, permitted them to drift upon the 
obstructions, which caused them to be broken in the centre, so that the 
middle of the River was a free and open channel." 



Confederate States of America, ) 
Department of State, >• 

Richmond, January 19th, 18G3. ) 
Major-General Mansfield Lovell, present : 

Sir — I state at your request, that while I was Secretary of War, in 
giving you orders to take charge of the defence of the Department of 
Louisiana, you requested authority to control the operations of the oiRcers 
of the Navy within the Department, and to order such dispositions of 
naval force as you might deem best to aid in the defence. I answered 
you that your request could not be granted ; that the Department of War 
could assume no control over naval operations, which were confided by 
law to a distinct Department, and that you must rely (for securing the 
aid of naval forces) on endeavoring to establish concert of action through 



116 RECOLLECTIONS. 

mutual understanding between yourself and the naval officer highest in 
rank in your Department. 

Your obedient servant, 

J. P. Benjamin, Secretary of State. 

HeadquabterSj Richmond, Va., ) 
May 24th, 1862. ) 
Major-General M. Lovell, Commanding, etc., Camp Moore: 

General — I have had the honor to receive your letter of the 11th 
instant. My reply to your former communication will have made known 
to you the opinion I entertain of your course in evacuating New Orleans. 
That opinion is confirmed by the additional particulars contained in your 
letter just received. After the enemy succeeded in passing the Forts, it 
seems there was nothing left for you to do but to withdraic the troops. I 
think you may confidently rely upon the judgment of intelligent and 
reflecting men, for the justification of your course, as soon as the facts, 
as they actually existed, shall be known. The city being lost, I approve 
of your purpose to confine the State from his ravages. The means with 
which you propose to accomplish this, seem to be the best you can now 
employ, and I must urge you to put them in operation without delay, 
soliciting bold and judicious partisans, who can raise proper corps, and 
Vv'hose appointment, when recommended by you, will be subject to the 
approval of the President. In the mean time set them vigorously to 
work. The want of arms is much felt every^vhere, and no exertions 
should be spared to procure all of serviceable kind. I hope to be able to 
send you one thousand rifles from a cargo lately arrived, should it em- 
brace arms for the Confederacy. 

I am. General, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

R. E. Lee, General. 

Fort Jackson, La., 3^ o'clock, a.m., ) 
April 24th, 1862. i 
Captain, J. K. Mitchell, Commanding Naval Forces 
Loicer Mississippi River : 
Captain — As I anticipated, and informed you yesterday, the enemy 
are taking up their position, at the present moment, with their large 
ships on the Fort St. Philip shore, to operate against Fort Jackson. They 
are placing themselves boldly, with lights at their mast-heads. You are 
assuming a fearful responsibility if you do not come at once to our as- 
sistance with the Louisiana and the fleet. I can say no more. 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

J. K. DUNCAIT. 



BOOK VI. 



"Holding the Kiver."— Vickhburg.— The Arkansas. 

Colonel Henry W. Allen had been removed from fortify- 
ing Fort Berwick Chene and sent to join Beauregard in Ten- 
nessee. Shiloli had been fought. 

Brigadier-General M. L. Smith assumed command of the 
defences of Yicksburg on the 12th of May, 1862, in obedience 
to orders fi'om Major-General Lovell. He proceeded immedi- 
ately to pi-epare for the enemy, who had passed Baton Rouge 
with a formidable fleet, having in view the opening of the River 
to Memphis and Fort Pillow, which were then held by the 
Confederates. 

New Orleans had fallen. 

When Smith arrived at Vicksburg, often batteries that had 
been in use, three only were completed and a fourth begun. 
We remember Beauregard had ordered " the guns to be placed 
in position now, parapets to be built after." He was obeyed. 
Colonel J. L'Antry was in command at this time, and pushed 
the works vigorously forward, under his Chief Engineer, Capt. 
D. B. Harris. 

The work was prosecuted with all possible vigor, the men 
working night and day from the 12th to the 18th instant. On 
the 18th the First Division of the Federal fleet hove in sight. 
Six batteries were complete in the devoted city. The cannon- 
(' Tv; \yi^,y(^ at their posts, fairly drilled. The surrender of Vicks- 



118 BECOLLECTIONS OF 

burg and its defences was demanded by the advance Division 
in the following terms : 

U. S. Steamer Oneida, \ 
Near Vicksburg. May 18, 1862. \ 
To the Authorities of Vicksburg : 

The undersigned, witli orders from Flag-OflBcer Farragut and Major- 
General Butler, respectfully demand, in advance of tlie approaching fleet, 
the surrender of Vicksburg and its defences to the lawful authorities of 
the United States, under which private property and personal rights will 
be respected. 

Very respectfully yours, 
(Signed) J. Phillips Lee, 

U. S. N., Commanding Advance Naval Division. 
P. Williams, Brigadier-General. 

This reply was returned by the Confederates : 

Headquakters, Vicksburg, ^ 
May 18, 1862. \ 
Sir — Your communication of this date, addressed to the Authorities 
of Vicksburg, demanding the surrender of the city and its defences, has 
been received. In regard to " the Defences'' I have to reply, that having 
been ordered here to hold these " Defences," my intention is to do so 
as long as it is in my power. 

(Signed) M. L. Smith, 

Brigadier-General Commanding. 

The citizens of Vicksburg had also unanimously resolved 
that its possession ought to be maintained at all hazards, even 
if the town had to be totally demolished. Persons of all ages 
and conditions, and both sexes, concurred enthusiastically in 
this determination. Tlius encouraged by the feeling of the 
peojDle, openly expressed by the mouth of their Mayor, Smith 
liurried on his preparations for defence. Numbers of the citi- 
zens cheerfully abandoned their homes and withdrew into the 
interior of the country, at Smith's suggestion ; but some still 
remained throughout the entire siege, and gave most memora- 
ble illustration of their devotion to the Southern cause. The 
people of this Saragossa never failed, they did all they could, 
they endured all they could, they never asked for pity, never 
asked for quarter, were not consulted by General Pcmberton at 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 119 

the time of the surrender, were bitterly opposed to it, and have 
never forgiven him for it. 

Smith's force, on the 18th, consisted of the remnant of the 
8th Louisiana Battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Pinckney, and the 
27th Louisiana Volunteers, Colonel Marke. This force was 
increased by the 20th and 28th Louisiana Vokmteers, number- 
ing for duty, five hundred each ; by five companies of Starke's 
Cavalry and four companies 6th Mississippi Battalion, Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel Balfour. All these were fresh troops, just mus- 
tered into service and indiflferently armed. These were thrown 
forward on the south side of Yicksburg, towards Warrenton, 
and ordered to dispute the approach by land — inch by inch. 
This force was subsequently increased by the 4th and 5th Lou- 
isiana, under Colonel H. W. Allen. Allen's wound had par- 
tially healed. He threw himself eagerly into the new work 
set before him, at the head of his dear Regiment. This was 
a most critical period in the history of the Defence of Yicks- 
burg. The Batteries were incomplete, guns not mounted (the 
heavy guns Lovell had sent from New Orleans) ; troops were 
few ; ofiicers and men raw, undisciplined, new to service, and 
not a single regular ofiicer to assist in organizing and com- 
manding. But the Volunteers set to work with a will. The 
enemy opened fire on the afternoon of the 25th of May, 1862. 
Orders had been given the Confederates not to return their 
fire at extreme range, and even at ordinary range to return it 
only at " considerable intervals." The Confederates had no 
ammu7iUio7i to waste ; but little had been received as yet — 
Lovell's powder-mills had been lost with New Orleans. By 
this policy, as the earth-works could not be injured by direct 
firing, the men were kept fresh night and day, to meet close 
and serious attacks, such as were made before the termination 
of the bombardment. Six Batteries were completed by the 
brave Defenders of Vicksburg under the eyes and fire of the 
enemy. Allen was given one of these to construct. He went 
to work characteristically, and soon had five or six guns in 
position. The enemy discovering him, poured their fire on the 



120 RECOLLECTIOKS OF 

spot where his work stood. Just as he had placed his last gun, 
a nine-inch Dahlgren, aiding with his own hands in setting it, 
the shells fell about rather fast. Allen's men, unused to what 
our Indian allies called "the Fire-pots and Kettles^'' began to 
dodge from their work. Seeing this, their intrepid Colonel 
sprang upon the most exposed gun, and shouted to his com- 
mand, " Soldiers, you came here to fight : you are ordered to 
build this Battery," and, drawing his revolver, " and d — u me, 
if I don't shoot down the first of you that dodges from this 
work; by G — d, no soldier of mine shall dodge from his 
duty!" This had an electric effect. He remained standing 
erect on his gun. The men rushed around him, saying, " We 
won't dodge — get off that gun — we'll die by you." Setting 
rapidly to work again, they soon had their dangerous task 
completed, to his, and— ^<Ae^> satisfaction ! 

The Confederate Government had ordered a Ram built in 
the Yazoo River, for the purpose of aiding in the Defence of 
Vicksburg. This boat, the now world-famous *' Arkansas," was 
in an unfinished condition, when the Federal Fleet took up its 
station before Vicksburg. Being aware of this, there were 
several efforts made on the part of the enemy to get into the 
Yazoo and destroy the Ram ; but they did not succeed in 
passing the obstructions placed by the Confederates at the 
mouth of the River. The completion of the Ram was assigned 
to Captain J. IST. Brown, w^ho undertook it with energy. He 
succeeded, with difiiculty, in raising up the iron plates for cov- 
ering her, which had been sunk in the River previous to his 
undertaking the work, when it was the intention to abandon it 
from fear of the Federal capture. Captain Brown worked 
with \'im. In a short time she was ready to run the race for 
Vicksburg — where her internal w^orks were to be completed. 
The lower fleet had been augmented, and there was now, since 
the fall of Memphis, the expectation of an attack on Vicks- 
burg by combined land and naval forces. There were nineteen 
vessels in position on the 20th, pouring in a shower of bomb- 
shells in a way that tried the nerve and courage of the officers 



HENKY W ATKINS ALLEN. 121 

and men. But they repaired the damages to the Batteries as 
soon as breaches were made, and the men held their places at 
the guns undauntedly. On the 28th, the enemy bombarded 
from thirty-five ships — firing as rapidly as possible, the mortars 
filling the air with shells, and the sloops of war and gunboats 
delivering broadside after broadside of shot, shell, and grape, 
according to their distance. The Confederate Batteries replied 
in full force, as soon as the vessels were in range. " The roar 
of cannon was continuous and deafening — loud concussions 
shook the city to its foundations — shot and shell went hissing 
and tearing through trees, walls, houses, scattering fragments 
fur and near in their terrific flight. Men, women, and chil- 
dren rushed into the streets, and amid the crash of falling 
houses, commenced a hasty flight into the country for safety. 

Not a single gun, however, was disabled or dismounted in 
the batteries under this bombardment. This was a great en- 
couragement to the heroic defenders of the city. They be- 
lieved now that they could hold their position against any 
attack by water ; but the peculiar situation of Vicksburg, 
located on the convex side of a deep curve or bend in the river, 
its proximity to the mouth of the Yazoo, by which its rear 
might be attacked, necessitated a heavy line of pickets, extend- 
ing along a distance of twenty miles. It taxed the energies of 
tlie small force under Smith's command to keep up this line 
and to sustain a heavy attack at the same time. General 
Breckinridge joined Smith, now, with a reserve corps. Lovell 
resigned, and the general command of the Department was 
given to Major-General Earl Van Dorn, a native of Port Gib- 
son, MississijDpi, an old friend of Allen's. 

The picket front was allotted into five divisions, the two ex- 
treme ones guarded closely by the Third Louisiana ; the 
remaining three by detachments from Brigadier-Generals Pres- 
ton, Helms, and Colonel Statham's brigades, re-enforced by 
Light Batteries from Colonel Withers' Artillery. The nearer 
picket duty was most efliciently performed by the 26th, 27th, 
and 28th Louisiana Volunteers, under Colonels Declouet, 

6 



122 EECOLLECTIOKS OF i 

Marks, and Allen Thomas; the 4th and iTtli Louisiana, under ; 

Colonel 11. W. Allen and Colonel Richardson ; and by the 3d • 

Regiment and Gth Battalion, Mississippi Volunteers, under \ 

Colonel Mellen and Lieutenant-Colonel Balfour, The picket : 
duty was ti-ying and ceaseless. The enemy were unintermit- 

ting- in their attempts to break through it. The Fleet from : 

Memphis made its appearance before the city on the 28th of | 

June. It numbered in all, forty gunboats, mortar-boats, rams, j 

and transports. ; 

On the morning of the 15th of July a thrill ran through the ; 

hearts of tlie Defenders of Vicksburg — the keepers of the ; 

River — as the " Arkansas" suddenly steamed out of the mouth j 

of the Yazoo River. Three of the Federal vessels — the Caron- ' 
delet, Tyler, and Queen of the West — were watching the 

mouth of the Yazoo. They steamed np to attack her. The \ 
ram fought them ; they fled. She halted for a minute, as if to 

take breath, then dashed out for a run through the Federal ■ 

fleet — a pathway of fire. Several of the vessels rushed upon j 
her like vultures. She wheeled around like a hawk, striking 
right and left, showing her terrible iron beak, and scattered 

them. The fleet poured shot and shell on her. They tried to ' 
grapple hei- — she slipped from them. She fought them fiercely. 

She ran like a thing formed of lightning ! ; 

After a breathless, hazardous race, the prolonged shouts of j 

the anxious Confederates on the hills ofYicksburg announced ) 

that the Arkansas found herself safe at last, moored under the \ 

Batteries. That shout of thanksgiving echoed, was renewed ] 
and prolonged, a canon of joy in the valley of the Mississippi. 

When the swift wires told the story, we thanked God and took i 

courage. The Confederates lost ten killed and thirteen \ 

wounded, V)y a shot through the smoke-stack, which exploded \ 

as it fell inside their vessel. Captain Brown was slightly ■ 

wounded in the head. ; 

From the loth to the 18th, the enemy were mainly occupied ; 

in trying to sink the "Arkansas" with their mortars. j 

The Essex ran up to her one night, and grappled her with 

i 



HENEY W ATKINS ALLEN. 123 

l^owerful irons. The "Arkansas" fought so hard, the Essex was 
glad to let her go. Then the little hawk took the offensive ; 
she rushed at the enemy and sunk one of her gunboats — then 
quietly moored herself again under the frowning Batteries, 
What days of excitement those were to live in ! The enemy 
were in front of Vicksburg sixty-seven days, during vvhich the 
combined efforts of two fleets were foiled and a land force of 
five thousand held at bay. Allen was in the midst of it all ; 
and we listened with anxious hearts to every gun fired on the 
devoted city, and the cry, " God! save Vicksburg ! Let 
us keep the River^'' was never off our lips. To us, " the hold- 
ing of the River" was life and wealth \ its loss, destruction. 
We have realized it fully ! We were not mistaken ! So it has 
eventuated for us! The Federals now despaired of taking 
Vicksburg by water, and began to dig the famous " canal,'^ 
through a point of land opposite the city, on the Louisiana 
side. This, they thought, would enable them to pass around 
it. But the Mississippi was as rebellious as the denizens of its 
valley. It woulchiH make the Canal! It caved off* the sides 
all the time, and filled up the bottom as fast as it was dug. 
There is a peculiar stratum of quicksand in our soil, which 
prevents our digging very deep drains. We can't do as we 
please with our River. It is very wilful. Perhaps such a 
canal, where the river does not choose to cut through, might be 
made by means of masonry, but scarcely otherwise. We 
laughed a little at the Federals, who had taken all of our 
negro men to help to dig " the Canal." After wasting a great 
deal of time and money, the Federals abandoned that plan. 
Now tliere was a lull in the siege, it settled down into a slow, 
irregular bombardment. At any hour of the day or night the 
shot and shell were poured into Vicksburg from the fleet. The 
firing did not harm anybody very much ! The people in the 
beleaguered city scarcely noticed the occasional shells that fell 
among them ; and we planters continued working our corn 
crops. We planted no cotton that year ; we had been request- 
ed not to do it, by the Government. One lady — a Mrs. Gam- 



124 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

ble — was killed by a shell. The casualties were few. We 
began to think Vicksburg secure. 

Being one day near Raymond, during this lull in the siege, 
on business connected with his command, Colonel Allen found 
himself stopj^ed on the banks of a creek, which, swollen by a 
recent rain, was pouring a wild frothing torrent down its 
usually gently-rippling channel. As he was in haste, he plunged 
in, not without some misgivings, and swam across on horse- 
back — " Ford there was none." He had scarcely an-ived on 
the opposite bank, when a carriage drove rapidly up on the 
other side of the stream, that Allen had just quitted. The 
carriage contained a young lady and her still younger brother. 
Their countenances expressed blank dismay, when they dis- 
covered the state of the creek. The gallant Colonel paused to 
see what could be done to aid the distressed damsel, who was 
nearly weeping with vexation and disappointment. She was 
en route to a wedding that was expected to come olT that 
night. She was in despair over the impossibihty of crossing 
the stream in her carriage. The old negro coachman shook 
his head over the prospect, more decidedly than the boatman 
of Lord Ullin's daughter. Allen surveyed the group — the 
half-weeping girl — the swollen water ; examined his saddle 
girths, then shouted aloud, offering to swim back and "bring 
the young lady over, if she was not afraid." 

Her youthful face brightened immediately ; she was a brave 
girl — the wedding was very attractive. She resolved to ven- 
ture with the courteous stranger, in spite of the remonstrances 
of her black mentor, who shook his old gray head more vehe- 
mently than ever ; but to the great delight of the young 
brother, she signalled her acceptance of the proffer. Allen 
spurred his horse once more into the stream, svv^am back, took 
her before him, and re-swimming the rushing water, landed the 
grateful girl on the wedding side of the creek. Tlie brother 
followed after with the carriage-horses, bringing the bridal para- 
phernalia. Allen arranged a pad for the young lady to ride 
on, and all parties went their several ways rejoicing, — the 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN". 123 

Colonel particularly delighted at the unexpected opportunity 
of exercising his knight-errantry. 

The " creek" was " Baker'' s^^'' a name now burnt, in letters of 
blood and fire, darkly on the page of Southern history. 

Allen was oftentimes accused of egotism and vanity by his 
temporary enemies. But it was an egotism that his friends 
smiled at, but never found fault with. It was so fresh, so gay, 
so entirely childlike, in its eager trustful candor — he was so 
Bure, so earnestly confident, that what he said of himself inter- 
ested his auditors — that his harmless egotism grew to be almost 
a charm. 

There was no arrogance in the man, but much cheerful grat- 
itude. In talking of himself, it was always of his bright for- 
tunes, that he would speak ; he never " 'ic/dned" nor sought 
pympathy, nor bored people Avith his 7nisfortu7ies. Though he 
did not lack penetration, he was easily flattered ; especially — 
like most men who are plain in appearance — he was readily 
pleased by attention from women, and was covetous of their 
applause. He knew very Avell, however, how to distinguish 
brilliants from paste ; and although momentarily gratified by 
attention from almost any woman, yet his judgment was good, 
his instincts fine. There were some women from whom a word 
or glance of approval was precious as the balm of Gilead to his 
sensitive, susceptible soul, and he would bend before their feet 
in grateful homage. He believed in woman's goodness and puri- 
ty — he remembered his own wife, his mother, his friends ; he 
thought rererently of ic omen, and yielded as instantly to such 
" sweet influences" as the solar system does to those of the 
Pleiades, in the " mecanique celeste.'' This made Allen very 
attractive to women who venerate their own sex. It gave one 
trust in liim. He was very much beloved by his coiintry- 
women in J-jOuislana 

Breckinridge now picked his troops to make an attack on 
Baton Rouge, and among them he selected Allen and his 
Fourth Louisiana. 



BOOK VII 



" Holding th« Riv«r." — Baton Rouge. — Tiie Arkansas. — Allen wouaded. 

Baton Rouge, the capital of tlie State of Louisiana, was now 
in possession of the Federals, This town is situated on the east 
bank of the Mississippi River, about one hundred and thirty 
miles above New Orleans. It is built on ground wliich rises 
gently from the margin of ttfe River, tlien runs back for a con- 
siderable distance, almost level, though slightly broken with ra- 
vines and gulleys, interspersed with thick woods and some 
open, cultivated, and some abandoned li<3lds. The earth grows 
more rugged, more hiliy, and more deeply plouglied by rain 
channels, as it recedes from the town. The " Weald" which 
forms this portion of the State of Louisiana, is very much filled 
M'ith siheious particles — gravel, shells, and mica — which ren- 
ders it soft and friable, and makes it subject to washing 
into large ravines by the attrition of rain. These deep gulleys 
are dry except during rain-storms, wdien tliey pour a flood of 
rod, muddy water into the Mississippi or its small tributaries. 
These bayous, a sort of glen, are often sixty or a hundred feet 
deep, and as much as eighty wide; they are ugly places for an 
army to mancsuvre about, especially at night. The soil crum- 
bles off, near the edges, almost at the weight of a foot-step, 
like the Alpine land-slides. They are permanent traps for 
unwary cows or careless horses, which are tempted to graze 
r.ear the brink. The treacherous earth gives way, and fre- 



128 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

quently precipitates the unfortunate animals, with a sound like 
thunder, into the abyss beneath, breaking their necks, and 
strewing the bottom of the bayou with their bleached bones, 
where they have decayed ! But though their sides, for the 
most part, are thus always kept jagged and red, bare and 
frightful, where they perpetually break off, yet these unprom- 
ising ravines often present attractive spots, picturesque with 
stately trees, that have caved off, slid down majestically, and 
formed little islands in the dry channel of these yawning gulfs. 
These islands, in the spring of the year, are "spots of greenerie" 
carpeted with sofs velvet mosses, tufted grasses, starred with 
tiny four-cleft, tubular -petalled flowers, blue, white, and pink, 
embowered with blossoming Dogwood and Tulip trees, all 
wrapped, and garlanded, festooned and crowned with wild 
vines, such as Clematis, scarlet Tecomas and Trumpet-creepers, 
Monkey-cap, with its feathery lilac bloom. Jasmines, perfuming 
the air with their golden aromatic bells, red woodbines, broad- 
leaved grapevines. Muscadines, wreathing and entangling 
their clasping tendrils till they form a canopy, impei-vious to 
the sun's rays, over the head of the little Southern child, who 
climbs down the precipitous sides of the deep chasm, clinging 
with small, tense, nervous fingers to the tufts of cane, or the 
projecting, denuded roots of trees, swinging itself carefully, 
not unconscious of danger, down, down, into this fairy-land of 
its youthful dreams, in search of ferns, mosses, anemones, crim- 
son spigelia, yellow myrtles, and the great pyramidal bloom of 
the white Hydrangea, all of which grow so abundantly here. 
Or stooping down in the little coves in the dry channel, it 
picks out of the conglomeration of pebbles and sand, left 
hurled up in heaps by the temporary stream, wonderful snail- 
shells, or strange cork-screw fossils, of the age of the Trilobites, 
or finds queer balls of clay, which, on being broken open 
by the busy Httle hands, show to the delighted infant eye 
treasures of bright " Indian paint," red, yellow, and white earths, 
hidden so mysteriously by the ever-working hand of Xature. 
Nor does the little adventurer lack viands for the dainty 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 129 

feast it spreads on the short, emerald turf, that serves as a 
board for the pigmy epicure ; exquisite in his tastes, as the 
humming-bird that flits above him, so busy about the honey, 
and the insects, in the long-necked bells of the Bignonia. For 
there are luscious dewberries, and purple mulberries, in the 
early spring ; and later comes the fragrant, yellow May-apple, 
and the fruit of the wild passion-flower ; and in the Fall, the 
cloyingly sweet drupe of the black haw, the delicate apple of 
the red haw, bunches of astringent black-jack berries, rich, 
ripe, sugary persimmons, black fox-grapes, chicken-grapes, 
and delicious wild plums, brown chinquepins, triangular beech- 
nuts, hickorj'-, and walnuts^ — all to be had for the gathering — 
often joyfully piled up in acorn cups, or set out on broad 
plantain leaves, and so heartily enjoyed by the daring child, 
who surveys his solitary realm with trembling excitement, and 
the enthusiasm of a Lilliputian Robinson Crusoe, or an inno- 
cent Alexander, who has conquered a new unexplored world. 
With birds and lovely butterflies for companions in play, the 
little Southern child learns to lore these deep, frightful ravines, 
though a careless stranger shudders at their aspect. Wher- 
ever open ground is abandoned, in this almost tropical climate, 
there quickly springs up a luxuriant crop of blackberry 
bushes, brambles, honejMocusts, and prickly green-brier vines. 
So thickets are very readily made, painful and difficult to 
jvcnetrate. The forests here are principally composed of dif- 
ferent sorts of oaks, hickor}^ gum-trees, and of the Queen of 
the Laurel family, the magnificent Magnolia Grandiflora. The 
magnolia woods, immediately about the cit}^ had but little 
undergrowth. The shade of the Magnolia is too dense to 
encourage the springing up of smaller bushes, but a little out 
from the town, the oak forests were thick with j^oung trees 
and shrubs, and furnished excellent shelter for the hidden 
troops of the enemy. The town is long and narrow, built 
along the river-bank, down almost to the water's edge. On 
the south side, not far from the margin, rises the handsome 
State-House — a pile of well-designed Norman architecture, 



130 - RECOLLECTIONS OF 

once the pride of the little city, now a melancholy but charm- 
ingly picturesque group of ruins — still beautiful in the midst 
of the desolated gardens, once the delight of Allen's leisure 
hours. On the extreme end of the city, towards the north, 
stands the arsenal, barracks, and the house so long the resi- 
dence of General Zachary Taylor, when he commanded the 
United States troops at this garrison. Not far from this is 
the Protestant Cemetery, which lay surrounded with magnolia 
groves. Baton Rouge had been garrisoned by the Federals 
since the 28th of May, 1862, when the defenceless town was 
bombarded by Admiral Farragut.* The forces here consisted 
of about 3,500 men, in conjunction with five gunboats and 
some transports. The Red River poured its Hood into the 
Mississippi seventy miles above. Three ver}^ powerful reasons . 
influenced Van Dorn, inducing him to order an attack on 
Baton Rouge. In the first place, the enemy's gunboats, as- 
cending from Baton Rouge, blockaded the mouth of the Red 
River at will. We had no boats with which to fight him back. 
This was most disadvantageous to the Confederates, who pos- 
sessed vast supplies for their Commissariat, as yet almost un- 
touched, in the Trans-Mississippi Department. The corn, 
sugar, and molasses of Louisiana- — the cattle and bacon of 
Texas — its large crops of grain, its wool and hides, were all 
closed up from the use of the Confederate arm}^ by these 
troublesome gunboats at the mouth of the Red River. The 
Mississippi River had to be free between the Red River and 
Yicksburg, to be of any advantage to us. Then strong mili- 
tary reasons required the dislodgment of the enemy from 
Baton Rouge, in order to facilitate the recapture of New 
Orleans — a thought never out of the Soutliern mind, after the 
fall of the Crescent City, until the surrender of General Lee. 
Besides, Van Dorn was informed that the enemy was threaten- 
ing an attack upon Camp Moore, where General Ruggles, who 
had succeeded General Lovell, was now holding the enemy 
in check with the small force under his command. 

* See correspondence between Bonnecage and Farragut, in Appendix. 



UENRY WATKIKS ALLEN. 131 

This rumor of tlie advance of tlie enemy proved to be un- 
founded; but Van Dorn hurried the troops under Breckinridge 
down by rail to Camp Moore, in anticipation of such an attack. 
There were few cars on this road now. They wei-e all needed 
for the transportation of the troops, so that nothijig could be 
carried with the men, except their arms and ammunition. The 
8oldiei^ were without comforts, or even necessaries of any kind. 
Moving- rapidly under the burniiig rays of the July sun in that 
latitude, many wei'e made sick. Breckinridge started on his 
cx})edition on the 2 7th of July, with a force of iive thousand 
men, picked out of the troops at Vicksburg. On the morning 
of the 4th of August he Imd but three thousand effective men 
with whom to carry out Van Dorn's plans. More than two 
thousand of his troops lay sick at Camp Moore and on the 
Comite River. The men had suffered vei-y severely from the 
effects of exposure, at Vicksburg, to heavy rains without shel- 
ter, and were now prostrated by tlie extreme heat and bad 
water. There is no good water in this portion of the State, 
except cistern water and Mississippi water. All the water of 
the petty streams and bayous is warm and unwholesome at 
this season of the year. Breckinridge, finding liis force thus 
enfeebled, resolved not to risk an attack on Baton Rouge, un- 
less he could have the assistance of the "Arkansas," now lying 
under cover of the batteries at Vicksburg, As we have seen 
before, tlie little ram was not only unlinished, but she had also re- 
ceived some slight injury or derangemeiit about her machinery 
in her fieice tussle with the big Essex. The carpenters and 
smiths were at work upon her. Captain Brown, who had 
brought the "Arkansas" out of the Yazoo, and made with her 
the glorious run through the Federal fleet, was reluctant to 
have her go out again in her incomplete state. He positively 
refused to take her out. Van Dorn was anxious to dislodge 
the enemy from his position. It was growing more and more 
important every day for us to control the Red River. Lieu- 
tenant Steevens volunteered to command the Arkansas "/d^si! as 
she was:'' Breckinridge declared he would not fiixht unless 



132 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

the attention of the gunboats was engaged by her. Van Dorn 
ordered her to be sent. She was externally complete, and was 
therefore deemed to be as formidable as when she defied the fleet 
of foi ty vessels of war, many of them iron-clads. Van Dorn now 
telegraphed to Breckinridge that the Arkansas would be ready 
to co-operate with him at daylight on Tuesday, 5th of August. 
The ram ran down the River like a thing of life, under a full 
head of steam, carpenters still at work on her. ^Ve could hear 
the ring of their hammers as shejxissed hij. 

Ah ! what anxious prayers ascended from the hearts of the 
dwellers on the river-banks, as they watched, with clasped 
hands and streaming eyes, the Confederate flag floating out 
behind, borne at lightning speed on the staff at the stern of 
the Arkansas, knowing how important it was she should get 
to Baton Rouge in time to aid Breckinridge ! How we cal- 
culated the hours and very minutes, and compared her speed I 
She had not a minute to spare! We knew that ! but w^e dared 
not permit the thought, the fear, to come, which rested un- 
spoken in our minds — that she might be too late ! We loved 
that little boat ! We w^ere vain of her I On the afternoon of 
Monday, the 4th of August, Breckinridge removed his com- 
mand from Camp Moore to the Comite River, ten miles back of 
Baton Rouge. Here he learned by an express messenger that 
the Arkansas had passed Bayou Sara, in time to arrive at the 
proper moment to participate in the expected engagement. 
He made instant preparation to advance that night. The 
sickness among his men continued to increase — dysentery, 
that scourge of armies, had set in among them. Deducting 
those that were taken ill during the day, and those that fell 
out from the column of troops on the night-march, from weak- 
ness and inability to proceed, Breckinridge found himself at 
the head of only twenty-six hundred men when he went into 
action. There were some two hundred partisan rangers who 
had performed efficient service in picketing- the roads, but 
who were rendered useless as cavalry from tlie broken nature 
of the ground, consequently they took no part in the action ; 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 133 

and there were about the same immher of militia volunteers, 
hastily collected by Colonel Hardee, in the neighborhood of 
Clinton, who, though striving to do so, did not succeed 
in reaching the command in time for the Battle of Baton 
Rouge. 

A section of Semmes' Confederate States Artiller}^ under 
command of T. K. Fauntleroy, two companies of infantry, and 
one company of partisan rangers, the whole numbering about 
one hundred and fifty rank and file, under the command of 
Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Shields, were ordered to take a posi- 
tion, at four and a half p. m., on the Clinton plankroad, there to 
engage the enemy, who were supposed to be posted with a bat- 
tery of artillery at the junction of this road and the Bayou Sara 
road. This body was ordered to make an attack at a given 
signal, " the firing of small-arms by the main body on their left." 
Exactly at the dawn of day, on the oth inst., the sound of 
musketry being distinctly audible, Colonel Shields ordered the 
advance of his command at double-quick, — he had previously 
dismounted the partisan rangers, to increase their efiiciency. 
The enemy's pickets fled precipitately at the approach of these 
troops, leaving accoutrements and equipments hanging on the 
posts and walls of the house where they were stationed, and 
on the trees about it. They sought shelter in the woods to 
the right of the Bayou Sara road ; gaining which, they fired a 
feeble volley on the fast approaching Confederates, then re- 
treated immediately in the direction of the arsenal. The 
infantry were now posted in a cornfield on the right of a street 
leading to the Federal camp, with instructions to advance 
closely in support of the artillery, whicii was put in a raking 
position at the head of the same street. Two regiments of 
Federal infantry now made their appearance, disputing Shields' 
farther advance. Their artillery opening obliquely on the 
enemy, the Confederates were enabled to press on to a position 
within two hundred and fifty feet of the camps of the Four- 
teenth Maine regiment, as was ascertained from papers found 
in the tents of this cantonment, held subsequently by the 



13tl: RECOLLECTIONS OF 

Confederates. Fauiitleroy's battery opening again in a rapid 
fire in direction of this camp, Shields maintained his position 
until the Confederate inflmtry, pressed by overwhelming num.- 
bers, fell back, and produced some sligiit confusion. Just then 
four horses in the section of battery were wounded, and 
Shields ordered its withdrawal to the junction of the Clinton 
and Bayou Sara roads, to await re-enforcements from the 
main body, then seen to be adv^aucing towards him. 

In this new position they were unfortunately mistaken for 
the enemy and fired upon by their friends, but happily with- 
out casualty of any kind. Disengagiaig the disabled horses, 
the section was supphed with others, urged forward once more, 
placed in position, and kept there during the whole engage- 
ment. The infantry were now withdrawn from Shields and 
attached to the twenty-second Mississippi regiment, leaving 
Shields with the artillery. The ammunition was poor, and the 
action of the artillery was rendered less efficient from the infe- 
riority of the friction primers, nine out of ten of them proving 
worthless, rendering the working of the pieces at times difficult 
and unsatisfactory. Breckinridge now moved on to the gene- 
ral engagement. Unfortunately, while waiting for daylight to 
make the attack, a sad accident had occurred, which enfeebled 
still more his already weak force. The partisan rangers had 
been stationed in the rear of the artillery and infantry ; but 
their curiosity and impetuosity were so great, that some of 
them leaked tln-ough under cover of the darkness, and riding 
forward they encountered the enemy, causing exchange of 
shots with the Federal pickets. Galloping liastily back, they 
produced some confusion, being mistaken for the enemy. This 
led to some rapid firing for a few moments, during which 
Brigadier-General Helm was dangerously injured by the fall 
of his horse. Lieutenant Todd, his aid-de-camp, was killed, 
Captain Roberts, of the 4th Kentucky, severely wounded, sev- 
eral enlisted men also killed and wounded, and two of Captain 
Cobb's three guns were rendered wholly useless for tlie time. 
After General Helm was disabled. Colonel Thomas H. Hunt, of 



HENRY WATKIKS ALLEN. 135 

the 5th Kentucky, an officer who was already distinguished for 
his gallantry in Kentucky, and whose conduct at the battle of 
Hartsville, Tennessee, was said by General John 11. Morgan 
" to Jicive been perfect^^ took command of Helm's Brigade. 
Order was soon restored, and Breckinridge placed his men in 
position on the right and left of a road, called the Green well 
Springs road. His men were so few in number, he had to 
content himself with a single line of battle, keeping one small 
regiment of infantry and one piece of artillery as a reserve to 
each division. The enemy were drawn up in line with strong 
reserves, posted at intervals. As soon as it was light, the Con- 
federates w^ere advanced forward rapidly. General Ruggles, 
commanding the left wing, ordered to attack on the south side 
of the town near the State House, brought on the engagement 
with four pieces of Serames' Battery and two Battalions, one 
composed of the 3d, 6th, 7th Kentucky, under Colonel 
Thompson, and the 35th Alabama; and the other, of the Od 
and 4:th Louisiana and Boyd's Louisiana Battalion, under 
Colonel Henry IV. Allen, of the 4th Louisiana. " These troops 
rushed forward with great impetuosity," remarks General 
Breckinridge, " driving the enemy before them, while their ring- 
ing cheers inspired all our little command." The morning 
was dark, the whole earth was covered with a dense gray fog, 
such as so often prevails on and near the Mississippi Ri\'er. It 
was difficult to distinguish any object in the thick white mist, 
or to know friend from foe. Colonel A. P. Thompson formed 
his line of battle in an open common adjoining a dense forest, 
into which Allen's Brigade had passed. Thompson found it 
difficult to keep his line straight in making the advance ordered 
by Ruggles, having to pass through numerous fences and 
around houses. The Brigade moved directly to the front, pre- 
ceded by a company of sharp-shooters; the line of the enemy 
being soon unmasked, the order was given to charge. The troops 
rushed forward with a cheer, the enemy breaking before them. 
Having reached the middle of a field, the Brigade was exposed 
to a fire from the right, which they could not return without 



136 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

injury to the troops of Clark's Division, in the centre of the 
Confederate line. 

So the Brigade was halted — then advanced a little, skirmishers 
covering the front. The second line of the enemy was thus 
unmasked. The Federals gave way precipitately here. On clear- 
ing this field, and arriving at the enemy's position, again the 
right wing of the enemy was found covered by General 
Clark's Division. Thompson now ordered a charge, and led it, 
upon an encampment to the left. This point was nearly 
cleared of the enemy, when Colonel Thompson was informed 
that a general order had been issued for the troops to fall back. 
This information he received from a mounted officer, whom he 
met, with troops falling back on the right, whom Thompson 
ordered to join in his " charge." The enemy now re-formed, 
firing, cheering, as the Confederates fell back. Thompson's men 
— the Thirty-fifth Alabama and Sixth Kentucky — were now or- 
dered forward, but had already rushed on, taunted by the pre- 
mature shouts of the enemy, before the order reached them ! 
They now opened a steady fire on the enemy, and effectually 
checked their further progress. At this moment Colonel Thomp- 
son fell, severely wounded, and was taken to the rear. 

Allen formed his Brigade in a piece of thick woods adjoining 
upon open and cultivated fields. The ground was very broken, 
the fields surrounded occasionally with a picket fence, or with 
tall, thick hedges of the Cherokee rose, which furnished an ex- 
cellent ambuscade for the enemy's sharp-shooters. The Chero- 
kee rose is a creeper, not a bush ; it laps and twists long inter- 
lacing branches, in the wildest and most luxuriant growth ; it 
is armed with stout curved prickles, as large as the thorns of 
the Acanthus. These are set alternate along the flexible branch. 
They knot, and twine themselves together, as the plants in- 
crease their growth perpetually, by renovating suckers, from 
the parent roots. Thus spreading on every side, it grows to an 
amazing thickness : plantersusually try to keep it pruned within 
a space of twelve feet in breadth. These solid walls of vegetation, 
frightful thorns, glistening leaves, long wreaths of flaunting 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 137 

snow-white blossoms, though beautiful to look at, are almost 
impervious to birds of any size. Tiny wrens build their nests 
in the thick, matted covert ; partridges find a hiding-place low 
down near the roots; rabbits and wood-rats burrow beneath 
them ; but larger birds and animals avoid them. They made 
formidable fortifications, to assail with an ambushed enemy on 
the other side of them. Allen's left rested upon a fence (Ber- 
nard's) in the rear of Magruder's Institute: his right, upon 
Thompson's Brigade. He advanced his line, leading it. The 
men followed him closely, crossed an open field, under a fire 
from sharp-shooters lying in ambush behind the hedge. These the 
Thirtieth Louisiana was ordered to dislodge, which it did in gallant 
style. Then the line re-formed, marching on steadily through a 
small strip of woods, and again over an inclosed field, driving 
the enemy back, until they reached an open field on the left. The 
centre of Allen's line was occupied by Boyd's Battalion. Colo- 
nel Breaux, of the Thirtieth Louisiana, was in command of 
the right. Colonel Hunter on the left. The Battalion had 
been formed three-quarters of a mile in tlie rear of Baton 
Rouge, and marched forward, feeling its Avay through briers, 
hedges, and over picket-fences, till it was halted in the face of 
a line of the enemy, drawn up to receive them. After firing 
two volleys, the Brigade charged upon the Federals. They 
lied. 

The Fourth Louisiana was soon filed to the left, expecting to 
meet the enemy at right-angles to the right, in front of the 
original line. A battery was opened on them now ! Allen halted 
his troops : the fog was so dense, the position of the Battery 
firing on his line could not be accurately ascertained. He dis- 
mounted, and crawled on his hands and knees, tlirough the 
brush-wood and broken ground, one hundred and fifty yards, 
until he drew near the guns of the enemy, then cautiously re- 
turned in the same manner, calling for three cheers for the 
Confederacy. He ordered his men to charge. Alarmed at the 
confederate yell and dash, the Federals broke, taking off their 
Battery, but leaving heaps of slain and wounded in the hands ot 



138 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

the Confederates. Captain Chinn was badly wounded here, 
^vhile bravely responding to Allen's orders. 

Resuming his course, Allen marched his force rapidly on. 
Before going into the fight he had been commanded by Gen- 
eral Ruggles, " to inarch straight to the front until he tvas 
ordered to stop P^ He obeyed this order to the very letter. 
But he now found himself almost surrounded by the enemy — 
he had gone on too fast. Square in his front was posted along 
the roadside the enemy's skirmishers ; to their left, a battery 
was planted, at the mouth of a street, in front of the outskirts 
of Baton Rouge. A regiment (the Sixth Michigan) sup- 
ported this battery — its men were placed behind the fences 
and houses near by. Allen, turning to his men, shouted gayly : 
"Boys, we must take a battery — loe icmit oneP'' Then, seiz- 
ing the colors of Boyd's battalion, he gave the order " to 
charge," and dashed at full speed, ahead of his troops, upon 
the battery, holding the staff of the colors firmly with his 
bridle-hand, waving his drawn sword with his right. His men 
responded with a shout, and dashed after him across the open 
field — there was not a shrub, even, as a screen upon it. Over 
that open space, for three hundred yards, the enemy poured a 
raking and murderous fire, both with small-arms and artillery. 
But Allen had been ordered "^o charge to the front p"* on 
he went, his men not close behind him. Man after man went 
down on that dreadful ride. Lieutenant Causey, struck by a 
minnie ball, lell, shot through the brain — a i'dw^ yards further 
on, Lieutenant-Colonel Boyd dropped from his horse, shot 
through the arm — still on, on, Allen pressed, getting partially 
into the street, up to the very muzzles of the guns. At tliis 
important moment a shell struck his horse, killing it instantly ; 
the canister-shot scattering, struck him, shattering one Xo^g — 
just above the ankle — and passing through the other. Allen 
fell — the flag went down ; but it did not full to the ground ! — 
private Cedars, of the West Feliciana Rifles, sprang forward 
and caught it. " Tell them to go on^^^ said Allen, with the last 
effort of expiring consciousness, and fainted from pain and loss 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 189 

of blood. A cry of despair went up from the lips of the 
Fourth Louisiana, as they saw their beloved commander go 
down. They rushed up like a tornado, in a fury of vengeance. 
They killed every man left at the guns without mercy, in their 
angry desperation. The rest of the enemy fled, taking off the 
horses of the battery (Nims'). Seizing the apparently lifeless 
body of their wounded Colonel, his soldiers placed it on four 
loaded muskets, forming a sort of bier, and bore him from the 
field. As they saw him borne away, seemingly dead, this 
portion of his command, especially the Fourth Louisiana, be- 
came paralyzed. The flag went down again, under the re- 
newed fire of the enemy. Cedars was severely wounded in 
the thigh. This part of Allen's brigade now fell back in con- 
fusion ; some of the men had flung down their arms, and were 
weeping like children over (as they supposed) the death of 
Allen. Colonel Boyd's Battalion missed him — they faltered. 
The Fourth Louisiana withdrew in disorder. Boyd's Battalion 
could not be rallied after a charge. Captain Bynum was 
called on to. take command of Boyd's Battalion. Colonel 
Breaux managed to rally some of the men on the line formed 
by the Fourth Regiment, but to no good, since enough could 
not be gathered to push on .to advantage. By the eflbrts of 
the ofiicers, the men were at last witli drawn in some sort of 
order — saved from panic, that was all — drawn slowly back 
across the field over w^iich they had rushed so dauntlessly 
when Allen led them, one hour before. Colonel Breaux with- 
drew the force to the shelter of a point of woods, and en- 
deavored to reform his line. The ofiicers did all that men 
could do to eflect this. At length Breaux succeeded in rally- 
ing a suflicient number to show front to the enemy. Then 
Semmes' battery was brought up to their support, and by a 
well-directed fire checked the enemy's advance. Breaux main- 
tained this position in spite of the heavy firing on the brigade 
from the enemy's gunboats and land-batteries, until Breckin- 
ridge ordered the whole body— or rather exhausted remnant 
of his body of troops — to fall back to the Comite River. 



i 

140 RECOLLECTIO^'S OF 

Judge A. W. Smith was very active in aiding to rally these 
disorganized troops of Allen's. This gentleman, a citizen of 
Clinton, had just returned from Virginia, the day before the 
battle of Baton Rouge. lie had gone to Richmond, summoned 
to the bed of his last son, mortally wounded in battle. But he 
arrived too late; he could only weep useless tears over the 
graves of his noble boys, who lay side by side in the soldiers* 
cemetery at Richmond, both killed in battle. The heart- 
broken father — mad, desperate in his agony of bereavement — 
heard that Breckinridge was going to fight. Taking his gun 
on his shoulder, he joined the Confederate army, and did ad- 
mirable service throughout the whole fight. He was utterly 
reckless of his life. He wished to be killed; but most wonder- 
fully escaped without a wound. He was standing by Lieuten- 
ant Todd (Mrs. Lincoln's brother,) when Todd was killed. He 
describes Todd as being cool and self-possessed, when suddenly 
a shot struck him, passing clear through his body. The shot 
was so thorough that it robbed the body of sensation. It was 
paralyzed — just quivered slightly, and fell a lifeless mass, a heap 
of crushed, bleeding humanity ! 

The battle was now raging around on every side of the be- 
leaguered city. It was a terrific combat, a hand-to-hand fight ! 
Breckinridge depended on the bayonet! The Federals, led by 
General Wilhams — whom we already know so favorably — 
fought well and were handled well. Williams was a noble, 
upriglit, gallant man, who did his duty to his utmost, and 
always combined courage and skill with courtesy and humanity. 
He was conspicuous among his troops, mounted on a magnifi- 
cent black race-horse, belonging to R. Chotard, of Natchez- 
well known to sportsmen — which had been taken from the 
stables of Wm. J. Minor, Esq., by the Federals. The Colonel of 
the Brigade opposed to Allen was riding Allen's fiivorite snow- 
white horse — which had also been appropriated, or as th.e Fed- 
erals used to express it, "confiscated," to his use. 

The First Division of Breckinridge's army, under General 
Charles Clark, had been ordered to attack the centre of the 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 141 

town. After the disabling of Brigadier-General Helm, Colonel 
Thomas H. Htmt took command. The enemy had been re- 
pulsed from one of his encampments, and this Brigade was 
drawn up and formed into line in this first camp. Hunt now 
led them into action. Ho attacked the enemy hotly, in the 
face of volleys of musketry. A spirited engagement followed, 
the enemy were pressed back, out of his second encampment, 
when Colonel Hunt fell, badly wounded in the thigh. He was 
carried off the field. At this moment some one — it is not 
known who — it icas not Colonel Himt ! — gave the order to 
fall back. The men obeyed, murmuring. They were unwilling 
to retreat when they were driving the enemy. General Clark 
rode up at this instant, and perceiving the confusion, ordered 
Colonel John A. Buckner, A. A. C (who had been put in 
command, by Breckinridge, of this Brigade, left without a 
commander by the wounds of Helm and Hunt) to advance 
again on the enemy, who -were now rallying on their aban- 
doned encampment. 

Buckner oi'dered his troops forward. They were just in the 
act of advancing, when Clark fell, terribly wounded, and or- 
dered them to retreat again, to the cover of a small ravine, or 
bayou, in advance of the first encampment. Breckinridge 
came up just at this critical point, and Buckner asked if'T^e 
had commanded" this second withdrawal, which his troops 
made reluctantl}^ and not in very good order. Bi-eckini-idge 
replied, '''' N'o.'''' Joining Buckner, he gave himself the order to 
advance, and led the general charge which finished the action — 
driving the enemy straight forward, to their third and last 
encampment, on the river-edge, immediately under cover of 
their gunboats. The Confederates by this time were terribly 
exhausted, and were suffering much from thirst. They had 
been under arms for sixteen hours ; they had had neither 
supper nor breakfast, nor sleep. They had marched twelve 
miles very rapidly, and had fought hard for four hours — they 
were almost worn out. Breckinridge had done all he could, 
with land forces — he began now to listen with impatient anx- 



142 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

iety for the gnns of the " Arkansas." But all Avas silent on 
the River. The Federal gunboats poured their fire, still undi- 
verted, upon his worn and weary troops. Breckinridge now 
ordered Buckner's Division to destroy the camps, and every 
thing- captured, and to withdraw the troops out of the range 
of the fire of the gunboats, and " to icait for the Arkansas.^'' 
The Confederates had no means of removing the very valuable 
stores and abundant provisions they had captured. So they 
were forced to destroy all their spoil. Buckner then withdrew 
to the house where General Clark lay wounded. He ke23t this 
position for more than two hours after Breckinridge ordered 
the withdrawal of the main body of the troops, when the 
battle was over. A section of Semmes' Battery, and a remnant 
of the Seventh Kentucky Regiment, Colonel Crossland com- 
manding, remained on the field : these troops Avere very un- 
willing to leave Clark — but his suffering was so great on being 
moved, that he implored them to let him remain Mhere he 
M'as. His wounds were supposed to be mortal. Lieutenant 
Yerger, one of his aids, insisted on staying with Clark. The 
next morning they surrendered themselves to the Federals, 
by whom they were kindly treated. Breckinridge says, " I 
cannot speak in terms too strong of the skill, coolness, and 
courage of General Clark — he played the part of a perfect 
soldier." 

Buckner stayed here until the section of Semmes' Battery, 
seeing a better position, vacated by the removal of Cobb's 
Battery, withdrew their guns to that point. Buckner fell back 
with them, and remained there for the rest of the day. Breck- 
inridge withdrew his troops, reduced now to one thousand ex- 
hausted men, to Ward's Creek, about one mile in the rear of 
the city, in the hope of obtaining water: finding no water 
there, fit for man or beast, Breckinridge returned to the field 
of battle, and procured a limited supply of the precious fluid, 
from cisterns, in the suburbs of the town. He stayed here the 
balance of the day. The enemy had been pursued down to 
the very water's edge, some of the Confederates following 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 143 

them, and firing at them, down the street in front of the 
arsenal and barracks. 

The Federals were effectually routed. They did not appear 
again. The liottest part of the fighting had taken place in the 
Grove of Magnolias, near the Protestant Cemetery. 

The enemy pnt up a flag of truce early in the afternoon. 
Buckner consulted with Breckinridge, who agreed " to grant 
the privilege of bearing off the wounded and dead — on condi- 
tion of the, agreement being reduced to tcriting — in the space 
of tico hoursT No communication in writing being received, 
" twenty minutes longer" was allow^ed. Shortly after the ex- 
piration of which time, a note was received from the Federal 
commander, disclaiming the flag of truce. Williams had been 
killed. 

Breckinridge listened still for the guns of the Arkansas — in- 
tending to renew the attack when the much-coveted sound 
reached his ears. 

The citizens of the surrounding country now exhibited the 
warmest patriotism, flocking in with conveyances to bear off" 
the Confederate wounded. Every wagon teemed with its bleed- 
ing freight. Having neither picks nor shovels, the Confed- 
erates were unable to dig graves, to bury their dead. Late 
in the afternoon Breckinridge learned by express, that just 
before daylight, when within five miles off Baton Rouge, the 
machinery of the Arkansas had become disabled, and she lay 
now helpless on the right bank of the River. He therefore with- 
drew his command back to the Comite River, leaving a force 
of observation near the town. Breckinridge kept this position 
till, knowing the desire of the Major-General to hold the River 
below the mouth of the Red River, he selected and fortified 
the strong post of Port Hudson — leaving Brigadier-General 
Bbwen, the noble Missourian, w^ho distinguished himself so 
highly afterwards at " Port Gibson" and " Big Black," to hold 
the Comite camp — to protect the hosj^itals and the line of com- 
munication between Clinton and Camp Moore. The Confed- 
erate pickets extended to the immediate vicinit}' of Baton 



14:1 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

Rouge, which the Federals soon after abandoned, and retired 
to New Orleans. The Federals suftered severely in this battle. 
They brought into action forty-five hundred men, against 
Breckinridge's two thousand six hundred half-fed Confederates. 
The casualties of the Confederates amounted to four hundred 
and sixty-seven men. But they had lost some most valuable 
officers ! It was a most hotly contested battle. The Federals 
had all the advantages of numbers, position, strength, equip- 
ments, ammunition, and cover amongst the houses. The Con- 
federates behaved with great gallantry, even with reckless 
audacity ! It would have been a complete and crushing victory 
over the enemy, had the Arkansas kept her assignation. It 
was one of those events when the full fruition of justly hoped- 
for success is thwarted by a petty unexpected accident." 

Allen had been borne off the field on the muskets of his 
men. They laid him down under the shade of a tree, a mile 
from the town. He had recovered consciousness enough to 
recognize his condition, and the men who were weeping over 
him. He asked them faintly " to lay him down — to give him 
some water, and to leave him." " I must die — I feel it !" he said. 
" God bless you ! go hack and help some one else, lohom you 
can henefit — laiwpast Ur But they would not leave him; 
they sat around him trying to stanch the blood — watching him 
for several hours. He was wounded about nine o'clock, a. m., 
and it was past noon before Dr. Amzi Martin, a skilful sur- 
geon, was despatched by General Breckinridge to look for him. 
'•''Find Allen — save him — stay with hini^ Doctor! he is as 
brave a 7nan as God ever made^^ said Breckinridge. Martin 
had him laid in a wagon and taken to the house of Mr. Granville 
Pierce, six miles back of Baton Rouge, where he was most 
hospitably and warmly welcomed. The Surgeons declared 
amputation of one leg, at least, to be necessary ; but Allen re- 
fused, saying he would rather die. Dr. Martin then set to 
work to try and save the life of his wilful patient, as well as 
his legs. A feat which, by the most unintermitting care, skill, 
and watchfulness, he accomplished. He rarely left Allen's 



nENRY WATKIXS ALLEN. 145 

bedside an hour for three consecutive weeks; having been de- 
tailed by General Breckinridge for the purpose of attending 
him. The bones of the right leg were shattered, and a ball 
bad passed through the flesh of the left limb. Allen lay here 
for four months, under the hospitable roof of his kind friends, 
from whom he received the most devoted attention. I have 
often heard him speak, and he has written to me, with the 
deepest emotion and gratitude, of their goodness towards him. 
Dr. Martin was the right sort of surgeon for Allen. He was 
a Scotch Highlandman, quite as obstinate as his refractory 
])atient, and much more fiery than Allen icas able to be in the 
temporary calmness and weakness, produced by exhaustion from 
pain and great loss of blood. So he managed to compel his rest- 
less charge to obey his wise and prudent orders, and to submit to 
the strict regimen which was the only hope of saving his valu- 
able life. One day when he was convalescing, however, the 
Doctor had gone olfto visit another patient, and was expected 
to be absent most of the day. This was a ray of sunlight for our 
hero. Allen, very weary of the low diet upon which he had been 
kept so long, resolved to cheat the Doctor, take advantage of 
his opportunity, and have a good dinner: so he ordered his 
servant to bring him some pound-cake and claret, such luxuries 
as he had been craving, which the Doctor resolutely forbade. 
The Doctor being rather choleric, and knowing "/ii5 ma/z," 
used even to swear at him, when Allen would be very rebel- 
lious. Allen had himself now propped up in bed, and enjoyed 
his stolen dinner with delight, chuckling over the idea of cir- 
cumventing " the old Doctor ^'^ But his enjoyment was very 
brief; in a half-hour he was exceedingly ill, suffering most 
terribly with nausea, and entirely repentant. He sent mes- 
senger after messenger in pursuit of his Esculapius; but before 
the Doctor could get back to him nature relieved herself, and 
his stomach rejected all the improper food he had eaten ; sink- 
ing back half fainting on his pillows, he whispered ; " Thank 
God for that ! The ' old cuss'' may come now as soon as he 
pleases. He would have turned me inside out, but what he 

7 



146 RECOLLECTIOJS^S OF 

would have made me get rid of that cake ! God Uess hiyn ! 
Me can only give me a savage look now /" 

The physician and his patient used sometimes to have very 
fierce quarrels, but Dr. Martin always ended in getting matters 
his way. So Allen slowly convalesced, occasionally storming 
at Martin's rigid inflexibility, but profoundly esteeming him 
all the while. He was to the end of his life most gratefully 
devoted to him, and fully cognizant of the fact that to Dr. 
Martin's skill and firmness he owed his life and limbs. The 
Fourth Louisiana kept a watch over him. As soon as they 
learned he was out of danger^ they took the regimental bands 
and serenaded him. Boyd's Battalion presented him with 
their colors, under which he had fallen. 

He doubted whether he would ever recover the vise of hia 
right leg. In a note to a friend, H. H., about this time, he 
writes : 

Pierce's, September 3d, 1862. 
Dear Henry : 

I am sorry to hear of your illness, but I hope it will not be serious. 
Dr. Martin can't leave to-day, as I am very miwelL My right leg is giving 
me much trouble — I fear it will never get well! I have directed Henry 
to call for Dr. Laycock, who ■v^^U go down to see yon. 

My dear friend, you must stay quietly at home and get well. Don't 
think of coming up here any more, as I sMll move off to some Springs 
as soon as I possibly can. In the meaa time, I 8liall not forget you. 

Truly yonr friend, 

H. \\. Allen. 

He was often very desponding, — the confinement to bed 
was so irksome to his active, energetic nature. He would 
always resist sickness — never succumbed so long as he had 
any power to keep on bis feet. He would endure intense suf- 
fering, before he loould acknowledge any. 

Allen says in his official report of the Battle of Baton Rouge, 
referring to the disorganization of his beloved troops : " The 
officers and soldiers of this Brigade fought with much gallantry, 
and with few exceptions did their duty nobly. I have been 
informed that, upon my fall, the Brigade could not be rallied. 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 147 

This has often happened with the best of troops and the 
bravest veterans, and should not attach any disgrace to the 
soldiers. No one charges that the Brigade retreated from the 
enemy, or even retired from the place of danger. The enemy 
had been whipped, and had fled in every direction." 

" Many acts of individual heroism came under my eye, and 
I shall ever feel proud that I had the honor to command the 
Second Brigade in the Battle of Baton Rouge." 

In a letter to me, he says : " 3Iy meyi were not to Uame. You 
remember when the brave McCulloch fell, his men refused to 
pursue the enemy, so great was their grief for their com- 
mander." 

It would have been a bold man who dared to make an 
invidious expression in regard to the demoralization of the 
Fourth Louisiana on this occasion in Allen's presence. He 
would certainly have had to answer for it, with the risk of los- 
ing his life, all maimed as Allen was. 

When he had recovered sufficiently to use crutches, he went 
to visit his old regiment, the Fourth Louisiana. It was a most 
affecting scene. These scarred men pressed around him with 
shouts of applause. They seized his hands and kissed them ; 
at last some of them picked him up in their arms, embraced 
him, and bore him aloft through their camp, cheering and 
weeping as they went. Allen wept like a child. 

The enthusiastic love this man inspired in nearly all who 
approached him intimately, was very remarkable. Since his 
death, I have received many letters, from stern, strong men, 
which speak of him with almost feminine tenderness and grief. 

The Arkansas had made a fine run down the River — all was 
excitement and eager anticipation aboard of her. But the 
enthusiasm of Hope, with which every breast was glowing 
among her crew, was only to be measured by the depths of 
their consternation and despair, when they were almost in 
sight of the enemy's fleet — when they could distinctly and 
sadly number the guns of Breckinridge, as he made his attack 
on Baton Rouge, trusting, they kneio^ to their co-operation — 



148 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

then, at that critical moment, the engineers announced that 
the injury to the machinery could not be repaired by all their 
available skill. Helpless and unmanageable, the dreadful con- 
viction forced itself on every mind, that to avoid falling into 
the hands of the enemy, the crew of the Arkansas must now 
abandon and destroy her — the fate of all the Confederate 
vessels of war. It was a bitter moment. The brave crew of 
the little ram wept as they prepared her for sacrifice. Lieu- 
tenant Steevens had her moored to the shore. The enemy — 
her old enemy, the Essex, and other gunboats — cautiously ap- 
proached. The rumor of her disability had already reached 
them ; but they remembered the sharp fangs the little thing 
had exhibited so fiercely in their former strife, and they came 
up warily and distrustfully. As they drew near, Steevens 
landed his crew, cut her loose from her moorings, fired her 
with his own hand, and turned her adrift down the River. 
*' It was beautiful to see her," said Steevens, with tears in his 
eyes, " when abandoned by commander and crew, and dedi- 
cated to sacrifice, fighting the battle on her own hook." 

" With every gun shotted, the Confederate flag floating 
from her bow, not a man on board, the Arkansas bore down 
on the enemy and gave him battle. Her guns were discharged, 
one by one, as the flames reached them, and when her last 
shot was fired the explosion of the magazine ended the brief, 
glorious career of the Arkansas." 

The dwellers on the River wept when they heard tlie fate 
of the little darling. But we were not yet disheartened, 
though very anxious. Breckinridge's attack had been success- 
ful to a great extent, though he had not been able to destroy 
the fleet, as we had hoped he would. But we held the River 
for two hundred miles — could draw supj^lies from the Red 
River now, unmolested. Port Hudson was a very strong 
position, better than Baton Rouge, and Vicksburg, — we fan- 
cied — a Gibraltar. We were content with Breckinridge and 
the advantages gained by the Battle of Baton Rouge. The 
Federals put their wounded on transports and sent them down 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 149 

to New Orleans, where they could have better attention than 
at Baton Ronge. At his own earnest request, General Charles 
Clark was sent clown with them — he was anxious to be placed 
under the treatment of the great Southern Surgeon, Warren 
Stone, of New Orleans. The Federals were very courteous to 
General Clark and his aid, Lieutenant Yerger. They also 
sent down the body of their General Williams. The night 
after the transports left Baton Rouge, there was a collision 
between their boats — one of the transports was sunk. The 
collision was caused by their pilots' carelessness or ignorance, 
but they chose to say it was occasioned by Confederate Gueril- 
las on the shore firing at the boats. It was proved that there 
were no Confederates near there at that moment. However, to 
screen their pilots, vowing vengeance, the Federals ran their 
boats to shore, and sent troops to ravage and burn the houses 
near by, from which they asserted the Guerillas had come. 
They visited several plantations, robbing the houses of silver- 
plate and every valuable, insulting and frightening the women 
and children, who were alone occupying the deserted mansions. 

At the house of Mr. K , a wealthy planter, they committed 

every outrage. Mrs. K was ill, confined to her bed, with 

an infant three days old lying by her side. Her husband was 
unfortunately absent, some distance back on the plantation. 

These rude, lawless men, entered Mrs. K 's apartment, 

accosted her most insultingly, and seizing hold of the faithful 
maid, a mulattress, who clung to her mistress' bed, they con- 
ducted themselves in the most shameful manner, outraging 
every instinct of womanly honor and delicacy, totally indifl:er- 
ent to, and contemptuous of Mrs. K 's screams, her en- 
treaties for mercy for her poor frightened servant, or her peti- 
tions that if they would not desist from their barbarities, they 
would at least have the decency to quit her apartment. They 
replied with oaths and indecent ribaldry. Their ofticers did 
not interfere. The highborn and delicate lady nearly fainted 
with anguish and terror. Just at this moment her husband 
returned to the house, rushed to his wife's room, and was so 



150 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

overcome with anger and indignation at the scene before him, 
that he fell insensible to the floor, in a fit. This fearful sight 
checked the robbers in their merciless cruelty — they thought 
the man was dead. Taking off every valuable that was port- 
able, they returned to their boats, swearing the next time 

" the d d rebels fired on them, they w^ould not leave a 

stick or stone standing within ten miles of the place." 

Mr. K 's lifeless body was picked up by his servants, and 

laid out in his hall for burial; but the syncope gradually 
passed off, and he revived. In the mean time the debris of the 
transport floated down the river. Many pieces of the wreck 
and articles washed out of her, were picked up by the people 
who live on what is called " the coast." Mr. Samuel Hollings- 
worth, a planter of St. John the Baptist, a true Southern gentle- 
man, discovered the trunk of General Williams in the hands 
of some poor neighbors, who had fished it out of the river. As 
I have already stated, Williams was esteemed among the Con- 
federates. Mr. Hollingsworth purchased the trunk, with its sat- 
urated contents, took it home, had the clothes, &g. dried 
carefully, and placing them, with the daguerreotypes, and little 
shells and other articles Williams had evidently collected, 
thinking of his children's tat^tes — in another trunk, he sent the 
whole to the nearest picket-post of the Federals, with a request 
it might be delivered to AVilliams' family. Such acts of cour- 
tesy were right, and should be recorded. They soften the hor- 
rors of war. 

Both of these families, Mr. K 's and Mr. Ilollingsworth's, 

are relatives of mine. 

The Federals made an effort to get to Vicksburg by way of 
the Yazoo Pass. 

They were repulsed at Chickasaw Bluffs by Brigadier-Gene- 
ral S. D. Lee, with a small force. Pemberton was now in com- 
mand in Vicksburg. He devoted himself to strengthening the 
defences, but neglected his commissariat, and either did not, or 
could not, procure a sufiicient supply of ammunition. He had no 
caps provided for an indefinite siege. We saw the great heaps 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 151 

of corn and provisions rotting on the banks of the River at onr 
very doors, allowed to remain without even a tarpaulin spread 
over them, till they were worthless. The commissaries were very 
inefficient. The people began to murmur about it, but Pember- 
ton turned a deaf" ear to all such complaints. There was abun- 
dance in Louisiana, there was no reason why Vicksburg should 
not have been provisioned. By some mismanagement it was 
not done. 



3* 



BOOK VIII. 



" Holding the Eiver."— Taylor's Gunboat Expedition.— The Tndianola. 

In February, 1863, was organized General Taylor's gunboat 
expedition, which made considerable stir at the time, and was 
recorded as a very brilliant and dashing exploit, on the part 
of the Confederates. The expedition was proposed by Cap- 
tain James McCloskey, aid-de-camp to Taylor, and was car- 
ried into effect under the command of Major J. L. Brent. We 
held the River, between Yicksburg and Port Hudson, and it 
liad been free to the navigation of our boats, until the Indian- 
ola, a magnificent United States gunboat, succeeded in running 
the Batteries at Yicksburg, and getting into our part of the 
River, where she was like a wolf among a flock of sheep. 
Our little unarmed cotton-boats had to get out of the way, as 
fast as they could manage to do it, and seek for themselves 
hiding-places, up the Bayous and Creeks tributary to the 
River. Now the trouble was, how to 2:et rid of this Ea^-le 
among our trembling doves. We had a small, but very strong 
gunboat, that we had made out of a tug-boat, used formerly at 
the Balize. After being elevated to the rank of a ram, she 
w^as called " The Webb:' 

At the fall of New Orleans, she had been run up the Red 
River, and lay at Shreveport, being incomplete when she fled 
from New Orleans : she was not iron-plated. Brent and 
McCloskey took the Webb, the Queen of the West, a cotton- 



154: EECOLLECTIONS OF 

boat fitted wp as an improvised ram, whicli had been captured 
from the enemy, and two other ordinary steamboats, — arming 
them and protecting them with cotton-bales — and started ofi*in 
search of the superb " Indianola," who was having it all her 
own way in the River. I saw her steaming slowly down 
stream, pausing at every little town, running up to their 
wharves, with colors flying, nettings up, guns threatening, and 
drums beating to quarters, commanding the surrender of unre- 
sisting villages, from whence she however only took the mails, 
which doubtless furnished her officers with a variety of amus- 
ing reading. As she passed the Confederate batteries, on the 
heights at Grand Gulf, she exchanged a few shots with them. 
Nothing could surpass the air of leisurely indifference and cool 
contempt for the Rebels, with which this splendid boat cruised 
about in " Our River." Curses both loud and deep were 
heaped on her as she passed down and up. She was a magni- 
ficent vessel — beautiful to look at. The water was very high, 
and w^e were obliged to go about in skifis — nearly the Avhole 
country w^as submerged. We had to be very cautious at that 
time how we ventured out in the River, because the Federals 
-would catch us, destroy our boats, and take us prisoners. So 
we kept our skiffs hidden in the reeds by the river-side, or in 
secure places, and had to watch our opportunities to visit each 
other, when ow route lay hy the Rwer. It added a strange 
interest and excitement to our social intercourse, to have to 
dodge the Federals, to pay our visits. We found the Indianola 
very inconvenient. On the morning of the 24th, a lady and 
gentleman were driving rapidly, in a light carriage, to the 
landing, a few miles above Hard Times. The road between 
this place and Hard Times, where they were going to visit 
gome relatives, was all under water. The skiff which was to 
take them down the River, seven miles, to their relative's house, 
was hidden in the bushes by the shore. Just as the two were 
about to step in their little skiff, the negro man who was their 
oarsman made an exclamation. 

The "Indianola" was just turning tha point, steaming slowly 



HENRY WATKIKS ALLEN. 155 

— carelessly sauntering up the River. The *' vogageurs''' 
sprang out of their skiff, hid it agam. and stood concealed be- 
hind some trees (else they would have been lired at) until the 
boat should pass. After she had gotten out of sight they hauled 
out their skitf again, and started down on their short voyage. 
They had barely gotten out into the middle of the stream, in- 
tending to take advantage of the current to aid them in their 
descent, when the gentleman made a hasty ejaculation. There 
wei-e three distinct columns of black smoke and steam rising 
behind a point of land just ahead of them. The voyageurs be- 
gan to think themselves " gone^^ noio ! They were too far out 
in the River to be undiscovered, or to get back to the covert of 
the shore. They had just a minute to nerve themselves up 
" for any fate," even that of imprisonment in the filthy jails of 
Memphis or New Orleans, when three boats rounded the point, 
and swept up to them tinder full pressure of steam. 

" It is no use to try to run, we had better stand our grormd," 
said the lady. "Perhaps they may let us off. You are a harm- 
less physician, a non-combatant, and I have nothing about me 
more equivocal than my parasol !" 

"Well, I suppose it will be best !" replied the gentleman. 

"That ain't no Yankee flag J'' growled the negro, who had 
been carefully observing the new-comers on the field. " It 
ain't got no blue in it, and iVs got a cross on it, I never' seed 
it before.'''' 

To stand up in their little boat, making it rock in rather an 
alarming style on the waves, now running towards them from 
the boats as they passed, was the natural impulse of the two 
Confederates. 

" Good Heavens ! it is the Confederate flag — row on ! brisk ! 
it is all right !" 

Subsiding into their seats, they rowed on to meet the steam- 
ers, with feelings of mingled relief and apprehension. Did 
those Confederate boats know that the Indianola was just 
above them ? Were they not rushing ignorantly in the lion's 
mouth ? 



156 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

" Josh, row so we can hail the boats !" 

Josh obeyed. They came up, j^cissed the Queen of the West, 
the Grand Era, and the little Webb, which was so much faster 
than the other two, she ran like a duck all around them. The 
gentleman stood up in the skiff, raised his hat, and shouted, — 
the decks were manned with gray-coated men — " The Indian- 
ola is just above youV pointing with his hand to the column 
of black smoke, yet visible, floating back from her pipes. 

" Ay ! ay ! we are looking for her ! ! /" 

Then the occupants of the skiff knew they had met " Gen- 
eral Taylor's Gunboat Expedition^ And the lady took off 
her hat and veil, and raised up above her bare head her 
clasped hands, in prayer to heaven, and then extended them 
with a blessing towards the steamers, passing rapidly. And 
the gray-coated men recognized the unspoken prayer and 
blessing, and they made the welkin ring with a cheer of 
hopefulness. And then the woman sat down and wept under 
her veil in silence, over her brothers now on the battle-field, 
and her struggling country. The travellers in the skiff arrived 
at their destination in safety, about 10 p. m. They heard the 
sound of the guns of the fight. The rest we give in the words 
of the Official Report to General Brent. It is from McCloskey, 
who commanded the " Queen of the West." 

Major J. L. Brent, Commanding : 

Major — I have the honor to submit to you the following report of the 
operations of the boat under my command in the engagement on the 
24tli, which resulted in the capture of the Federal iron-clad "Indianola." 

When proceeding up the Mississippi Paver, it was apparent that we 
could easily overhaul the enemy on tlie morning of the 24th, but in 
obedience to your orders our advance was delayed in order that we 
might attack him under cover of night. 

We first discovered him about 9.30 P. M., lying quartering down 
stream, with his head towards the Louisiana shore — his sides protected 
by two large barges, loaded with coal, and extending from a little for- 
ward of her bow, back to her wheels. I immediately attempted to run 
him down, aiming at his wheel-house, but seeing our approach, he com- 
menced backing his engines, and we neooBsarily struck his coal-barge 



UENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 1 57 

about twenty feet from its stern, passing entirely through it and into 
his side, disabling his wheel. The wreck of the barge had hardly disax>- 
peared, when the " Webb" came dashing up below us and struck the 
enemy on the bow, starting her other barge adrift and inj uring him 
severely. The " Webb" was scarcely out of the way, when v.e ran into 
him the second time, striking him nearly in the centre and glancing 
imder stern. We then ran off some distance, rounded to, and headed for 
the third blow, which we gave him with very heavy force abaft the star- 
board wheel. By tliis time we were considerably damaged, having 
received two of the enemy's heavy shot, one striking us on the port 
knuckles, killing two men, wounding four, and disabling three guns — the 
other striking our starboard knuckle, knocking overboard some fifteen 
bales of cotton, causing us to list very much to port. This was immedi- 
ately remedied by throwing off cotton from the port side, and we were 
then in position for another blow, when it was announced that the " In- 
dianola" had surrendered. 

The next morning, at daylight, the Grand Era ran past Hard 
Times, loaded with prisoners, whom she pot out at the bat- 
teries above Grand Gulf, to be sent on to Vicksburg. The 
" Indianola" was run as near as she could be got to the shore, 
and sunk in nine feet water. A lieutenant and some men were 
put on board of her, and the expedition returned in triumph, 
up the Red River. 

Three days after, the Federals sent a canard down the River, 
consisting of an old hulk, painted black, and armed with logs — 
which ran past the Batteries of Vicksburg. As it had no men 
on board, of course it could not reply to the shots poured into 
it. The officer in command at Vicksburg, telegraphed to the 
Lieutenant who watched the Indianola, " to blow her ?/^)," as 
a gunboat had succeeded in running j^ast the Batteries. The 
Lieutenant hesitated, but on the command being repeated, ho 
loaded the heavy guns, started a fuse, and abandoned the 
"Indianola." At daybreak on the 1st of March, we were all 
startled by the tremendous explosion, which shook the houses 
for miles around. We knew then the " Indianola" was de- 
stroyed. The canard floated quietly down, lodged at Palmyra 
(formerly General Quitman's plantation), and was filled up by 



158 RECOLLECTIONS. 

the owner of the plantation with hay and corn, and sent down 
with the supply to his family at Natchez. 

The " voyagenrs" of that eventful day, never met each other 
again. The gentleman Avas carried off, late in the war, from 
the town of St. Joseph, by the Federals, and died a prisoner at 
Alton. The woman lives still, to w^eep over the misfortunes of 
her fl^mily and her people. Pollard is in error in attributing 
this brilliant little affair to Walker and Huttox. MeCloskey 
proposed it, and commanded the " Queen of the West," which 
dkl the icork. 

Walker was not with the Expedition, and Hutton was sick 
on board the Dr. Batey, which was only a Tender. 



BOOK IX. 



Grant's March. — Fall of Vicksburg. — The Eiver lost. 

What we planters, living in Louisiana below the famous 
" (7ana^," had been anticipating, came to pass. Grant per- 
ceived that he could very easily march down the Richmond 
road, where we drove our carriages at nearly all seasons of the 
year, except during an overflow of the River. 

We had not anticipated the movement of Grant's whole 
army, because we thought that would be too rash a proceeding 
on his part; — common sense suggesting, even to our unmili- 
tary minds, that he ought to be met and cut to pieces while 
attempting to cross the River, or at some point on his necessa_ 
rily prolonged march. But we did not make allowances for 
inconceivable blunders, unexpected ignorance, want of men, 
mutual misunderstanding, seeming negligence, or errors of 
judgment on the part of somebody, or of everybody in com- 
mand of military affairs in this Department. We anticipated 
heavy raids on the part of Grant, by way of the Ric^imond 
road all Winter and Spring. We talked of them openly, among 
ourselves. There had been a raid of a large force, sent by 
General Williams in the year preceding — the 4th of July, 1862, 
when the Federals carried off all our negro men, to work on 
the " Canal." The Federals knew the country by this time, 
better than we did. Pemberton had made up his mind that 
" it was as impossible for Grant to invest Yicksburg from a 



160 RECOLLECTIOXS OF 

base below, as it was for Banks to besiege Port Hudson from a 
base above." So his attention was directed principally to- 
wards Haines' Bluff, and to retaining the long line, and the 
works on the Yazoo. 

We, however, had even removed some " valuables," in an- 
ticipation of these heavy raids. Nothing is easier than to sit 
calmly down by one's fireside, after an event is over, and there 
criticize it to one's heart's content ! One has then the board 
with all the moves before one, in this intricate chess-game of 
war ! But, in writing of matters of history, and holding a 
vehme gericht upon the conduct of our leaders, it is essential 
first to disabuse one's mind of partialities and prejudices, and 
even of knowledge acquired since the event occurred — to be- 
come, as Swedenborgians say, " vastatedP Then endeavoring 
to seize the points of the situation, and striving to become per- 
meated with all the spirit of the moment of which we write — 
appreciating carefully all its difiiculties, all its anxieties, its 
complications, its confusions, its ignorances, we may draw 
conclusions and form judgments! This is not an agreeable 
nor a simple task — especially for a woman ; but it must be 
remembered I am not writing history, but telling the story of 
my friend's life to the people who loved him. I write for the 
South — not for critics. 

So much I deem it just to premise before plunging into the 
details of a campaign, which has caused much angry discussion 
and bitter feeling among our own people. It is now, however, 
only a subject i'ov judicicd investigation — no longer demonstra- 
tive nor deliberative. I can only state facts, leaving every one 
at liberty to draw his own conclusions. 

There was high water at that time, but it icas 02ot high 
enough by several feet to aid us, as ice desired, in our defence 
— not high enough to submerge " the Richmond road." We 
tried to cut levees to overflow it, but did not succeed. People 
who had burned thousands of bales of cotton, taken the bells down 
out of their churches and plantation belfries — to prevent the one 
from falling into the hands of the enemy, and in order to give 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 161 

the others to be melted and cast into cannon — were not unwil- 
ling to rival the Netherlanders, where they could cut their 
dykes to any advantage. But the River was not full enough to 
help us. Harrison had a small force of a few hundred men to 
defend this practicable route to Vicksburg. The batteries at 
Grand Gulf, about thirty miles below, were very small, though 
strong and well-placed, being located on the sides of two hills, 
one at either end of the village, which was built on the valley 
between them, nestled at the foot of a lofty range, that rose 
precipitously, making a picturesque background to the houses, 
which, in some instances, were perched on small plateaux cut 
out of the hill-sides. The projecting spurs of these great piles 
of conglomerate earth, sand, gravel, shells, and limestone rock, 
advanced quite to the margin of the River, in a bold isolation, 
their bases being washed by the swift current of the Missis- 
sippi. They jDrovided admirable locations for batteries, enabling 
the Confederates to sweep the river with their shot for miles on 
either side. From their summits signals could be conveyed to 
great distances over the champaign of Louisiana, which lay 
stretched out like a map, on the opposite side of the river. 
The whole of this range of hills was covered with emerald- 
green.grasses, and thinly wooded, to their very tops, with oak 
and broad-branching black walnut trees. About the cottage 
houses were clustered vines,* roses, and the never-failing 
" China-tree." It was a pretty little place. The Big Black 
made its embouchure on one side of the more northern hill, 
and its mouth was protected by formidable batteries. The 
Bayou Pierre flowed into the River some miles below\ This 
stream, navigable at certain seasons for boats of heavy tonnage, 
ran up in a circling course, turned several miles in the rear of 
Grand Gulf, and then flowed quietly past the beautiful inland 

* I have drunk an excellent wine, made from foreign grapes, accli- 
mated on the hills of Grand Gulf, by Mr. Pierson — a sweeter wine than any 
I drank in Texas from the native grape. The hills around the Gulf af- 
ford good shelter for vines ! It seems to me as good a location for them 
as the Rhine mountains. 



162 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

village of Port Gibson. There was a railroad, of eight miles 
length, connecting Port Gibson and Grand Gulf. There was a 
magnificent bridge, built on solid masonry, over the Bayou 
Pierre, where it bisected this road. The Confederates had dis- 
cussed the propriety of fortifying the Bayou Pierre, but unfor- 
tunately concluded the batteries at Grand Gulf to be sufficient 
for the defence of the River here. At the mouth of the Bayou 
Pierre, on the south side, lay the plantation of " Bruinsburg." 
The land which stretched from Grand Gulf to the mouth of the 
Bayou Pierre, was a low, level swamp, running back from the 
Mississippi to the base of the hills, for several miles, intersected 
with small running streams or bayous, only navigable for skiffs. 
At this time nearly all this region of lowland was under water. 
There were but three landing-places for many miles — Grand 
Gulf, Bruinsburg, and Hodney. Grant chose Bruinsburg as 
his point of debarcation, after he had arrived at *' Hard Times^'' 
a plantation at the south end of Lake St. Joseph, on the Louisi- 
ana side, three miles above Grand Gulf. When he started on 
his march, he was going to Rodney. All estates in the South 
have names given them, for the convenience of marking cotton 
bales ; also, I suppose, from a feeling of pride in the landowners, 
being a remnant of Anglo-Saxon" customs. Bruinsburg be- 
longed to the Evans' estate, a family whose ancestor had not 
been undistinguished in the war of 1814. Colonel Harrison, 
with a small body, composed of the Tensas cavalry and some 
other troops, were stationed as pickets near New Carthage, a 
pretty village on the Mississippi River, in Madison Parish. 
Lake St. Joseph forms a horse-shoe, an arable arc, about 
eighteen miles long, which curves with its convex side towards 
the River, either end about one mile distant from the River, ter- 
minating in a small bayou. New Carthage is situated about eight 
miles above the north end of the lake. Just below New Carthage 
lies the magnificent estate of " Somerset," formerly belonging to 
Hon. John Perkins, who is now a colonist at Carlotta,in Mexico. 
Lake St. Joseph is the second of the string of lakes, which form 
the most distinctive and beautiful ornament of the State of Lou- 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 163 

isiana,— Lake Providence (into which the Federals tried to cut 
the beginning of their canal, designed to run down into the River 
" Bayou Mayon," after they failed, in the shorter one, on the isth- 
mus opposite Vicksburg), being the first of this necklace of pearls. 
Lake Bruin is the third, about three miles lower down than St. 
Joseph ; then come St. Peter and St. Paul, St. John (a lovely' 
piece of water), Lake Concordia, &c., &c. These lakes present 
the most charming feature of the State, and are connected with 
a network of bayous and small streams. They abound in fish 
and waterfowl, and the lands adjoining them are eagerly sought 
after as residences by the planters of North Louisiana. 

At that time there was a camp of Listruction on Lake Bruin. 
Here was a Battery, as a reserve, and one company of cavalry. 
Bowen had three thousand men all told in his camp at Port 
Gibson and Grand Gulf. These were the only troops to con- 
test Grant's advance on Vicksburg with 90,000 men. 

Harrison was surprised early one morning by the rushing in 
of his pickets, saying, " the Yankees were marching down in 
force towards his small camp," which was pitched in the 
deserted " Quarter'''' of " Somerset." Harrison's men were at 
breakfast. This company, the Tensas Cavalry, was composed 
of the first men in the Parish. Young men, who counted their 
wealth, at that time, by millions, not by thousands of dollars. 
Harrison did not wait to mount his men, but ordering them to 
spring hastily to their arms, he formed them on foot behind 
the Levee, and waited the appearance of the enemy. The 
Federals soon came in sight, led by Colonel Stuart, a very 
gallant man. The Federals numbered about two hundred and 
fifty men— it was a party of reconnoissance. The Confederates 
had not more than a hundred men. The Federals came up 
boldly. Through their spies (whom they found no difiiculty in 
obtaining among the negroes), they knew the exact location 
and means of resistance of Harrison's small force. The Con- 
federates now fired a volley, which was quickly returned. 
Stuart came out in advance of his troop, drew his sword, and 
rode to and fro determinately, marshalling them in line of 



ICJ: RECOLLECTIONS OF 

battle for a charge on the Levee, beliind which the Confederates 
Avere ranged. Then turning with his face to the foe, he led 
the charge gallantly. Just at that instant clicked one of the 
unerring rifles of a Confederate, accustomed from boyhood to 
fihoot birds on the wing, in the marshes and lakes of his native 
Louisiana. The noble Stuart fell. His men recoiled. At this 
moment the negro servants of the Confederate soldiers brought 
up their masters' horses, which they had of their own accord, 
without orders, saddled, and now brought to their owners. 
The Confederates sprang on their horses, dashed down the 
Levee on the Federals, who were still in some confusion, fired 
on them with their revolvers. The enemy retreated : Harrison 
pushed after them, and ran them several miles back on " the 
Richmond road." It was a pell-mell flight on the part of the 
Federals. When Harrison and his men returned from their 
race, they found Stuart was still living, though bleeding very 
much from a wound clear through the lungs. They picked 
him up and carried him as gently as they could into a house 
near by. The surgeon immediately examined the wound, and 
tried to stanch it and save the brave man, whose " pluck" 
they all admired ; but it was in vain, the greatest skill was 
powerless to save him. The rifle "that never failed" had done 
its work too surely ! They did all they could for him — tried 
to make him comfortable. They asked some questions about 
Grant's army, which he declined to answer. They did not 
press him. Thus his enemies remained, ministering to this 
brave man till he died. He lived several hours. He asked 
tliem " to send word to General McClernand, he had tried to 
do his duty." After he was dead, the Confederates had a coflin 
made and buried him as decently as they could. Two days 
after, a flag of truce was sent, to ask for Stuart's body. It was 
exhumed and delivered to the Federal ofiicer, together with 
his sword, pistols, watch, spurs, etc., etc. The Federal seemed 
much touched, and was very grateful to the Confederates for 
the manner in which Stuart had been treated by tliem. But 
Harrison repulsed his expressions of obligation with a smile. 



HEXRY WATKINS ALLEN. 165 

"He was a brave man, sir! and Southern soldiers don't prey 
upon brave men — after they are killed !" 

Latei", Bowen re-enforced Harrison with 1,800 men from 
Grand Gulf — noble Missourians ! My heart warms Avhenever 
I speak of Bowen and his self-denying troops ! Those men 
endured every thing — every privation — with a heroism, a self- 
devotion, a cheerfulness that was astounding ! They lived on 
parched corn for days, at this time, without a murmur, having 
neglected to bring sufficient rations with them, in the hastiness 
of their removal. As soon as the people discovered this, they 
had bread baked and sent to them regularly. So long as we 
could remain at home, the soldiers could command all we pos- 
sessed. " Our own hoys'^ were all privates in the army : our 
hearts were very tender towards all Confederate soldiers ! 

Grant now advanced in earnest. Harrison had a sharp fight 
near IS ew Carthage, with Grant's foremost troops ; but finding 
that the vanguard, who were beaten back at first, grew every 
moment more and more in numbers and in strength upon his 
hands, as fast as the armed men did from the serpent's teeth 
of Cadmus, Harrison was compelled to fall back, burning the 
bridges and disputing the road, as he slowly retired. The 
Federals had kept their counsels so close and so well, that no 
one suspected that Grant was really advancing in all his 
strength to invest Vicksburg or assail it in the rear. 

As the Levees were broken, the whole country was sub- 
merged except on the ridges. The lake-bank formed one of 
these ridges, on which ran the only road now practicable. 

Our houses and gardens were situated on this wide ridge. 
It was a lovely spot then — one of the Paradises of Louisiana. 
These estates had been the homes of cultivated people since 
the settlement of the colony of Louisiana. The houses were as 
handsome as Southern country-houses could be made ; — built 
in villa style, with wide porticoes or " galleries," and large halls 
running through them ; windows, glazed to the floor, opening 
on shady porches, overlooking beautiful gardens, whose roses 
rivalled those of Cashmere ; the roofs of green ; and hot-houses 



166 RECOLLECTIO^s^S OF 

glinted and shimmered under the glowing sunshine. Mirrors 
lined the spaces on the walls, unoccupied by treasures of art — 
great chandeliers swung their pendants from the lofty stuccoed 
ceilings — brocatelles and velvets covered the soft-cushioned 
lounges and graceful fauteuils — satin and lace curtains flowed 
round the tall windows. The sound of the harp, the piano, or 
the more solemn swell of sacred music, often rose on the air, 
awakened by the skilful fingers of the women who called these 
pleasant abodes their homes. Every means of elegant leisure, 
amusement, luxury, and convenience were assembled under 
those roofs. Books for the studious — horses and equipages for 
the gay — row-boats on the Lake. Forests full of game at the 
back of the plantations, cellars filled with rare wines, and oc- 
cupants who were famed throughout the State for lavish hos- 
pitality, and whose family tree extended its ramifications 
over half of Louisiana and Mississippi. In the centre of these 

plantations lived Mr. J R , the Patriarchal Head of the 

family, who saw his descendants to the fourth generation, 
clinging about his knees. Most of the residents fled at the 
approach of the Federals. We had no right to expect from 
them any better treatment than other Southerners had re- 
ceived where their army had gone. There were only non-com- 
batants among us, old men, women, and children ; every young 
man of our blood, who could manage a musket, was already a 
volunteer in the Southern army. It was a terrible day for us. 
We had to take leave of our pleasant homes, brightening in the 
brilliant sunlight (it was an unusually clear bright day, even in 
our exquisite climate) ; — to take a last hurried look at our 
gardens, radiant with bloom and fragrancy, and at the smiling 
Lake, basking, sparkling like a sardonyx in a green enamelled 
setting. We fled in every direction — some, in skifls, sought a 
refuge in the impenetrable swamps — others crossed the River, 
seeking a vain security among the hills of Mississippi. On all 
the plantations an overseer was left to take charge of the place 
and negroes. It was because we were afraid to stay — being 
only women and a few old men — that we fled, hoping to re- 



HENRY WATKINS ALLE]^. 167 

turn in a few days, after the Federal army had either passed or 
retired. Year after year rolled on its leaden days of wretched 
anxiety, privation, and sorrow, before any of us returned 
to weep over heaps of ashes, and tall gaunt chimney-stacks, 
rising like indices towards Heaven, telling of ruin and desola- 
tion. The Federals took a delight in the most wanton destruc- 
tion of every thing. They dragged out the beautiful rose-wood 
furniture and made bonfires of it, while they played Yankee 
Doodle and Hail Columbia on the grand Pleyel and Erard 
pianos, and danced round the fires fed by such costly fuel. 
They stole what pictures and gems of art they chose, and burnt 
up the rest. They threw open the houses to be gutted by the 
negroes, and then they set fire to them and burnt them. 

From one house alone, that of Mr. J R , EUett's Marine 

Brigade stole over thirty thousand dollars worth of table 
silver. Of course, this was the fortune of war. We do not 
eomplain — neither can we be expected to forget. 

Generals Sherman, Osterhaus, etc., etc., knew how we suf- 
fered, and what we lost. But the Confederate army under 
General Lee, were not allowed to commit such outrages, when 
in Pennsylvania. 

At New Carthage an incident occurred of which we heard 
at the time, which deserves to be recorded to the glory of 

Southern women. Mrs. and her niece, Miss , were 

left on one of their plantations alone, by the husband of 

Mrs. . He was in the Confederate army. Mrs. had 

been deserted by all her slaves as the Federals advanced (all 
who were still living returned to her afterwards) ; but at this 
time she was left alone. She and her niece were obliged to do 
all their own work with their own hands. 

To Southern ladies, manual labor, though under the circum- 
stances only ennobling and patriotic, mentally^ was inconven- 
ient ^xi^ phijsically painful. It bhstered our hands and made 
them ache, to cook, and wash, and scrub ; hut we did it I Thank 
God! iQw women were derelict in duty. Southern women 
learned to use their little, soft, white hands in every way be- 



168 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

fore this war closed, — in the kitchen, in the hospital, in the 
loom, everywhere, — even sometimes upon the lock of a re- 
volver, in defence of their own honor. The Federals showed 
no mercy to Southern women. They said we kept up the war- 
feeling among our men ! Some few of their officers are, how- 
ever, to be honorably exempted from this sweeping assertion. 
Such men as Brigadier-General Williams, General David 
Stuart, Judge William Bennett, General Canby, at Santa Fe, 
in some instances General Davidson and some others, were 
very courteous to us. 

I dare here to express openly my deep gratitude to General 
Davidson for his firmness in protecting my young brother, 
W'ho had been desperately wounded in a skirmish near Natchez, 
from the violence of a cruel mob of brutal men and negro 
soldiers ; who would else have torn the bleeding boy in pieces. 
Davidson treated him as a prisoner of war should be treated, 
put a guard around his couch — permitted his friends to nurse 
him back into life, and said " he should be protected, if it 
took every man in the Department to do it." For this we 
must be ever grateful to General Davidson. 

Captain Kinnimant also protected a helpless family of ladies, 
who were ordered to jail by the brutality of General Brayman, 
at the risk of losing his position, saying, " If these ladies had 
to go to prison, he would go too, and protect them." By his 
manly firmness he saved them from that indignity, and pre- 
vented the robbing of their house, by the greed of the com- 
mandant and soldiers. 

I am glad to acknowledge such acts of courtesy. General 
Ransom, at Natchez, and General McPherson, too, were just to 
us — when in their power to be so. Those Federal officers who 
retained humanity and courtesy towards us, while they were 
enemies, remembering that they were gentlemen, dealing with 
ladies, even though the wives and sisters of their foes, will 
never find us ungrateful or forgetful. Their names will be 
transmitted with honor to future generations among us. I 
must also mention here the name of Captain Wright, of the 



1 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 169 

Avenger, who always protected women and children when ho 
could. 

But Butler, Banks, Dana, Brayman, Tuttle, are names that 
we shudder to pronounce. 

" But their ill fame their deeds so run before, 
That men, whate'er tliey did, rebuke no more, 
Nor longer care to waste one moment's time 
On such immense capacity for crime." 

Miss had waded in water up to her waist more than 

once, and walked miles to carry warnings to Harrison's pickets. 

After the skirmish at New Carthage, Mrs. learned that 

Harrison, being compelled to retreat, had left the dead body 
of a young Confederate soldier lying unburied at New Car- 
thage. She and her niece got in a " dug-out," a very danger- 
ous sort of a craft, for any but an Indian to paddle, rowed 
themselves several miles down the Bayou, went to the Federal 
commander, and asked for the body of the young Confederate, 
which was lying out on the Levee, where he had fallen : they 
received permission to take it. These modern Antigones lifted 
it up, laid it carefully in their canoe, rowed back home, dug a 
grave, and buried it. Two months after, I saw these ladies 
camped by the roadside in Franklin Parish, with a few boards 
over their heads, as a temporary shelter from the rain and sun ; 
lying at night on the ground, with only a blanket between 
them and the earth, and a " cashmere shawV as a covering for 
themselves and two little children, living on corn-bread and 
bacon — homeless, but cheerful, strong, and brave — without a 
change of clothing, until they procured some homespun to 
make some garments : they had lost every thing but their 
courage and their patriotism. Then we did not doubt for one 
moment our ultimate success, and so we laughed at privation, 
toil, and exposure. It was almost a satisfaction to us to endure 
them. Were not our best beloved, the idols of our hearts, 
bearing them in the camps for us f We were proud to be 
the mothers, wives, and sisters of our heroes, ano? to suffer with 



170 REGOLLECnOXS OF 

them ! Soutliern men have heen noble in tliis war — Southern 
women have been nobler. The remembrance of the sufferinga 
I have witnessed, borne with the steadfast soul of an Alcestis, 
by some of my nobler countrywomen, makes me draw my 
breath gas^Dingly, and sends a shudder through every quivering 
nerve. The South may have been wrong in the casus belli ; 
but we were not wrong in our self-denial and patriotism. 
With the politics of our men, we had nothing to do. But we 
were rights very right, to aid " our ow7i^'' even, like our Pelican, 
with our very hearts' blood. We are not to be blamed for 
this instinct of nature and true womanhood. 

Grant marched about 60,000 men down Lake St. Joseph 
to Hard Times. There were several Bayous of running water, 
one very deep and wide, tributary to the Lake. This deep 
Bayou (Clark's), which would been called a river elsewhere, 
was fortified with cotton-bales, and held by Harrison three 
days against the Federal vanguard. But the Federals dis- 
covering, through their spies, that they could flank the Con- 
federates by making a detour of a few miles and passing through 
a good deal of shallow water, Harrison had to fall back. The 
batteries at Grand Gulf were still held firmly against the gun- 
boats and transports, by the Missourians under Colonel Wade. 
For two days these boats were kept back, until a shell struck 
Wade, as he was standing on an exposed gun directing the 
fire on the enemy, and he dropped dead, shot through the brain. 
In the confusion caused by this fire, transports loaded with 
troops succeeded in getting past. The only road for Grant^s 
land-forces lay down the Hard Times Levee. The country on 
every side was under water, and this narrow dyke, broad 
enough for a single carriage to drive on, was the only Ararat, 
standing out from the sea of waters. Harrison tried to cut 
this : he tried twice to mine it and blow it up with gunpowder, 
but he failed. The Levee was too solid and too wet, and he 
had not time to dig it down ; the Federals were pressing him 
too close. We prayed for the River to break it, but it did not 
respond to our prayers in 1863. 



HENRY WATKIKS ALLEN. 171 

It would have been impossible to have pontooned a crevasse, 
at least tor several weeks. The river rushes through " a break" 
with tlie velocity, fierceness, and roar of the rapids at 
Niagara. 

Bowen had visited Harrison's camp at New Carthage, about 
the 11th of April, and returned immediately to his post near 
Port Gibson. 

General Grant now crossed his men without molestation. 
Bowen sent a despatch in cipher to General Pemberton, saying, 
"The enemy are now marching down the Lake St. Joseph 
plankroad, opposite me, in immense numbers." 

Pemberton threw the despatch on the table, saying, '''•Boioen 
is macir He considered it impossible for the enemy to re- 
main any length of time separated from " a base." He was 
right in that idea. They conquered " a base" very soon, on the 
Yazoo, and it was all over with Vicksburg ; but General Pem- 
berton's movements will be elaborately ex2:)lained later, so I do 
not stop here to dwell on them. 

Harrison was retreating fighting at Clark's Bayou with 
Grant's vanguard, and Bowen listened in despair to the rever- 
berations of the feeble guns trying to check the enemy's over- 
powering numbers. Then Bowen marched with his little 
handful of gallant Missourians, hoping at least to embarrass the 
Federal advance, and delay it until he could receive re-enforce- 
ments — which seemed to come so tardily, — which never 
came to any extent, alas, for Vicksburg. 

Harrison had an artillery duel of three hours on Choctaw 
Bayou, which connects the lakes St. Joseph and Bruin : his men 
stood nobly at their guns, though their pieces were insuffi- 
cient, and of too short range to reach the enemy, who poured 
on them shot and shell with long-range cannon. Harrison, 
however, had only one man wounded here. He now retreated 
from this point, back into the svvamp towards Tensas river. 
The fight at Clark's Bayou occurred on the 18th Apiil, 

Bowen made a gallant but inefl:ectual resistance, skirmishing 
for three dayss, and making a heavy fight at the Bayou Pierre, 



172 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

near Port Gibson. Bowen defeated the Federal advance 
under Carr, on the 1st day of May. Grant now sent an ex- 
press to Sherman to join him immediately with his 24,000 men. 
Pemberton re-enforced Bowen, but grudgingly, it seemed. He 
sent him one Brigade under Tracey. These men fought well. Tra- 
cey was killed at Port Gibson. Just asTracey's body was borne 
off the field, another Brigade (Baldwin's) marched on. Thus 
Pemberton despatched these troops, it seemed to us, in morsels, 
just sufficient to glut the giant's maw, when he should have 
fallen on him, with his whole force, and crushed him. 

Bowen now sent troops to Grand Gulf, dismantled the Bat- 
teries there which had done such good service, and began to 
retreat towards Vicksburg. The little village of Grand Gulf, 
Allen's early home in Mississippi, was a mass of ruins. It had 
been completely sacked by the Federals in 1862. I walked 
over it, when there was not a house standing, and gathered 
the delicate roses, that had sprung up from the roots of the 
burned bushes, and still leant lovingly, their perfumed faces, 
on the broken columns and piles of burnt brick. The Federals 
had flanked these Batteries, by ascending the Bayou Pierre, 
which was, unfortunately, " not fortified.''^ Bowen had forty- 
five hundred men ; with the most desperate valor he could do 
nothing against 60,000 men. A part of Bowen's force (Bald- 
win's brigade) had marched one hundred miles, and fought ten 
hours in three days and nights. The Confederates reached the 
Big Black river in the middle of the night. They could find 
no one to point out the Ford of the River. Searching around, 
they discovered a house on a plantation near. It was occu- 
pied only by a young girl of eighteen and her mother. Their 
male relatives were all in the Southern army. The young 
girl knew the Ford, but the officers hesitated to ask her to go 
with them, at that hour, and show it ! But she said very sim- 
ply, pointing to the stable, " General Loring, have my horse 
saddled — I will show you the Ford ! I am not afraid to trust 
myself, anywhere, at any hour, with my countrymen." 

The officer obeyed. The young girl mounted her horse, 



HENRY WATKIKS ALLEK 173 

rode in front of the army, conducted them across the Ford, 
and several miles through by-paths, until she led them safely to 
the high road leading to Vicksbiirg. Then putting her horse at 
full speed, slie rode back alone, in the dark night, to her 
mother, protected only by her own innocence, her trust in God, 
and her faith in her countrymen. 

In relating the rest of this sorrowful story, I think ii best, 
instead of using my own words and expressions, sucli crude 
opinions as one so ignorant in military matters could form, to 
exhibit simply documents which have been placed in my hands 
for reference, connecting them with such short explanations as 
may be needful for their intelligibility. This is, perhaps, more 
tedious to the reader ; but though defeated, our military leaders 
still have keen sensibility to the condition of their fame in the 
hearts and mouths of our conquered jDcople, and we care still to 
know how faithfully our battles w^ere fought, even though they 
were lost. I have to explain why Pemberton did ?iot abandon 
Vicksburg, and meet Grant at Bruinsburg. 

Extract from a letter of General Johnston, dated 

Jackson, Dec. 31st, 18G2. 
It seems to me tliat in Vicksburg we should have just the force 
necessary to its defence : the remaining infantry, to constitute an active 
army, which, if you should be invested, might attack the enemy in rear. 
This seems to me the only chance for driving him off. Should he invest 
the force you have ordered to the place, the remaining force, only 11,000, 
could not attack with decided hope of success. At the same time, your 
auxiliary positions, Chickasaw Bayou and Snydefs Mills, depend for 
connection with the place upon the difficulty of the ground along the Yazoo. 
I fear that the Federals may causeway the swamp, as well as bridge the 
Lake. In which event, upon reaching the firm ground, the garrisons 
of the outposts would either be captured or driven off. I regret that 

so DIFFICULT A SYSTEM WAS UNDERTAKEN. BY HOLDING ViCKSBURG 

ALONE, with the other troops in observation, I think ice would have been 
safer. Joseph E. Johnston. 

This extract is given to show how essentially General John 
ston and Lieutenant-General Pemberton differed in their views, 
as early as December, 1S62. The system of defence adopted 



174 EECOLLECTIONS OF 

by Pemberton had so far given complete and entire success, 
acjainst a vastly superior force. General Johnston's plan is 
developed above. It might perhaps have brought only disas- 
ter and speedier ruin to the Cause. In connection with this 
subject, one should refer to the following extract from the 
diary of McClernand's Chief of Cavalry, Colonel W. Stewart, 
U. S. A. It is well to add, that the selection of General Van 
Dorn to command the cavalry expedition against Grant's rear, 
was made by Pemberton, that he received no instructions 
except from Pemberton, and that he carried out those instruc- 
tions, especially against Holly Springs. The United States 
Army, under General Sherman (McClernand not having 
arrived at the mouth of the Yazoo untilJanuary 2, 1863), con- 
sisted of two Army Corps — his OAvn, the 13th, and the 15th, 
under General George W. Morgan. 

The designation of each brigade and regiment of the re- 
spective corps is given in the diary. They seem to have been of 
equal numerical strength, judging by the number of the Regi- 
ments. That of Sherman's only is given in a tabular form — 
Siggvegate present for duty^ 15,952 ; present, sick, 3,944. Total 
present, 19,896. Supposing Morgan's Corps of the same 
strength, the entire army may be set down at 40,000. The 
Confederate force did not exceed 10,000 or 12,000. 

Extract from diary of Col. Vfilliam Stetcart, loth Illinois Cavalry, U- S. A., 

Chief of McClernancVs Cauilry, ire the Expedition against VicJcs- 

burg, Dec, 1862, and Jan., 18G3. 

" General Mc demand communicated (Dec. 28tli), with General Grant 

at Holly Springs. Learned that Vicksburg expedition had left with great 

haste, December 20th, with orders to attack rapidly. General Sherman 

said " he would not let grass grow under his feet." January 2d, 1863 : 

Learned, at mouth of Yazoo, that our forces had been repulsed, and were 

then re-embarked, destined for Milliken's Bend. General Sherman came 

down, and said to General McClernand, " I have found it impossible to 

carry the enemy's works, on account of resistance, and the swampy nar 

ture of the approach. I had proposed to storm the enemy's ^vorks at 

Haines' Bluff, but the Admiral declined, saying it was too hazardous. I 

then determined to retire to Milliken's Bend.' " 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 175 

■** General McClernand suggested a point nearly opposite Vicksburg, to 
prevent communication with his {Cjn/alerate} supplies and rc-enforcc- 
mentsfrom the interior," " General Sherman said Milliken's Eend was 
the place, on account of its being dry and high land." " He also expressed 
great surprise when he was informed that Grant's communications had 
been cut, and that he had fallen back ; he (Sherman) had expected every 
moment to hear his cannon in the rear of Vicksburg." 

Jackson, March 20, 18G3. 
Brigadier-General Bowen, Grand Gidf: 

Give every aid in your power ta the construction and laying of a raft in 
the Big Black, in charge of General Steevenson. How about your heavy 
guns ? Exwirdne Bayou Bicrre, as a point of approacJi, and report. 

J. C Pemberton, 
Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

Jackson, March 24th, 18G3. 
Gen. Buckner, Mobile : 

I cannot spare an infantry soldier from the command, but want your 
cavalry regiment, for our mutual good — for N. E. Counties, to enable 
planters to sow crops. TJie enemy press me on all sides. 

J. C. Pemeerton, 
Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

Jackson, March 20tli, 1863. 
Oen. Biickfier^ Mobile : 

Can you send me two regimemts of cavalry to Northeast IMississippi, to 
assist in getting out supplies in that section, under the arrangement 
entered into with you at Vicksburg^ and protecting the planters ? I am 

not able to send a regiment there. 

J. C. Pemberton, 
Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

To General Bo wen, March 20th, shows that Pemberton was 
taking energetic measures to strengthen Grand Gulf (and 
therefore the mouth of the Big Black), as a secondary obstacle 
to navigation of the Mississippi, if the canal should prove a suc- 
cess, as then seemed probable, and the C. S. Batteries opposite 
its exit should fail to drive back the enemy's vessels ; also that 
he had not overlooked Bayou Fierre as a j^oint of appro acli. 

To General Buckner, Mai'ch 20tli, shows that on those dates 



176 EECOLLECTIONS OF 

Pemberton did not believe the enemy was abandoning his 
attempts on Yicksburg. 

Jackson, March 24th, 1863. 
Major Dumontiel, Taucipalioe : 

A company of infantry and a section of artillery go down to-night, in- 
tended to re-enforce Colonel Miller at Ponchatoula. If Colonel Miller has 
been forced to fall back, the train must proceed to meet him. Send what 
force you may have to his assistance. I think the truth of the operator's 
report doubtful, as Colonel Miller's last accounts to me were very favor- 
able. Telegraph ofBcers, with apparatus, must be ready to move if the 
enemy advance. This can scarcely be more than a raid, as it has no ad- 
vantages for base of operations. Ascertain all you can, and inform me. 

J. C. Pemberton, 
Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

Jackson, March 25th, 1863. 
Colonel H. H. Miller, Goates Factory : 

Unless you feel entirely able to drive the enemy from his position, you 

should not attack. An attack and repulse would be disastrous. 

J. C. PEilBEKTON, 

Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

* To Major Dumontiel and Colonel Miller, in connection with 
other letters and dispatches, shows the correctness of Pem- 
berton's statements, that, at this period (between General 
Johnston's return to Tullahoma, and April 14th), the enemy- 
was " pressing him at all sides." 

Jackson, March 25th, 1863. 
Major-Gen eral Loving : 

Fort Pemberton — via Grenada, 10 a.m. : 
It is utterly impossible to give you five thousand more men, or any 
thing approaching ; neither can I at this time send you any more heavy 
guns. I told you long since that I have not the means of defending both 
Fort Pemberton and Yazoo City. You have had full authority given you 
as to the disposition of Moore's Brigade, and the guns at Yazoo City. 
You have also Tilghman's. and all the cavalry at your disposal. If Fort 
Pemberton is now passed, no serious defence can be made at Yazoo City. 
We must look to a return of the troops to Vicksburg, for its immediate 
defence. I yesterday told Steevenson that if he was satisfied the enemy 



HEKRY W ATKINS ALL EX. 177 

fvas withdrawing from Vicksburg, tliat he had better send tip to you an- 
other brigade from Maury, as you might need aid. More ammunition is 
on the way to you — have already sent more than can be spared from 
other places. You must husband it most carefully, and remember that I 
have many other calls U2')on me. Other heavy guns are en route from 
East : when they arrive, will try and send you another. Two boats at- 
tempted to pass Vicksburg this morning ; one v/as sunk with all on 
board, the other lies at mouth of canal, supposed disabled. Featherstcn 
is at Deer Creek. Lee making a flank movement. Ilojje to keep them 
out of Yazoo in that direction. 

J. C. Peimberton, 
Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

To General Loring, shows tlie activity of operations in the 
Department, within the period of General Johnston's return to 
Tuhahoraa and April 14th. 

Jackson, March 2oth, 1863. 
ColondB. 8. Ewell, Tullahoma, 

Chief of General J. E. Johnston's Staff: 
ColoneTj — It is probable as the Spring advances, and the dirt-roads 
become practicable for artillery and wagons, that the enemy, Avho now 
has possession of the Tallahatchie River, above Yallabusha, may make 
use of the former, which is navigable until May, and establish a base of 
operations on the river by means of his boats. I learn also that he is 
repairing the Mississippi and Tennessee Railroad, and connecting it at 
Memphis with the M. & C. R., having abandoned all roads north. This 
may be only an indication of his intention to draw supplies from North- 
west Mississippi, but it also affords him a means of rapidly concentrating 
his troops from Middle and West Tennessee, for operations against 
Vicksburg, wdien the roads become practicable. Should he continue his 
threatening attitude against Vicksburg and Port Hudson, by the INIissis- 
sippi River, and move a heavy force by land from the base supposed, 
unless greatly re-enforced in infantry, I shall need all the cavalry force 
%vithdrawn from the Department, under General Van Dorn, to cut his 
communications. The enemy is now using every effort to get possession of 
Vicksburg. He is in large force on Deer Creek, and on the Tallahatchie, 
and this morning endeavored to pass two more of his boats by our bat- 
teries at Vicksburg. One was sunk with all on board, the other got by, 
and is now lying at the mouth of the Canal, supposed by General 
Steevenson to be disabled. Three of their vessels are therefore now 

8* 



178 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

between Yicksburg and Grand Gulf, wliere I have established a battery 
of five heavy guns. The work on the Canal seems for the present to be 
abandoned. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

J. C. Pemberton, 
Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

To Colonel B. S. Ewell, March 25th, shows that Pemberton 
expressly declares " the enemy is using every effort to get pos- 
session of Yicksburg," that he was also in large force on Deer 
Creek, and on the Tallahatchie, &c., &c., and that it was per- 
haps an oversight in General Johnston to state in his official 
report (part 1, page 6), that between the date of his return to 
Tullahoma and April 14th, all Pemberton's reports were by 
telegraph.^ and " indicated that the efforts of the enemy w^ould 
be against General Bragg, rather than himself, and looked to 
the abandonment of his attempts on Yicksburg." 

Jackson, April 3d, 1863. 
Gen. Jos. E. JoTinston, TuUalioma, Tenn. : 

Scout from near Memphis, 1st April, reports all boats at Memphis 
pressed ; thirty left Saturday and Sunday empty, possibly intended to 
re-enforce Rosecranz. Enemy still in force on Mississippi and Talla- 
hatcJiie. Loving reports re-enforcing on latter. 

J. C. Pemberton, 
Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

Jackson, April 9th, 1863. 
Gen. Jos. E. Johnston , TuUalioma: 

There is no communication by M. & C. R. R. between Grand Junction 
and Corinth. At Corinth there are four brigades, estimated at five 
thousand strong ; no transports loaded with troops have teen reported as 

hating passed above mouth of Yazoo Pass. 

J. C. Pemberton, 

Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

Jackson, April 10th, 1863. 
Gen. Jos. E. Johnston, Tnllahoma : 

Scout from near Memphis reports, 9 A. m. on 8th, in following words : 
" Enemy's force there about seven thousand. 'Tis said all force down 
Mississippi River to be brought up, to make grand military depot at 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 179 

Mempliis. Fifteen empty boats at lauding. Enemy's lines closed for 
sixty days." J. C. Pemberton, 

Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

To General Johnston, April 3cl, gives reporl of a scout from 
noar Memphis; and on this report^ Pemberton mei-ely suggests 
\}iiQ possibility of a movement to re-enforce Kosecranz, but ex- 
presses no opinion. 

On April 9tli, Pemberton expresses no opinion, but does 
expressly state that";eo transports loaded with troops have 
been reported as having passed above mouth of Yazoo Pass," 
i. 0-, towards Memphis. 

Again, on 10th, Pemberton gives the report of a scout, but 
expresses no opinion. 

Up to April 10th, none of Pemberton's despatches or letters 
report any movements of troops from Grant's army to re- 
enforce Rosecranz. Generally, the reports seem to have been 
transmitted by Pemberton in the words of the scouts, and 
General Johnston was, therefore, as fully informed as Pember- 
ton, and equally able to judge whether the reports were reli- 
able. 

Jackson, April lltli, 1863. 
Gen. Jos, E. Johnston, TulWioma, Tenn. : 

Scout from Austin reports forty transports heavily loaded, but no troops 
passed up Mississippi River on 3d and 4tk Inst. Brigadier-General 
Chalmers reports Gen. Elliot's Marine Brigade, five large transports and 
two gunboats, passed up Mississippi River on 7tli. Same evening three 
gunboats and nineteen transports, loaded with, troops, passed up. The 
last ten boats from Tallahatchie, twenty miles up Cold Water on Wed- 
nesday, going up. I think most of Grant's forces are being withdrawn 
to Memphis. J. C. Pemberton, 

Lieutenant-Gencral Commanding. 

Jackson, April 11th, 1863.- 
Ge7i. Jos. E. Johnston, Tullalwma : 

The following report jusi received : " Scout Kemp reports near Byhalia, 
10th, strengthening guard on M. & C. R. R. Twelve thousand troops 
passed Memphis, going up river, on 7th. Fifty pieces artillery landed at 
Memphis same day, and were carried to Memphis & Charleston Depot. 



180 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

Part of Grant's army reported to be going to Corinth, down M. & 0. R. R. 
Balance to re-enforce Rosecranz. Lawson reports, near Memphis, 10th, 
" Marine Brigade gone to Cumberland River ; also fourteen transports and 
two gunboats passed up river, night of 7th. Corps of engineers reached 
Memphis from below, supposed to work on Miss. & Tenn. R. R. Pushing 
work on track from M. & C. Depot "to fortifications." I am collecting 
troops here • can send you four thousand at once, if absolutely necessary. 

J. C. Pemberton, 
Lieutenant-General Commanding. 



To General Johnston, April 11th, Pembertoa gives reports 
from General Chalmers and scouts, and for the first time ex- 
presses the opinion that most of Grant's forces are being with- 
drawn to Memphis. General Johnston had here also as good 
opportunities of forming an opinion as Pemberton seems to 
have had. 

April 16th, gives additional reports in language of scouts, 
and expresses Pemberton's readiness to send General Johnston 
4,000 men at once, " if necessary T 



Jackson, April 12th, 1863. 
Oen. Jos. E. Johnston, Tullalioma : 

The following despatches just received: " Hernando, April 10th — To 
T. L. Carter — I have following from Col. Falkner in front : ' A man well 
known to me, who is reliable, has just come from Memphis ; he says 
twenty thousand troops passed up day before yesterday, from Vicksburg, 
to re-enforce Rosecranz.' " W. E. Falkner, 

Colonel Commanding. 



It is positively stated that Gen. Elliot's Marine Brigade has gone up. 
(Signed) M. W. Bark, Telegraph Agent. 

Grenada, April 12th, 1863. 
I have just received following, from operator at Sonatabia : Colonel 
Falkner sends me a note, saying, a man well known to him has just come 
frc«n Memphis, and says twenty thousand troops passed up Friday, from 
Vicksburg, to reinforce |iosecranz. (Signed) Sam. Henderson, 

J. C. Pemberton, Lieut.-Qeneral. 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 181 

Jackson, April 12th, 1863. 
Gen. Jos. E. Johnston, Tulldhoma : 

Will forward troops to you as fast as transportation can be furnished — 
about eight thousand men. Am satisfied Rosecranz will be re-enforced 
from Grant's army. Shall I order troops to Tullahoma ? 

J. C. PEIMBERTOT'T, 

Lieutenant-General Commanding-. 

To Gen. Jos. E. Johnston, April 12, Colonel Falkner mid 
others report lieavy movement of troops wj) the River ; and 
satisfy Pemberton that a large part of Grant's army was 
moving to re-enforce Rosecranz in Tennessee. 

April 13th, Pemberton asks whether the troops ordered by 
General Johnston to re-enforce Army in Tennessee shall be' 
sent to Tullahoma. 

Jackson, April 14, 18G3. 
Gen. Jos. E. Jolmston, Tallahomci : 

Lieutenant Carmon, near Austin, reports : "All troops from Pass expedi- 
tion have gone down Mississippi River ; also Grant has ordered two 
hundred wagons sent down from Helena." Another scout, near Memphis, 
reports all of" Vicksburg army coming up." J. C. Pemberton, 

Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

Gen. Jos. E. Johnston, Tullahoma : Jackson, April 16, 1863. 

The following just received : 

" Grenada, April 14, 1863.— Scout Eastham reports, 10 a. m., 12th 
instant, near Corinth, re-enforced there by four thousand men, making 
force there eleven thousand, including eight hundred cavalry. (They) 
speak of mounting two thousand men to scout around Corinth : intend 
sending a force up Tennessee River to TuscumUa. 

(Signed) S. Henderson, Commanding Scouts. 

" Grenada, April 16th, 1863. — Reports reach me from front, that 
enemy are sending more troops down to assault Vicksburg soon. 

(Signed) S. Henderson." 

Lieutenant-General J. C. Pemberton. 

Jackson, April 16, 1863. 
Gen. Jos. E. Johnston, Tullahoma : 

I can only send you two Brigades at present. Last information re- 
ceived induces the belief that no large part of Grant's army will be sent 
away, r J. C. Pemberton, 

Lieutenant-General Commanding. 



182 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

To General Johnston, April 14th, shows contradictory na- 
ture of reports on that clay. April 16th, indicates renewal of 
operations against Vicksburg : call to mind that on the night 
of the 16th, nth April, Porter's fleet passed the Vicksburg 
batteries. This fact, and the simultaneous return of Grant's 
army, which had been reported by scouts and others, on the 
11th April, as "passing up" the river, confirmed the belief ex- 
pressed in Peraberton's letter of April 17th, to General John- 
ston, to wit : " The arrival of Adjutant and Inspector-General 
Lorenzo Thomas, of the United States Army, who is now 
at Memphis, has, I think, made a great change in the enemy's 
plan of campaign." Pemberton believes Thomas instituted 
the plan of moving their troops by land to some point below 
Vicksburg ; at first, he thought with the view of uniting with 
Banks against Port Hudson. A letter of Lincoln^s to Grant, 
published in the papers, corroborates this impression of Pem- 
berton's. 

On the 16th of April, the change of circumstances, as the 
day developed them, brought an immediate expression of 
Pemberton's opinion, that "no large part of Grant's army 
would be sent away." 

Jackson, April 17th, 1863. 
Oen. Jos. E. Johnston, Tulldlwmci : 

Troops sent to you were taken from Port Hudson, a brigade under 
Brigadier-General Buford — aggregate present, 4,065. Enemy has now nine 
boats bet^yeeu Vicksburg and Port Hudson ; he has land-forces at New Car- 
thage, from Grant's army, and can re-enforce them to any extent ; he can use 
his nine boats to cross his troops to this side. Arrival of Lorenzo Thomas 
has changed enemy's plans, or his movement up the river was a ruse, 
I ought to have back Buford's Brigade ; certainly no more troops should 
leave this Department. Despatch, signed Brigadier-General Chalmers, 
yesterday, says : Sixty-four steamers left Memphis since Thursday, 
loaded with soldiers and negroes, ostensibly to assault Vicksburg. The 
raft in Yazoo, at Snyder's MiU, has given way and gone entirely ; am 
therefore forced to strengthen batteries there, at the expense of Vicksburg. 

J. C. Pembeuton, 
Lieutcnant-General Commanding. 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 183 

Jackson, April 17th, 18G3. 
Oen. Jos. E. Johnston, TullaJioma: 

Following from Steevenson, of date IGtli. " The enemy are cutting a 
canal, using their dredge-boats from Milliken's Bend, into Walnut 
Bayou, thence through Roundaway Bayou, and Vidal Bayou into the 
Mississippi at New Carthage. The many reports received recently of 
the construction of batteries on the State Levee, are confirmed to-day, 
by observation with the telescope, I am i3lacing batteries to-day within 
good range of them. 

J. C. Pemberton, 
Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

As a comment upon this letter of April 17th, I deem it best 
to insert a portion of a letter of General Pemberton's to me. 
It is a strong expression of feeling on his part, but by no 
means unnatural, nor perhaps unnecessary, under the circum- 
stances in which he found himself placed. General Pemberton 
writes: " When I notified General Johnston, on 17th April, 
that it was practicable for Grant to cross his army to this side 
of the river ; that he had sufficient boats below Yicksbui-g to 
do so — then, (if such an order was ever proper) was the time 
to have directed me to unite all my forces, if Grant should land, 
to beat him. Had he then said, " It is ???y order, that if Grant 
lands on this side of the river, you will, if necessary, abandon 
Port Hudson and Vicksburg and its dependencies to beat him," 
I could not have been in doubt as to his intentions. I should 
have known what it was I was expected to abandon, and what 
success (if it came) was to give back. I would at least have 
had the time to concentrate and provide transportation and 
supplies in part ; and when the men, women, and cliildren of 
the whole Confederacy cried out. Crucify him ! Crucify him ! 
I could have held up to their eyes the unmistakable order of 
General J. E. Johnston." 

Headquarters Dep't Miss, and E. La.,) 
Jackson, April 17, 1863. \ 

Gen. Jos. E. Johnston, Tullahoma, Tenn. : 

General — I address you directly, not knowing whether Col. Evvell ia 
■with you or not. I informed you by telegraph on 13th inst. that I was 



184: RECOLLECTIONS OF 

establishing depots of commissary and suljsistence on M. & 0. R. R., at 
Macon, Meridian, and Enterprise ; also at Columbus. The road can be 
run four miles above Okolona, but -svithout a much larger cavalry force 
than I can control, I do not think it safe to locate depots above Macon, on 
the road. I have long regarded it as highly probable that the Army 
of Middle Tennessee might be forced to take such position as to require' 
supplies to be drawn from Northeast Mississippi. You will, however, 
remember that the large force within this Department, particularly at 
Vicksburg and Eastward, has, by reason of the frequent closing of the 
Mississippi navigation to us, been fed from the same district. The want 
of transportation to Railroad has much impeded collection of supplies, and 
the indisposition of Railroad authorities to give zealous aid has been a 
great di-awback. Corn can be had in large quantity if transportation can 
be provided, but meat is difficult to be got at any price. I have author, 
ized 50 cents per pound, and have directed impressment, where parties 
refuse to sell at that, always leaving sufficient for family use. Every 
effort will be made to accomplish the object. There is no douht a consid- 
erable part of Orant's army did go up the River as high as Memphis, and 
perhaps into the Cumberland, but there seems now to be no doubt that re- 
enforcements are being sent down again. The arrival of Adjutant and 
Inspector-General Thomas, XT. S. A., who is now at Memphis, has, I think, 
made a great change in the enemy's plan of campaign. Under the circum- 
stances, I think, that not only should no more troops be sent from here, 
hut that those who have just gone should at once be returned. A large force 
of Grants army has established itself at I^ew Cartilage, below Viarrenton, 
on west bank ; another is at Richmond, La. Five boats (I suppose gun- 
boats, though not yet positively informed), as I telegraphed you this 
morning, passed the Vicksburg batteries last night. (I am momentarily 
expecting a report as to their character and condition.) These five, to- 
gether with the three gunboats and small steamer under Farragut, gives 
nine vessels available for crossing troops or operating from above against 
Port Hudson. I am also somewhat apprehensive that the Charleston 
expedition, failing there, may join Banks against Port Hudson. The 
raft at Snyder's Mills, a great and important assistant in the flank de- 
fence of Vicksburg, has entirely given way, in consequence of the in- 
creased current and enormous pressure of drift. This compels additional 
guns at Snyder's, and they must come from Vicksburg. I received yester- 
day a Brooks' gun, but without a single projectile, and a ten-inch colum- 
biad ; they will replace those removed to Snyder "s. My special purpose 
in this communication, is to endeavor to recover the troops I put en route 
for the x\rmy of Middle Tennessee ; belie\ing when I started them that 
I might temporarily re-enforce it, idtJiout immediate and pre^Hng danger 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 185 

to my positions here. I liave no precise information as to the defences at 
Corinth ; I learn, however, that they have been greatly strengthened since 
our army abandoned them. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

J. C. Pemberton, 
Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

Jackson, April 17, 1863. 
Brigadier-General Bowen, Or and Gulf: 

I have ordered the 6th Mississippi, 1st Confederate Battalion, and one 

field-battery to you from here. J. C. Pemberton, 

Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

Jackson, April 7th, 1863. 
Jefferson Davis, President : 

Telegram just received. On 3d of April, learning a large number of 
empty boats were being sent down from Memphis, I telegraphed General 
Johnston, suggesting it might be to re-enforce Rosecranz. I still think 
this possible. Latest oificial reports represent enemy as probably leaving 
Tallahatchie ; also that he is landing in large force at Greenville, moving 
down Deer Creek by land, and endeavoring to get through Hutchpu- 
cuna into Sunflower River. It is said in Memphis, Grant idll also attack 
Vicksbicrg in front, in a few days. Attempt on Port Hudson is aban- 
doned for present. I am moving a Brigade from there further North, but 
do not think it safe, %mder existing circumstances, to diminish force in this 
Department. J. C. Pemberton, 

Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

To General Bowen, shows that immediately upon learning 
the enemy's fleet had passed Vicksbm-g, on the night of 16, 17, 
Pemberton strengthened Bowen for defence of Grand Gulf. 

To President Davis, in answer to telegram asking whether 
he could not re-enforce Bragg, shows that as late as April 7th, 
Pemberton did not think it safe, under the (then) existing cir- 
cumstance.*, to diminish the force wdthin his Department ; and 
he states be had, on 3d April, on learning certain facts, tele- 
graphed General Johnstofi suggesting it might be to re-enforce 
Rosecranz, and that he still thought this '"'' ijossihle.''^ 

Jackson, April 9th, 1863. 
General S. Cooper, Richmond : 

The River referred to is Mississippi. The report forwarded to General 

Johnston was from special scout near Memphis, and in same words. The 



186 RECOLLEGTIOXS OF 

same scout reported " twelve pieces new steel artillery passed up M. & C. 
Road, on 1st April." On sixth, he reports as follows : " No change on 
M. & C. Railroad. No troops of consequence passed up road. More 
empty boats gone down River from Memphis, supposed to Vicksburg." 
I am confident that no important re-enforcements, if any, have been sent to 
Rosecranz from Grant. No troops whatever are reported to have gone 
above mouth of Yazoo Pass. / endeavor to keep General Johnston in- 
formed of any movement which may affect his army. Enemy is con- 
stantly in motion in all directions ; appears now to be particularly en- 
gaged with Deer Creek by land, from Greenville — have force there to 
meet him. Also reported, but not yet confirmed, movement under 
McClernand in large force by land, west of River, and Southward. 

Much doubt it. My operations west of Mississippi must greatly de. 
pend on movements of enemy's gunboats. I have several regiments now 
near New Carthage. Will inform you promptly of any thing important ; 
and if I ascertain that part of Grant's army is re-enforcing Bosecranz,vn.]l 
despatch troops of General Johnston a-is rapidly as possible. 

(Signed) J. C. Pejibehton, 

Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

TuLLAHOMA, March 23d, 1863. 

General — I have just had the pleasure of reading your letter of the 
14th inst. Your activity and vigor in the defence of Mississippi must 
have secured for you the confidence of the people of the State — that of 
the Government you had previously won, I presume, from the distances 
of your batteries from the mouth of the enemy's Canal, that you have 
found it necessary to place them on the bluffs, at a distance from the 
river-shore. Would it be practicable to place field-pieces on the immediate 
bank, which might prevent the exit of transports ? Might not the trans- 
ports, after the Canal is finished, attempt to pass your batteries at night ? 
I should think that it might not be improbable. At the distance of a 
mile and three-quarters, they could do it with trifling loss, while guns on 
the river-bank, even light ones, could probably drive them back. 

Will your two batteries, below Vicksburg, one opposite to the out- 
let of the Canal, the other at Grand Gulf, protect Vicksburg better 
than the concentration of all the guns near the outlet of the Canal? 
The commanding of that point by your artillery, seems to me the most 
important object. If the ten heavy guns, now at the two positions, could 
be placed near the Riv^r, opposite the outlet of the Canal, they would, 
it seems to me, deprive the enemy of the advantage of his Canal, as it 
would be as dangerous to pass them as Vicksburg itself. Or those at 
Grand Gulf, placed near tlie River, opposite to the Canal, would serve 



HEXEY AY ATKINS ALLEN. 187 

your purpose better than at their present position — if the ground is not 
unfit. 

Your fortification at Yazoo City is, I presume, a preparation for the 
time when the enemy will be able to march from the Mississippi to that 
point. You have evidence of the capabilities of Fort Pemberton to pre- 
vent the enemy from reaching that point by water. As far as that is 
concerned, additional force would be more effective there than anywhere 
else. Would it be practicable to capture the two Federal vessels which 
passed Port Hudson ? Have we boats enough for the attempt ? If so, it 
would be well to make it, after the best possible preparation. 

I have no apprehension for Port Hudson from Banks ; the only fear is 
that the Canal may enable Grant to unite their forces. I believe your 
arrangements at Vicksburg make it perfectly safe, unless that union should 
be effected. Van Dorn's cavalry is absolutely necessary to enable General 
Bragg to hold the best part of the country from which he draws supplies. 
The Governor of Mississippi promised 6,000 men for the protection of the 
people of the northern part of the State. How many of them are in the 
field? 

In a recent telegram you express the opinion that the enemy is about 
to use the M. «Sz; C. instead of the M. & 0. R. R. Would not the Ten- 
nessee River be better for them than either ? Or do you suppose that 
they are preparing to attempt again to advance by Holly Springs upon 
Grenada ? 

Most respectfully, your obedient servant, 

J, E. JOHNSTOK, 

General. 
Lieutenant-General Fembekton, 

Commanding Department Mississippi and E. Louisiana. 

Again I insert an extract from a letter of General Pember- 
ton's. It is best he should speak for himself. I am no parti- 
san in these matters. 

General Johnston seems almost to commence his Ofiicial Report of 
operations in Mississippi and East Louisiana, v/ith the design to throw 
upon me the entire responsibility of the transfer of troops from that 
Department to re- enforce Bragg's army. (See part 1, page 6 — as num- 
bered in Congressional copy — of his report.) He says : " From the time 
of my arrival at Tullahoma, until the 14th of April, General Pember- 
ton's reports, all hy telegraph, indicated that the efforts of the enemy 
would be against General Bragg rather than himself, and looked to the 
abandonment of his attempt on Vicksburg. In that of April 13th, he 



188 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

says : ' I am satisfied Rosecranz will be re-enforced from Grant's army. 
Shall I order troops to Tullahoma ?' " 

I am willing, Madam, to share this responsibility, and if there was an 
error in judgment, to bear my part of the blame, but no more. This 
letter is in itself a refutation of General Johnston's assertion, that all my 
reports were by telegraph. Nor was that to which it is a reply, the 
only one addressed to his headquarters during the period referred to, I 
have shown by accompanying documents that most of my reports did not 
look to the abandonment of his (enemy's) attempts on Vicksburg ; nor 
was General Johnston misled by my reports. In almost every instance 
they were sent to him immediately, and verbatim, as I received them. I 
ask attention to the opening paragraph of the within letter, because it 
was written shortly after General Johnston states that he " thought his 
presence had become necessary" in Mississippi (that is, I suppose, to 
direct the defence of Fort Pemberton on the Yazoo, etc., etc.) Had my 
earnest requests, often repeated, for the return of Van Dorn's cavalry, 
been complied with, Orant would never have reached Jackson. 

J. C. Pemberton. 

Jackson, April 21, 1862. 
Major-Oeneral Steevenson, commanding at Vicksburg : 

The Lieutenant-General commanding directs me to say, in reply to 
your communication of to-day, that he has sent to Generals Smith and 
Taylor informing them of his inability, on account of want of transpor- 
tation, to co-operate against the enemy across the river, near New Carthage, 
and asking therefore that they would do so. That Brigadier-General 
Bo wen has at Grand Gulf an effective force of forty-two hundred, with 
which he icill combat them, endeavoring to cross, and land at Bayou Fierre. 
That he regards Warrenton as of the defences proper of Vicksburg, and it 
will therefore be of the same care and regard to you, as are the works I 

more immediately around the city. 

J. C. Pembekton, 
Lietenant-General Commanding. 

April 21, 1863. 
Oeneral J. E. Johnston, TuUahoma : 

Heavy raids are making from Tennessee, deep into the State : one is re- 
ported now at Starkville, thirty miles west of Columbus. Cavalry is in- 
dispensable to meet these raids. The little I have is in the field there, 
totally inadequate to prevent them. Could you not make a demonstra- 
tion with a cavalry force in their rear ? 

J. C. Pemberton, 

Lieutenant-General Cammanding. 



HENHY AVATKIXS ALLEN. 189 

To General Steevenson, April 21, shows Pemberton had com- 
nuinicated with Generals E. K. Smith, and R. Taylor, asking 
their co-operation against enemy near New Carthage, and then 
General Bowen would combat the enemy in event of attempt 
to land on Bayou Pierre. Poor Bowen did fight — nobly — but 
he had so tew men ! What could he do — or what could Harri- 
son do — against Grant ? 

To General J. E. Johnston, asks his co-operation to prevent 
cavalry raids. 

Jackson, April 23, 18G3. 
Lieutenant-Ge7ieral E. K. Smith, 

Commanding Trans-Missisdxjpi, Alea'andria : 

General — I have the honor to acknoAvledge the receipt of your com- 
munication of 15th inst. which came to hand to-day, and in reply to 
state that I addressed you telegrams, on the 17tli and 18th inst — sending 
them through the agent at Natchez — informmg you of my inability 
on account of want of transportation, and the presence of the enemy's 
gunboats in the river, to operate on the other side of the Mississippi : 
and asking therefore your action and co-operation there, opposite 
Grand Gulf, near New Carthage. I regret very much the necessity 
General Taylor was under, of retreating before overwhelming numbers, 
but am utterly unable to assist him, as the enemy have again occupied 
Baton Eouge in strong force, and have moreover eleven gunboats between 
Vicksburg and Port Hudson, which not only effectually prevent the ship- 
ment of supplies across the river, but are almost able to stop communica- 
tions between the two Departments ! I have been compelled to withdraw 
four thousand troops from Port Hudson, and could not therefore possibly 
send any forces from that point, severely threatened as it now is. If you 
purpose making an attempt against the City, referred to in your letter, 
inform me of your intentions, and I will endeavor to co-operate from this 
side; but deem the risk too great to justify my advance alone. 

Very respectfully, 

J. C. Pemberton. 
Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

Jackson, April 23, 1863. 
Oen. J. Cooper, Adj. and Inspector-General, Michmond : 

I have so little Cavalry in this Department, that I am compelled to di- 
rect a portion of my Infantry to meet raids in North Mississippi. If any 
troops can possibly be spared from other Departments, I think they should 



190 EECOLLEGTIONS OF 

be sent here. Please inform me of supposed disposition of enemy's fleet 
vvliicli operated against Charleston. 

J. C. Pemberton, 
Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

Jackson, April 23d, 1863. 
General Stevenson, Vicksburg : 

I consider it essential that a commnnication, at least for infantry, be 
made by the shortest practicable route to Grand Gulf. Indications now 
are that the attack will not be made on your front or right, and that all 
troops not absolutely necessary to hold the works there, should be held 
as a movable force, either for Warrenton or Grand Gulf. If the raft 
can be secured below, I have no objection to its being sent down. Report 
to me dispositions you make under these instructions. 

J. C. Pemberton, 
Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

To General S. Cooper — shows that want of cavalry compelled 
the diversion of Infantry, and, therefore, prevented rapid con- 
centration by Pemberton. 

To General Stevenson — directed shortest practicable line of 
communication to be made at once to Grand Gulf, and that 
no more troops than were absolutely necessary to hold the 
works should be kept in Vicksburg. 

Jackson, April 23, 1863. 
Major-Oeneral W. H. Loving, Meridian : 

Transportation will be furnished. You will not have the Railroad any 
great distance, but keep your troops ready to return at the shortest no- 
tice. It is necessary to keep me hourly informed, as troops may be 
required here at any time. Six boats passed Vicksburg last night. 

J. C. Pemberton, 
Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

Jackson, AprU 23, 1863. 
General Loving, Macon : 

Operations on that line are minor to those on Mississippi River, therefore 
you must not be out of reach of communication by telegraph, nor must 
your troops be so disposed as to be unable to move in this direction at a 
moment's notice. J. C. Pe:mberton, 

Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

To General Loring — shows that, although want of cavalry 
compelled the diversion of infantry to distant points, Pember- 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 191 

ton took every precaution possible to make that force availa- 
ble on the Mississippi River, before he received any instruc- 
tions from General Johnston to concentrate. 

April 25th, 1863. 
General Stedenson : 

General — The Lieutenant-General Commanding says that he has not 
proposed to re-enforce Grand Gulf from Vicksburg, but it may, neverthe- 
less, be necessary to do so. Vicksburg, also, may have to be re-enforced 
from Grand Gulf. You wiU,t7ierefore, have communication established over 
the Big Black at the most desirable point. You are probably aware that 
the enemy is now making strong raids into the Northern part of the 
State from three points ; and that infantry must necessarily be used to hold 
the important places against their incursions, on account of the great de- 
ficiency oi cavalry in this command. Four thousand men have already 
been drawn from Port Hudson, and it may now be necessary, if that 
point is very seriously threatened, to re-enforce it. It is indispensable 
that you keep in your lines only such force as is absolutely needed to 
hold them, and organize the remainder (if there is any) of your troops as 
a movable farce, available for any point where it may be required. 

J. C. Taylor, A. D. C. 

The following under date of April 28th ; 

General Bowen, Grand Gnlf : 

I have directed General Stevenson to have five tliousand (5,000) 7nen 
READY ^0 move, on your requiring them ; but do not make requisition, 
unless they are absolutely essential to the safety of your position. I 
am also making arrangements to send you two or three thousand from 
this direction, in case of necessity. You cannot communicate with me 
too frequently. 

Major-General C. L. Stevenson, Vicksburg : 

Hold five thousand men in readiness to move to Grand Gulf. With 
your batteries and rifle-pits manned, the city front is impregnable. 

General Joseph E. Johnston, Tullahoma : 

The enemy is at Hard Times in large force, with barges and trans- 
ports, indicating a purpose to attack Grand Gulf, with a view to Vicks- 
burg. I must depend upon the Army of Tennessee to protect the ap- 
proaches through North Mississippi. 

General J. 8. Bowen, Grand Gulf: 
Have you force enough to hold your position ? If not, give me the 



192 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

smallest additional force with whicli you can. My small cavalry force 
necessitates the use of infantry to protect important points. 

These telegrams show Pembertoii had made arrangements 
to strengthen General Bowen before the attack upon Grand 
Gulf on 29th April, by enemy's fleet: that Pemberton notified 
General Johnston on April 28th, that the enemy was in large 
force at Hard Times, with barges and transports, indicating an 
•attack on Grand Gulf. Still, he receives no instructions to 
" concentrate" nor to " unite his whole force" if Grant landed* 
Also show that Pemberton was compelled to use his infantry 
in lieu of cavalry, to protect distant and isolated points. 

The following under date April 29th, 1863 : 

irajor-Geiieral Stevenson, Vicksburg : 

Hurry forward re-enforcements to Bowen to-night. Endeavor to send 
him ammunition for heavy guns. Troops on the way from here to re- 
place those sent away. J. C. Pembekton, &c. 
(Despatch No, 2.) 

Bngadier-General J. S. Bowen, Grand Gulf: 

In the name of the Army, I desire to thank you and your troops for 
your gallant conduct to-day. Keep up the good work, by every effort to 
repair damages to-night. Yesterday I warmly recommended you for a 
Major-Generalcy. I shall renew it. J. C. Pemberton, &c., &c. 

(Despatch No, 1.) 

Brigadier-General J. S. Boicen, Grand Gulf: 

General Stromson has re-enforcements on the way to assist you. Can 
JTdo any thing to assist you ? J. C. Pemberton, 

Lieutenant-Gen eral Commanding. 
General J. E. Johnston, TuUahoma : 

Very heavy firing at Grand Gulf, Enemy shelling our batteries 
above and below. The wires are down. Do not know whether the 
enemy has made a landing this side of the Mississippi River, If not, 
Grierson's cavalry has cut them. All the cavalry I can raise is close on 
their rear, and was skirmishing with them last night. 

J. C. Pemberton, &c., &c. 

To Generals Stevenson and Bowen — shows that before Pem- 
berton received any instructions from General Johnston he 
was preparing, as far as thought possible, to concentrate to- 
wards Grand Gulf 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 193 

To General Johnston — shows that on April 29th, Pemherton 
informed General Johnston that he was itncertaia whether the 
enemy " liad landed on this side Mississippi River." Not yet 
did Johnston order Pemberton to "unite all his forces" in case 
" Grant did land^ An important battle had been fought 
near Port Gibson by the gallant Bo wen, before this order was 
gimnP 

Under date April 29th, 1863 : 

General J. S. Boiceii^ Grand Gulf: 
Do you need re-enforcements ? Tell me what is going on. 

J. C. Pemberton, 
Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

Major-General Gctrdner, Port Hudson : 

The boats are now attempting to pass Grand Gulf. Send me your 
eflfective strength of diiferent arms. Answer in cipher. 

J. C. Pemberton, &c. 

Mdjor-General Stevenson, Vickslurg : 

Is any thing going on at Vicksburg or Grand Gulf. If General Boweii 
is attacked, send on the column I directed. As soon as possible I will 
send on more troops to Vicksburg. 

J. C. Pemberton, &c. 

Under date April 27th, 1863 : 

General J. E. Johnston, TuUalioma, Tenn. : 

However necessary cavalry may be to the Army of Tennessee, it is 
indispensable to me to keep my communications. The enemy are to-day 
at Hazlehurst, N. 0. & I. R. R. I cannot defend every station on the 
road with infantry. Am compelled to bring down cavalry from 
Northern Mississippi here, and the whole of that section is consequently 
left open. Further, tJiese raids endanger my vital position, 

J. C. Pemberton, 
Lieutenant-General Commanding, 

To General Bowie — calls earnestly on General Johnston for 
cavalry. 

To General Bowen— sent before Pemberton heard of the 
attack on the batteries at Grand Gulf on that day. 

To General Stevenson — directs him, if Bowen is attacked, to 

9 



194 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

send at once 5,000 men, formerly ordered to be in re.idmess 
near Warrenton. 

To General Gardiner — inquires strength at Port Hudson, 
on learning that the enemy's fleet was attempting to pass the 
batteries at Grand Gulf, with the view of re-«nforcing, if neces- 
sary. 

TuLL.\noMA, May 2, 1863, 
To LieuUnant-General J. C. Pemherton : 

Enemy reported falling back. Forrest moving West. Four thousand 
cavalry instructed to operate in Mississippi. Lieurtenant-General Rugglca 
communicate with him. If Grant crosses, unite all your troops to beat 
him. Success will give back wbat was abandoned to win it. 

J. E. JonNSTON, 

General. 

Pemberton writes me of this despatch : 

The above is the second notification I received that a large force cf 
cavalry was ordered to operate in Mississippi. On the first occasion it 
was a " strong brigade" which was " orderedy" but did not come. Now it 
is four thousand, and. so far as I know, with tlie same result — tliat is, they 
did not come. Also, Grant having landed (which I had two w^eeks pre- 
viously informed General Johnston was perfectly practicable, aud fre- 
quently afterwards repeated to him), and General Johnston having been 
notified on the 1st May, " that a furious battle had been going on since 
daylight, just below Port Gibson," he noiD directs that " if Grant 
crosses," I must unite all my troops to beat him — and adds, I honestly 
believe ad captandum, " success will give back what was abandoned 
to win it." I do not believe he designed to order or suggest the aban- 
donment of Vicksburg and Port Hudson. ^Yhy had he not done it before ? 
And I am satisfied that if, under the above order, I had evacuated those 
positions, and either failed of success, or, if successful, had failed to " win 
back what was abandoned to win it," I should have been held solely re^ 
sponsible. Indeed I have never understood that General Johnston has ever 
himself asserted that he meant by his order that I should withdraw 
my troops from either of those places. Many of his supporters and ad- 
mirers, however, have declared that such was his intention. But by 
his force of language he misleads the minds of his readers, when on 
X)age 16, part 1st, of his Oflacial Eeport (after a second time introdu- 
cing the latter portion of the despatch on the other side of this paper), he 
savs, " These instructions were neglected, and time w^as given to Grant 
to gain a foothold in the State. At Port Gibson and Raymond, detach- 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 195 

ments of our troops were defeated and driven back by overwlielmmg 
numbers of the enemy." After reading tliis part of his Report, I am dis- 
posed to believe that he did intend that I should leave Vicksburg to its 
fate ; otherwise the assertion that " these instructions were neglected" 
is destitute of truth. In neither of the telegrams of 1st and 2d May 
did General Johnston direct me to attack Grant. Before these instruc- 
tions were received, I had hurried every man to the assistance of Bowen 
at Port Gibson, who I tliought could be spared from the defence of Vicks- 
burg. The detachment at Port Gibson was beaten twenty-four hours be- 
fore either of his instructions was received. Yet he persuades his readers 
that my neglect of his instructions was the cause of the defeat. With regard 
to Raymond, I have shown by more than one official paper, sent you among 
these (and have still others to corroborate the statement), that General 
Gregg, gallant and noble gentleman he was), did not conform to my re- 
peated and positive orders, " If the enemy advance upon you in too strong 
force, fall back on Jackson." General Johnston says the " detachments 
of our troops were defeated and driven back by overwhelming numbers of 
the enemy." I have never received from General Gregg a report of his 
engagement, but taking General Johnston's statement as the correct one 
(and it is positive and unqualified), I was in no manner responsible for 
the defeat at Raymond, by overwhelming numbers. 

J. C. Pemeertox. 



I use these extracts from General Peniberton's letters on mj 
own responsibility, without asking his consent. He must be 
excused if, in his position, he expresses himself someAvhat 
strongly and angrily. To have some idea of the intensity of 
the feeling in the South against General Pemberton, and under 
Avhich he has writhed with all the sensitiveness of a proud and 
brave nature, I will only state, that once, in a conversation of 
some friends of mine, this book — upon the compilation of which 
it was known that I was engaged at the time, was mentioned, — 
a man for M'hom I have the highest esteem, M'ho has known 
and loved me from childhood, being told, in answer to his 
question as to when this work would be issued, " That I only 
waited for some papers from Generals Johnston and Pember- 
ton," turned indignantly, with the remark : " As much as I love 
her, if she attempts to defend Pemberton, I'll have nothing to 
do vnth her book.'''' I cannot deny that this remark, from such 



196 RECOLLEOTIOIS'S OF 

a source, startled me ; but very brief consideratiou reassured 
me, and instant remembrance of the man, whose life I was 
writing, brought the consciousness, that it was right, if I spoke 
of Yicksburg, which I was compelled to do, to present the 
truth, and the whole truth, without thought of consequence. 
Governor Allen, who was ever ready to strike a blow or to ut- 
ter a word in defence of the weak, the innocent, the unjustly 
condemned, if he could speak, would bid me do it. But, in the 
face 'of such prejudice, my simple assertion, or General Pem- 
berton's, would be insufficient ; so I adopt this documentary 
mode, and I hope it may not be found too tedious, nor alto- 
gether uninteresting. If these matters are important to the 
truth of history, we must take time to examine them. 

Mobile, May 5th, 1863. 
To Lieutena7it- General Peniberton : 

I sent you the Second Alabama Cavalry to aid in covering North Mis- 
sissippi and Alabama. A raid is now reported at Elyton, making, proba- 
bly, towards Selma. As I have sent you every disposable man, and I 
learn that the last cavalry sent is about being diverted towards Jackson, 
I must call on you to cover Selma and our important works there. 

S. B. BUCKNER, 

Major-General. 

BoviNA, May 7th, 1863. 
To Lieutenant-General Peniberton : 

A Lieutenant, a paroled prisoner, reports that the enemy have a very 
large force on Big Sandy, including six regiments of cavalry, at the inter- 
section of the Hall's Ferry and Jackson roads. General Osterhaus' head- 
quarters are at Rocky Springs ; McClernand's four miles beyond ; Grant's 
at Port Gibson. They have taken over 2,000 negroes, and all the wagons 
and mules in the country. They are daily expecting their train, and say 
they will move on Jackson and Big Black bridge simultaneously. All 
quiet at Edwards' depot. John S. Bo wen, 

Brigadier-General Commanding Division. 

From General Buckner — shows that raids were being made 
into Northern Mississippi, whilst Pemberton was occupied by 
enemy near Vicksburg. 

From General Bowen — shows disposition of enemy's force, 
and, in conjunction with Peraberton's telegram of same date to 



IIENEY WATKINS ALLEN. 197 

General Johnston, that his troops were hetioeen Yicksburg and 
the enemy. 

TuLLAHOMA, April 11th, 1863. 

General : Slioiild Grant's army join Rosecrans, this army could not hold 
its present position. In such an event, it might be necessary or expedient 
for tliis army to cross the Tennessee, near tlie Muscle Shoals, to move in 
ISTortliern Mississippi and West Tennessee. To enable it to do so 
safely, depots of supplies, on or near the M. & 0. R. R., would be neces- 
sary. I request that you will take immediate steps to have these depots 
formed. They should be as far north as may be safe. I regard the meas- 
sure as of great importance to this army, and the approaching campaign ; 
to both armies — yours, as well as mine. 

On the Uli imt., 1 requested you by telegraph to send Stevenson's division 
lack to this Department with all speed, should you discover that Grant's 
army was leaviny Mississippi. Should it be necessary to send off those 
troops, please inform Major-General Buckner by telegraph, as he may 
have a similar movement to make. Shoidd you he in a state of uncer- 
tainty in regard to Grant's intentions, time might be gained by placing a 
brigade at Jackson, and another at Meridian. 

Most respectfully, your obedient servant, 

Joseph E. Johnston, General. 
Lieutenant-General Pemderton. 

From General Johnston, April 11, 1863 — as to movement 
of troops from the Department of Mississippi and East Louisi- 
ana to Tennessee, advising, in case of uncertainty as to Grant's 
intentions, certain disposition of troops. 

To General Johnston, April 17tb, 1863— refers to establish- 
ment of depots of subsistence on M. & O. R. R., and other 
matters. 

Again I quote from letter of Pemberton to me : 

I repeated in these the notification sent by telegraph of same date, that 
five more vessels had passed the Vicksburg batteries on the preceding 
night, and that nine were now available to the enemy below Vicksburg 
to cross his troops or to operate /wto above against Port Hudson. In this 
letter and in my telegrams of same date, I clearly pointed out to General 
Johnston that it was practicable for Grant to cross his troops. In my 
telegraphic despatch I used these words : " Enemy has novr nine boats 
botvveen Vicksburg and Port Hudson ; he has land-forces at New 
Caiihage honi Grant's army, and can re-enforce them to any extent; he 



198 EECOLLECTIONS OF 

can use liis nine boats to cross Ids trooiDs to this side." No notice was 
taken of eitlier of these communications, except to inform me that the 
troops I had sent to Tennessee "by General Johnston's order would be at 
once returned. I received neither instructions nor suggestions ; I was 
not then " urged" (when it was practicable) " to concentrate and to attack 
Grant immediately on his landing" — (see General Johnston's OflBcial 
Report, page G) ; " no despatch was sent me on the next day." "If Grant 
crosses, unite all your troops to beat him. Success will give back what 
was abandoned to win it." These orders were deferred (or not received) 
until after Grant had landed, and General Johnston had been informed 
that " a furious tattle had been going on since daylight just below Port 
Gibson," forty miles distant from Vicksburg and its dependencies, and 
from fifty to one hundred from other points occupied by our troops. 
General Johnston's commentators consider his order to " unite all my 
troops," meant that I should evacuate Vicksburg and Port Hudson to 
"beat" Grant. It may be so; but if he did intend that construction to 
be given his despatches, there was a time when such orders might possibly 
have been capable of execution ; that time was immediately after I had 
notified him that it was jpracticahle for Grant to cross his army : when he 
did direct it (if he really meant it) the order was simply absurd. He had 
deprived me of my cavalry ; Loring's division was guarding the railroad 
communications and important depots ; Fort Pemberton was still occu- 
pied ; Port Hudson was near one hundred miles distant ; Bowen had just 
been discomfited ; the railroad had been destroyed in several places be- 
tween Meridian and Jackson ; also on the I. & N. O. R. R. by Grierson's 
cavalry ; and finally, Grant had already crossed, and could re-enforce to 
any extent. With Vicksburg for his base, he would at once have had 
the game in his own hands. I did then, and I do now, firmly believe 
that if IDG could have held Vicksburg, the Confederacy would have been 
saved. J. C. Pemberton. 

Jackson, April 18, 18G3. 
General J. E. Johnston, TuUahoma : 

I have ordered Gen. Buford to return. Troops still continue to come 
down the River, and the numbers going up none, or very inconsiderable. 
I have telegraphed Gen. Smith, asking him to co-operate with me on the 
Biver. J. C. Pemberton, 

Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

Jackson, April 20, 1863. 
General J. E. Johnston, TuUahoma : 

Can you not make a heavy demonstration with cavalry towards Abbe- 
ville, on Tallahatchie River, if only for fifty miles. The enemy is en- 



HENEY WATKIKS ALLEN. 199 

deavormg to force a division of my troops to Northern Mississippi. 
Beconnoissance of fleet tliat passed below Vicksburg on niglit of 16l1i : 
two iron-clads, 8 guns ; one ditto, 9 guns ; one ditto, 10 guns ; one ditto, 
11 guns ; one ditto, 13 guns ; one ditto, unknown ; one ditto ram, 3 guns 
in iron casemate in front ; one small tug ; two large transports ; and one 
barge, heavily laden. They iire one mile below New Carthage. 

J. C. Pemberton, 
Licutenant-General Commanding. 

TuLLAHOMA, April 21, 1863. 
General J. E. Johnston : 

General Ruggles sends following report of scout : Some eight or ten 
thousand enemy's troops were at Burnsville on Thursday night, with 
artillery wagon-train and pontoon bridges, who stated that they would 
cross the Tennessee River at Eastport to join Rosecrans. I give this 
merely as a report. 

J. C. Pemeerton, 
Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

To General Johnston, April 20 — Pemberton urges him to 
make a demonstration with cavalry towards Abbeville, on Tal- 
lahatchie. Enemy endeavoring to force a diversion of Gen 
Pemberton's troops to Northern Mississippi. 



era I 



Jackson, April, 18, 1863. 
Jefferson Dams, President : 

The passage of batteries at Vicksburg by a large number of enemy's 
vessels, on the night of IGth, shows conclusively that ice have a7i insuffi 
cient number of guns. There are so many points to be defended at this 
time — Vicksburg, Grand Gulf, Port Hudson, Snyder's Mills, and Fort 
Pemberton — that I have only twenty-eight gnns at Vicksburg. Of these, 
two are smooth-bore 32's, two 24's, one 30-pounder Parrott, one Whit- 
worth, and one 10-incli mort-ar. Vicksburg and Port Hudson, and, if pos- 
sible. Grand Gidf, ought to be strengthened greatly in guns. I have also 
sent 4,000 men from Port Hudson to General Johnston. The enemj'- has 
eleven armed vessels between Vicksburg and Port Hudson. A large sup- 
ply of ammunition and projectiles should be constantly forwarded. 

J. C. Pemberton, 
Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

Jackson, April 18, 1863. 
M'ajor-Oeneral G. L. Stevenson : 

General — The letter of Brigadier-General Lee has been examined, and 



200 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

liis proj)osed arrangement and disposition of liis troops liave been approved 
by the Lieutenant-General Commanding. The Sixth Mississippi Regi- 
ment, Hudson's Battery, and First Confederate Battalion, have been sent 
to re-enforce General Bo wen at Grand Gnlf. General Tilghman's Brigade 
is arriving ; his troops will be kept here and at Clinton, as a reserve, 
ready to be sent where they may be most needed. A raft-bridge should 
forthwith be made over Big Black River, at that point where the road 
from Warrenton to Willow Springs crosses that river. 

By order of 
Lieutenant-General Pemberton. 

J. THOirPSON, Inspector-General. 

To President Davis — shows the small number of heavy guns 
Pemberton was able to put in position at Yicksburg. Of tlie 
twenty-eight mentioned, five were utterly useless against the 
passage of vessels. 

To General Stevenson — shows certain dispositions of troops, 

&c. 

Jackson, April 20, 1863. 

T. 8. Williams, Supt., &c., JST. 0. & Jackson B. B., Canton, Miss. : 

Sir— The enemy being reported in heavy force at Corinth, and advan- 
cing in the direction of Grenada, the public safety requires that the differ- 
ent railroad companies within this Department co-operate with me, and 
so act in concert with each other as to furnish me, even at a moment's 
warning, with the greatest possible amount of transportation at their 
united command, so that I may be enabled to throw to any point on 
either road the greatest possible number of troops. To this end, so es- 
sential, it is therefore necessary that the transportation of private freights, 
until otherwise ordered, be suspended ; and that every available car and 
engine on your road be put in condition, and held ready and subject to 
my order. I furthermore request, that when I shall so order, the cars of 
one road be permitted to pass on to the other without the dekay of trans- 
fer of freights or troops. 

Very respectfully, &c., 

J. C. PE3IBERT0N, 

Lieutenant-General Commanding. 

April 21, 1863. 
Major-Oeneral Gardner, Tort Hudson, Louisiana : 

The inner redoubts ordered by me must be built. Take the troops, if 

J. C. PEilBERTOX, 

Lieutenant-General Commanding. 



HENEY WATKIKS ALLEN. 201 

To T. S. Williams — shows that Pemberton did every thing 
in his pov/er to provide in advance for rapid movements of 
troops, when necessary. 

To Genei'al Gardiner — shows that Pemberton inas not negli- 
gent of Port Hudson. 

Jackson, April 20, 1863. 
Oencral J. E. Johnston, Tullalioma : 

Major McGivern hands me a letter from Major Barbour, your chief 
quartermaster, directing him to "establish a depot. I am now establishing 
depots on the M. & 0. R. E. Depots cannot be established in this Depart- 
ment without interfering with my supplies, unless I can conti'ol them. All 
that is necessary to regulation of railroads, is authority to me from the 
War Department. I do not think Major McGivern's presence will aid, 
imless under my control. All my actions and orders with regard to sub- 
sistence have been regulated by consideration of the Army of Middle Ten- 
nessee, I wrote you on the subject April 17. 

J, C. Pejiberton, &c., &:c. 

Jackson, April 20, 1803. 
Major-General Stevenson, Vicksburg : 

You should place at least 5,000 men in easy supporting distance of 
Warrenton. 

J. C. Pejiseeton. 

Jackson, April 20, 1863. 
General J. E. Johnston : 

I have no sufHcient force to give any efficient assistance to. Colonel 
Roddy. The enemy are advancing from Memphis xia Hernando ; from 
Grand Junction and Lagrange via Holly Springs and Salem ; from Corinth 
tia New Albany. You are aware I have but a feeble cavalry force, but I 
shall certainly give you all the aid I can. I have virtually no cavalry 
from Grand Gulf to Yazoo City, while the enemy is threatening to cross 
the river between Vicksburg and Grand Gulf, having twelve vessels be- 
low Vicksburg. Yesterday, General Chalmers met the enemy at Cold 
Water, and repulsed him. On the 18th, a gunboat and one transport 
passed Austin, towing fifteen flat-boats or pontoon bridges, with t^venty- 
five skiffs on them : on the 19th, a transport, toAving sixteen flats or 
pontoons. 

J. C. Pemberton. 

To General Stevenson — directed that 5,000 men should be 
placed w^itliin supporting distance of Warrenton. This was 

9^- 



202 EECOLLECTIONS OF 

while the enemy's fleet was lying between Vicksburg and 
Grand Gulf. 

To General Johnston, April 20th — replies to his inquiry 
whether Pemberton could not assist Colonel Roddy, in Ala- 
bama. Shows the movements of the enemy's cavalry from the 
North, and informs General Johnston that Pemberton had 
" virtually no cavalry from Grand Gulf to Yazoo City, whilst 
the enemy is threatening to cross the River between VicJcshurg 
and Grand Gidf having twelve vessels between these places." 
" Still," Pemberton says to me, " I received no instructions to 
'concentrate* if Grant landed ! This was the very brigade of 
cavalry which General Johnston, in his Official Report (part 5, 
page 15, Congressional copy), says * was ordered into the State 
from Tennessee, when I reported that Grant's army was return- 
ing to Mississippi.' Two days after he informed me that the 
brigade had been ' ordered'' into Mississippi, General Johnston 
telegraphed me to know whether I could not 'assis^^' Roddy 
in Alabama. So far as I know, the brigade did not set foot 
in my Department. It was not a small matter, these repeated 
refusals to restore my cavalry. '■A strong brigade was or- 
dered ' — that sounds well. Who stops to inquire when it came ? 
or whether it ever came ? See my letter of April 29 th to 
General Johnston." 

Extract from letter to Gen. Johnston : 

Vicksburg, May 5, 1SG3. 
"Enemy's force here is double what I can bring into the field. 

" J. C. Pemberton." 

Vicksburg, May 5, 18G3. 
General Loring ;* 

General — When the enemy intends to make his movement in force 
against Warrenton, he will probably demonstrate heavily towards the 
E. R. on the east of Big Black River. To support Maj.-Gen, Stevenson, 
who, with Moore's brigade of Forney's Division, and his own Division, 
will occupy the right, you will early to-morrow move your entire Division 
(Tilghman's, Featherston's, and Buford's brigades) to the neighborhood of 

*• Similar instructions sent toBoweu and Stevenson. 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 203 

B. Lanier's, on the Baldwin Ferry and Mt. Alban road. Gen. Bowen is 
directed to take position on the east and south of Big Black bridge, with 
his own and Green's brigades, keeping a regiment on guard at Edwards' 
Depot. All heavy baggage and tents must be sent to Vicksburg. Troops 
will bivouac, and only sufficient wagons %vill be moved with them to 
transport ammunition and cooking utensils. J. C. Pemberton. 

ViCKSURG, M&y 8, 1863. 
General Gardner, O^syka : 

Return with two thousand troops to Port Hudson, and hold it to the 
last. President says both places must be held, 

J. C. Pemberton. 

On the Yth May, President Davis telegraphed Pemberton : 
" Want of transportation and supplies must compel the enemy 
to seek a junction with their fleet after a few days' absence 
fi'om it. To .hold both Vicksburg and Port Hudson is neces- 
sary to a connection with Trans-Mississippi." 

To Gen. Loring, shows disposition of Pemberton's troops on 
that day. 

To Gen. Gardner, then en route from Port Hudson to re-en- 
force Vicksburg : 

(Telegratn.) TULLAHOMA, May 6, 1803." 

To Lieutenant- General Peiiiberton : 

Let me know the location of your troops, numbers, and places, in 
cipher. J, E. Johnstois". 

(Telegram.) TULLAHOMA, May 9, 1863. 

To Lieutenant-Gen. Pemberton : 

Your despatch in cipher received. Cannot decipher about Port Hudson. 
Make entirely new cipher of that part. Disposition of troops, as far as 
understood, judicious. Can be readily concentrated against Grant's army, 

Jos. E. Johnston. 

Vicksburg, May 7, 1863. 
General Joseph E. Johnston : 

General Loring's and Stevenson's Divisions, and one (1) brigade Smith's, 

one (1) Forney's, between Warrenton and Baldwin's Ferry. General 

* Observe particularly tlie concluding paragraph of my answer to this tele- 
gram below, dated iMay 7, for report of battle of Port Gibson, and of May 9, 
below, acknowledging its receipt.— J. C. P. 



204 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

Bowen's Division, Big Black bridge — one brigade on either side of river. 
General Hebert's brigade between Synder's Mills and Chickasaw Bayou. 
General Vaugban's north of city, to support Hebert and Bowen. Gen- 
eral Lee's, including heavy artillery, in the city. One brigade, about five 
thousand infantry, cavalry, and artillery, at Port Hudson ; two (2) en 
route from there to this place. Chalmers, about eleven himdred, yester- 
day at Oxford, awaiting to co-operate with Forrest. Buggies at Colum- 
bus—small force of cavalry and State troops. General Bowen, being at- 
tacked by overvrhelming numbers, had to leave his position, and, for 
want of transportation, all the horses being killed, had to leave four pieces 
light artillery. Our probable loss, killed, wounded, and missing, between 
six and seven hundred. (Signed) J, C. Pembeeton. 

Official, n. C. TUPPER, A. D. C. 

In his Official Report (part 7, page G), Gen. Johnston says: 
*' I received no further report of the battle of Port Gibson, 
and on the 5th asked Gen. Pemberton, ' Wliat is the result ? 
and where is Grant's array ?' I received no answer, and gained 
no additional information in relation to either subject." The 
telegrams were generally in cipJier. On the 5th May Pember- 
ton asked that six thouss.nd cavalry ' be employed to keep open 
his communications ;' and added, * the enemy's force,' &c., as 
above. On the Vth, Pemberton telegraphed : ' General Bowen 
being attacked by overwhelming numbers, had to leave his 
position, and, for want of transportation, all the horses being 
killed, had to leave four pieces light artillery. Our probable 
loss, killed, wounded, and missing, between six and seven hun- 
dred." 

On the 9tb, General Johnston acknowledges the receipt of 
this despatch, and pronounces the disposition of Pemberton's 
troops, " as far as understood, judicious," &c., &c. 

Edwakds' Depot, ; 

li miles South, May 7. ) 
To Oeneral Pemherton : 

Upon the statement of a paroled C. S. officer, I am able to report that 
late yesterday evening the advance-guard of the enemy, consisting of the 
Second and Third Illinois Cavalry, was encamped four miles beyond 
Cayuga, on the Rocky Spring Road. His infantry encampment extends 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 205 

from Little Sand Creek to Willow Springs, a distance of five or six miles 
— how much, if any, further below the latter place, I have no information. 
The reports of my own scouts for the past two days corroborate the state- 
ment regarding the advance-guard of the enemy. General Osterhaus has 
his headquarters at Little Sand. A body of three hundred of tlie enemy's 
cavalry is daily patroling the country round Cayuga, while smaller par- 
ties are engaged stealing horses and mules, and committing their usual 
depredations. IL Canby, Capt. 

BoviNA, May 8, 1863. 
To Lieutenant-General Perriberton : 

Scouts report the enemy's infantry camp has been advanced to Big- 
Black, three miles below Baldwin's Ferry, extending eastward. A very 
large encampment reported. A negro says they were preparing to cross 
Big Black just below the mouth of Five-Mile Creek. Scouts report some 
kind of a steam-craft in the River, All quiet at Edwards'. 

Jomr S. BowEN, Brig.-Gen. 

Captain Canby and General Bowen report position — show 
disposition of troops between Vicksburg and enemy. Vicks- 
burg was now occupied by but one brigade, whilst two held 
the line from Snyder's Mills to Warrenton. 

ViCKSBmG, May 9th, 1863. 
Lieutenant- General E. K. Smith, Shreveport, La. : 

The enemy having effected a landing on the eastern bank of the Mis- 
sissippi River, in force, at the mouth of Bayou Pierre, I have abandoned 
Grand Gulf, and leaving sufficient force in Vicksburg for its protection, 
have taken position on western and northern side of Big Black River, and 
on the Southern Railroad, connecting Jackson and Vicksburg. This 
leaves the country from the Mississippi River towards Jackson open to 
the approaches of the enemy. 

My cavalry is weak and wholly inadequate, either to cut the lines of 
communication of the enemy with the Mississippi River, or to guard and 
protect my own. Vicksburg (consequently the navigation of the Missis- 
sippi River) is the vital point indispensable to be held. Nothing can be 
done which might jeopardize it. iSIy force is insufficient for offensive 
operations. I must stand on the defensive, at all events, until re-enforce- 
ments reach me. You can contribute materially to the defence of Vicks- 
burg, and the navigation of the Mississippi River, by a movement upon 
the line of communication of the enemy on the vv-estern side of the River. 



206 KECOLLECTIOXS OF 

He derives his supplies and his re-enforcements, for the most part, by a 
route which leads from Milliken's Bend to New Carthage, La., a distance 
of some thirty-live or forty miles. To break this would render a most 
important service. I trust you will be able, as I know you desire, to co- 
operate with me in this vital undertaking. I hope you will let me hear 
from you. 

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

J. C. Pembektoi^ 

May 10th. 
General Juli nston : 

Twenty empty transports passed up Mississippi River, by Austin, since 
7th, I presume for more troops. Five thousand of the troops that went 
to Alabama have returned to Corinth. Force now there eleven thousand. 

J. C. Pembertox. 

ViCKSBURG, May 10th, 1863, 
Colonel Wirt Adams : 

General Gregg is ordered to HajTUond ; direct your cavalry there to 
scout thoroughly, and keep him informed. 

J. C. Pembekton. 

ViCKSBUBG, May 10th, 
General Gregg : 

Move your Brigade promptly to Raymond, taking three days' rations, 
and carrying only cooking utensils and ammunition — no baggage. Let 
no one get ahead of you, or through your lines to the enemy, or know 
of your movements. Use Wirt Adams' cavalry at Raymond for advanced 
pickets. J. C. Pemberton. 

To General Johnston — informs him of the passage of empty 
boats up the Mississippi, probably for re-enforcements for 
Grant. 

To Colonel Adams — shows that Pemberton employed the 
little cavalry he had with a view to the safety of his arriving 
re-enforcements, as well as for his own information of enemy's 
movements. 

To General Gregg — cautions him in regard to his movement 
to Raymond, Shows by bis instructions, as to rations, bag- 
gage, etc., the temporary character of his location there ; he 
having just arrived from Port Hudson ; was intended as a 
nucleus about which the pi'omlsed re-enforcements might as- 



HENRY WATS INS ALLEN. 207 

semble, to unite or co-operate with the army on Big Black, as 
circumstances might render advisable. Had Pemberton moved 
each regiment or brigade at once to his main army, on 
its arrival in Jackson, the position of the enemy's forces would 
have prevented those coming in late from joining him at all, 
and they would have been useless. 

BoviNA, May 8th, 1863. 
To General Pemberton : 

Advance scouts still report enemy advancing in force tov/ards Bald- 
win's. All quiet at Edwards'. 

John S. Bowen, 

Brigadier-General. 

BoviNA, May 11th, 1863. 
To Lieutenant-Oeneral Pemberton : 

An officer, who has been around, and in the enemy's lines, reports 

about forty thousand infantry and artillery camped from Rocky Springs 

to the College, north of Big Sandy. About two thousand cavalry are 

gleaning the country of every thing movable, and sending it to their 

camp. Their cavalry moved as far as Fourteen-Mile Creek this afternoon, 

and were driven back three miles by Col. Gates' scouts. 

John S, Bowen, 

Brigadier-General. 

BoviNA, May 12th, 1863. 
To General Pemherton : 

Colonel Gates reports enemy advancing in force, infantry, cavalry, and 
artillery. He has been fighting them all morning ; he sends for re- 
enforcements, but has orders to fall back, as none will be sent. They 
are three miles south of Edwards' Depot. 

John S. Bowen. 

Show in connection with Pemberton's orders, that he still con- 
tinued to move his army between enemy and Vicksburg. 

ViCKSBURG, May 11th, 1863. 
General Loring ;* 

I am directed by the Lieut.-Gen. Commanding to say, that he wrote 
you a communication this evening in the dai'k, directing you to move two 
brigades of your division close to General Bowen's position. This move- 

*-Similar one to General Stevenson. 



203 recollecJtions of 'II 

ment is made, fearing it may be nccessaiy to cross the Big Black bridge, ' 

wiiicli, if necessary, must be done as rapidly as possible. To effect tliis, 

you will keep your command in readiness to move at a moment's notice. J 

This is written, fearing that you may not have been able to read the \ 

communication previously sent. 1 

J. H. MoKRisox, A. D. C. j 

Raymond, xia Clinton, May 11th, 1863. 
General Gregg : \ 

I directed a telegram to you from General Loring's headquarters. If \ 
the enemy advance on you too strong, fall back on Jackson. All the :| 
South Carolina troops will be ordered to Raymond to support you, or \ 
cover your retreat, as the case may be. If, however, the enemy approaches '- 
Big Black bridge, hold your command in readiness to attack him in rear 
or ilank. If you should be superseded, communicate this to command- 
ing officer. Employ the cavalry actively in scouting and harassing his i 
movements. J. C. PEiiBERTON. \ 

May 11th. I 

General Stevenson: ': 

The Lieutenant-General Commanding directs that you will immediately ^ 

relieve General Buford, by placing a portion of your command in the ' 

position he now holds. The movements of the enemy on the other side i 

of Big Black render it necessary that this be promptly carried out. \ 

J. C. Pemberton. ] 

To General Loring — indicates movements to be made de- I 

pendent upon changes of position by enemy. If necessary, j 

Big Black must be crossed. - ; 

To General Gregg — shows that his instructions were to flill 

back if enemy advanced upon him in too great force; that he .'. 
must co-operate on enemy's rear, in event of his advance upon 

Big Bh\ck bridge. i 

ViCKSBURG, May 11th, 1803. \ 

General Walker, Jackson : ] 

Move immediately with your command to Raymond. General Gregg 1 

has been ordered, if the enemy advances on him in too strong force, to i 

fall back on Jackson. You will do likewise, in conjunction with him. If i 

the enemy advance on you in not too strong force, you will meet them. j 

If, instead of advancing on Jackson, he should advance on Big Black \ 
bridge, the command under the direction of the senior officer will attack 

him in rear and flank. J. C, Pemberton. ^ 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 209 

May lltli, 1863. 
General Stevenson : 

General — The Lieutenant-General Commanding directs me to say to 
you that he has received information from General Loring that there is 
a strong force opposite Baldwin's Ferry, and that it is probable that the 
movement supposed about to be made against Jackson, is in reality 
against Big Black bridge, in co-operation with the force opposite Bald- 
win's Ferry ; and that, in such an event, you will be prepared to act in 

conjunction with General Loring. 

F. M. Stafford, A. D. C. 

ViCKSBUEG, May 13tli. 

General Stevenson : 

The Lieutenant-General Commanding directs me to say, that, from in- 
formation just received from Colonel Yates, at Edwards' Depot, it ap- 
pears evident the enemy are advancing in force on Edwards' Depot and 
Big Black bridge. Hot skirmishing has been going on all morning, and 
the enemy are at Fourteen-Mile Creek. You must take your whole di- 
vision, and move up rapidly to the support of Loring and Bowen, at the 
Big Black bridge, leaving Baldwin's and Moore's Brigades (of Smith's 
and Forney's Divisions) to protect your right. 

To General Walker — instructs bis Brigade, just arrived at 
Jackson, to join Gregg, <&c. 

To Stevenson — to move with his whole division to support 
of Loring and Bowen, across the Big Black, in consequence of 
enemy's advance towards Jackson and Edwards' Depot. 

ViCKSBURG, May 12th, 18G3. 
General Boxcen, Banna : 

General Gregg reports that he has not over one hundred cavalry. His 
advance must be covered by sufficient cavalry from your command, that 
he may not be taken by surprise in his move on the enemy's rear. I 
shall probably be at Bovina this evening. Colonel Wirt Adams reports 
that he drove back the enemy this morning at Dillon's, near Fourteen- 
Mile Creek. ' J. C. Pe^iberton. 

ViCKSBURG, May 12th, 1863. 
General Boicen or General Loring : 

I have ordered Gregg, with his farce at Eaymond, about three thou- 
sand (3,000) men, to advance on rear of enemy, should he attack Big 
Black bridge. Should the enemy turn on Gregg, you will advance your 
whole force and attack him. J. C Pemberton. 



210 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

VlCKSBURG, 12tll, 1863, 

General Adams, Jackson : 

All troops arriving at Jackson must be puslied forward at once to 
strengthen Gregg and Walker. Heavy skirmisliing tliis side Fourteen. 
Mile Creek. J. C. Pemberton. 

VlCKSBURG, May 12tli, 18G3. 
General Loring, Boxina : 

Brigadier-General Vauglian's Brigade* is on its way to Mt. Alban, to 
re-enforce you, if necessary, but must not be called upon unless absolutely 
necessary, as tliey may be needed at Chickasaw Bayou. 

J. C. Pemberton. 

VlCKSBURG, May 13tli, 1863. 
General Loring, Bovina : 

General Bowen will advance his command to Edwards' Depot, and 
hold that position, at least for the present, and it may be permanently. 
You will occupy the intrenchments vacated by General Bowen, until your 
men are rested. I will come to Bovina to-night. 

J. C. Pemberton. 

Bovina, May 13th, 1863. 
General Loring, Edwards' Depot : 

The Lieutenant-General Commanding directs that you make a recon- 
noissance, of such a character as you may deem proper, tofind out where 
the main force of the enemy is, and in what direction moving. If on 
Jackson, he thinks his move will be to fall on their rear, and cut their 
communications ; but he must have accurate information from you, that 
he can rely on, before making this move, wdiich would leave Vicksburg, 
by way of Big Black bridge and the ferries, in so critical a position. It is 
necessary that the Lieutenant-General should be informed, not only what 
force has moved on, but the strength and position of that which is left. 

J. C. Taylor, A. D. C. 

Mapr-General Forney, Vicksburg : 

The Lieutenant-General Commanding directs that you arrange to be 
able to concentrate your troops, if necessary, within the defences of Vicks- 
burg, and that without the loss of any artillery. 

J. C. Taylor, A. D. C. 

To General Loring, May 13 — Of this despatch Pemberton 
says, " It shows I had well considered the advisability of an 

* Smith's Division. 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN 211 

advance towards Jackson, in case the enemy moved upon the 
Capital, but that I would not do so blindly, but required accu- 
rate information upon all points affecting the safety of my army 
and Vicksburg, before taking so hazardous a step. General 
Johnston sent his instructions to me on the 13th, immediately 
upon his arrival in Jackson, in ignorance of the actual position 
and strength of the enemy in my front (as is shown very clearly 
in his letter of the 14th,) and on my flank, subverting all my 
plans, requiring me to take the offensive at a moment's notice, 
with a force not exceeding at the most, 17,500, to attack an 
enemy at Clinton who had absolutely driven him (General J.) 
out of Jackson, 8 or 9 miles beyond Clinton by the time I was 
able to communicate his instructions to ray General officers at 
Edwards' Depot — that is to say, before noon on the 14th. 

Panola, May 12th. 
To Lieutenant-General Pemlei^ion : 

I have information I deem reliable, that an advance of ten thousand 
will be made on Jackson from Corinth, and that Launan's division was 
to move on Vicksburg yesterday from Memphis, leaving this place about 
destitute of troops. 

James R. Chalmers, 

Brig-adicr-G encral. 

Headquarters Loring's Division, 
Whittaker's, 12th May, 1863. 
To Lieutenant-General Pemlerton : 

General — Captain Russel, one of the captains of my command, and 
one of the best in it, was sent by me to learn tlie enemy's movements, 
returned last night by the way of Gen. Bowen, and gave him information 
which he telegraphed to you upon its receipt. He reports that the enemy's 
cavalry are on all the roads leading from the Southern College towards 
Edwards' Depot and Raymond, and had advanced five to eight miles yes- 
terday from Southern College in the direction of these two points. His 
cavalry also occupy the road from Baldwin's Ferry to Auburn, and had 
also advanced from Utica towards Raymond, and were encamped 3 P. m. 
yesterday at Roache's, five miles above Utica. Col. Gates, of Bowen's 
command, was then skii-mishing with their cavalry at Fourteen-mile 
Creek, on the Grand Gulf Road, four miles from Edwards' Depot, and had 
driven him three miles. Four miles above Cayuga, their infimtry and 



212 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

cavalry camps were at Five-mile Creek. All these roads lead to Edwards' 

Depot and Raymond. Marauders are busily engaged in the immediate 

rear of the enemy, pressing negroes, horses, mules, and provisions. 

I have the honor to bo, etc., 

W. W. LORING, 

Major-General Commanding. 

To General Loring, May 12. — Gives information as to 
enemy's location and movements, and in conjunction with 
Pemberton's dispatches of 11 tb, 12th and loth, shows that by 
corresponding movements Pemberton kej^t his army between 
the enemy and Vicksburg. 

Early on the morning of tlie 13th, h e placed his whole army 
in position at Edwards' Depot. 

Edwaeds' Depot, May loth, 1863. 

Telegraphed to Adams in Jackson this morning for news of the enemy 
in the neighborhood of Raymond, and received the following answer : 

Jackson, May 13. — Gen. Loring, Edwards' Depot: and Gen. Pember- 
ton, Bovina ; Gen. Grt^gg at Mississippi Springs ; Enemy thought to be 
advancing from Raymond on the Springs in force, as ascertained from 
prisoners and otherwise, to be very large — from thirty to forty thousand, 
consisting of two army corps. Gen. McPherson in command. Probable 
that the telegraph wires will soon be cut. I am sending forward one 
battery, all that is here. Last arrival of troops here was Thirtieth 
Georgia, which has arrived at Mississippi Springs. The next troops will 
be here this evening at five o'clock. Will be pushed forward as fast as 
possible. Prisoners state Gen. Sherman has crossed Big Black. I de- 
rived this information from Gregg, at 10 o'clock A. m. 

John Adams, 
Brigadier-General. 

Gives information of enemy's position and probable strength. 
Sherman's corps was not then in advance of Bolton, on Pem- 
berton's left. 

Accompanies letter of General Jacob Thompson. 

Vicksburg, May 3d, 1863. 
Jeff. Davis, President : 

Gen. Bowen is falling "behind Big Black River. Gen. Loring is now 
with Mm. Shall concentrate all my troops this side of Big Black. The 
question of subsistence, and proximity to base and necessity of supporting 
Vicksburg, have determined this. 



1 



riENllY W ATKINS ALLEN. 213 

Grand Gulf is abandoned ; it lost most of its importance by the troops 
crossing below, Bowen lost four pieces of artillery, but lie and his. men 
fought nobly. With cavalry in North Mississippi, and re-enforcements 
promised, think we will be all right. J. C. Pembekton. 

General Pemberton says, commenting upon this dispatch : 

The above telegram shows my determination to concentrate all my 
troops, not in Vicksburg, but between that fortified position and the 
enemy — a policy unchanged, so far as my judgment guided me, until the 
results brought about by the orders of my superior compelled me to with- 
draw into the defences of Vicksburg itself. This telegram also shows 
that I was by no means disheartened by preceding events. 

My matured plans (see official Eeports, page 44, congressional copy) 
were, to keep constantly between Vicksburg and the enemy by conform- 
ing my movements to his ; if possible, to hold the line of the Big Black 
(where the defensive positions allowed it to be done) ; or if compelled to 
cross that stream, not to advance beyond Edwards' Dei^ot, where I xvaB 
fortifying, and where my flanks virtually rested on the Big Black ; 
whilst my communications with the western bank were perfect, and 
supplies were brought by rail directly to my army from my principal 
depot (Vicksburg), and where, from facility of communication, I could 
have employed almost my entire force in the field, and yet have secured 
the safety of the vital position, Vicksburg. 

As long as I could pursue this system, I was accumulating supplies 
from the Yazoo. My great object was to prevent Grant from establishing a 
base on the Mississippi River, above Vicksburg. The farther north he ad- 
vanced, towards my left, from his then base below, the weaker he became ; 
the more exposed became his rear and flanks ; the more difficult it became 
to subsist his army, and obtain reinforcements. I had been promised a large 
force of cavalry, and troops of the other armies, and was daily expecting their 
arrival. If Grant, disregarding my army, in position at Edwards' Depot, 
should attempt to advance upon Snyder's Mill by the rear, my whole army 
on either side of the river (Big Black) would have been upon his flank 
and rear. True, he might destroy Jackson and ravage the country, but 
that was comparatively a small matter. To take Vicksburg, to control 
the valley of the Mississippi, to sever the Confederacy, and to ruin our 
cause, a base upon the eastern bank immediately above was absolutely 
necessary. The enormous pressure upon me, the clamor of the people, 
the discontent of the army, and General J(^nston's order, alone pre- 
vented me from carrying out my own views to the end. In this ccanec- 
tion, see letter of Major Jacob Thompson, my Inspector-General, 

J, C. Pemberton. 



214: llECOLLECTIONS OF 

Edwakds' Depot, May 14, 1863, 
General Forney, Vicksburg : 

The Lieutenant-G eneral Commanding directs tlaat you send at once to 
tills point seventy-six thousand (76,000) rations, exclusive of soap and 
candles, and also that you be on the alert in the direction of Baldwin's 
Ferry. He has j ust learned from a Federal prisoner, a commissioned offi- 
C5er, that Smith's Division is at Baldwin's Ferry, and they are still re- 
enforcing. You will re-enforce that line with Baldwin's Brigade, and if 
necessary, also with Waul's Legion. II. C. Tupper, A. D. C. 

Madam — The above despatch, sent on the day I received General 
Johnston's order, " if practicable, to come up on Sherman's rear at once''" 
(Sherman's corps being then supposed at Clinton), shows that before I 
could move my army from its present position at Edwards' Depot, it was 
necessary that additional rations should be forwarded from Vicksburg ; 
because, whilst pursuing my own plans, it was contrary to my policy to 
hold large supplies at any point upon my line of operations — since the 
enemy's movements constantly compelled me to change my own position, 
and Vicksburg, my depot, was nearly equidistant from all. (In the case 
of Edwards' Depot, where my army was then in line of battle, the R. R. 
passed directly through my camp.) And besides this, all available wag- 
ons were at this time employed in hauling supplies into Vicksburg from 
Haines' Bluff. It was necessary, therefore, to withdraw a sufficient num- 
ber to furnish transportation for the army in any advance movement : 
that necessarily caused some delay. This despatch further shows, that 
on arriving at Edwards' Depot, I learned that a division of Grant's army 
was on my right flank, and near enough to follow in my rear. This fact 
made it impracticable, independent of other important reasons, to move 
directly upon Clinton. Yet, as I have stated in my official report, I felt 
that I was compelled by circumstances to surrender my own judgment 
and abandon my plans, and to conform, as nearly as I could, to those of 
my superior. Accompanying this sheet, please find copy of a letter from 
Major Jacob Thompson, at that period my Inspector-General, and once 
Secretary of the Interior in the cabinet of Mr. Buchanan. It is proper I 
should state why this letter is selected in preference to those of others of 
my staff. Knowing full well how much I should be misrepresented and 
maligned, I required every member of my staff, who accompanied me on 
the field of Baker's Creek, and whom circumstances throAv in my way 
about the time my report -^s being prepared, to set down in writing, as 
nearly as they could remember, such of my orders as they respectively 
delivered on the field of battle. Mr. Thompson is well known to the 
whole country ; he is of more mature age than any other officer who ac- 



HENRY WATKIKS ALLEN. 215 

companied me on the field ; lie was probably more conversant with m.y 
views, and, finally, was present at the council of war held at Edwards' 
Depot immediately after the receipt of General Johnston's instructions to 
me of the 13th May, 1863. For these reasons I select his letter. 

Entekpkise, July 21, 1863. 
Lieutenant- General J. C. Peniberton: 

General — Until very lately I was not aware that you expected those 
members of your stafi", who were with you in the military movements in 
front of Vicksburg-, to furnish you a statement of the part they bore in 
the same. I seize the first opportunity to comply with your request, so 
far as observations and experience enable me to do so. After the land- 
ing of the enemy at Bruinsburg, and the Battle of General Bowen at 
Port Gibson, and the falling back of our troops to the Big Black at the 
Rail Road bridge, and across that stream below the bridge, you resisted 
persistently the desire expressed in various quarters of the army to cross 
the Big Black River, and to give him battle. For several days it was be- 
lieved very generally that the enemy would attempt to cross the Big 
Black River at what are known as the lower ferries, and move upon 
Vicksburg from the south, with their gimboats, attacking Warrenton on 
one side, the column moving on Edwards' Depot or the R. R. bridge on the 
other. The almost total want of cavalry, not only kept you in ignorance 
of his movements, but deprived you of all means of annoying or retard- 
ing him, in his movements. About 11th of May, information was received 
that at least one corps of the enemy's forces was moving on Raymond, 
and the probability was (though I do not think it was certainly known) 
that a division, if not a corps, was moving on Edwards' Depot. On the 
evening of the 12th you left Vicksburg for Bovina, having previoiasly or- 
dered Major-General Loring and Stevenson to bring all of their divis- 
ions to Edwards' Depot. 

I accompanied you to Bovina, and we reached there on the night of the 
12th May. The next day, the troops, consisting of Loring's, Stevenson's 
and Bowen's divisions, were drawn up in line of battle, in front of Ed 
wards' Depot. They remained all the 13th in line, and nothing was seen 
of the enemy. On the 14th a communication was received from General 
Johnston, then in Jackson, informing you of the presence of the enemy 
in Clinton, and indicating a forward movement as desirable. Immediately 
a council of war was called, consisting of all the general officers. I was 
present at that council, and heard your viewsijp,nd those of the different 
officers expressed. You stated at great length, and to my mind with great 
force, that the leading and great duty of your array was, to defend Vicks- 
burg; the disposition and numbers of the enemy, and youv forces; the 



216 EECOLLEbTIONS OF 

bad effect of a defeat, and tlie probability of sucli result if you moved for- 
ward. After canvassing it, there icas not a wice in fawr of moting on 
Clinton. But inasmuch as tlie enemy had moved m force on Jackson, 
leaving, as was supposed, only a single division on the Big Black, it was 
first suggested by General Loring and afterwards acquiesced in by all the 
other officers, that it would be wise and expedient to move the next day 
on the Southern or Raymond road to Dillon's, which was on the main 
leading road by which the enemy carried on his communications, give 
battle to the division left in the rear, and thus effectually break up the 
enem.y's communications. In tliis council it seemed to be taken for 
granted by all the oflScers that the enemy was then engaged in an effort 
to reduce Jackson, and was therefore too far removed to participate in the 
expected fight. You gave in to the views of the oJBBcers with reluc- 
tance, and expressed yourself as doing so against your convictions. But 
being present and hearing every thing said, I did not see how you could 
have done otherwise, with any expectation of retaiidng your hold upon 
the army. It had been intimated to me again and again (yet I am frank 
to say, I can trace the remark to no particular or responsible source) that 
you were averse to a fight with the enemy, and that everybody be- 
lieved the time for active operations had come. 

Though possessed of your views and concurring in them, yet this feel- 
ing had so great an mfluence on me, that I believed at the time that a 
fight was inevitable, and so expressed myself to you. On the 14th a 
heavy rain fell, and raised the waters of Baker's Creek, over which we 
had to pass in going to Dillon's,»so that it could not be crossed without 
swimming. This necessitated the delay for the construction of a bridge. 
Before this was completed. General Loring came to you and suggested 
that a bridge was standing on the middle Raymond road, over which the 
troops could pass, and that beyond the bridge there was a fair road lead- 
ing into the road it was intended to take. The suggestion was adopted 
and the troops immediately put in motion. General Loring's division 
moved in front, General Bowens' in the centre, and General Stevenson 
in the rear. That night, 15th, all the troops crossed the bridge over Ba- 
ker's Creek , and General Loring reached the lower road — General Tilgh- 
man's Brigade being thrown forward of Mrs. Ellison's house, on the 
lower Raymond road. About 10 o'clock at night the troops bivouacked 
on the road connecting the two Raymond roads. 

We spent the night of the 15th at Mrs. Ellison's. Next morning, about 
7 o'clock, a courier arrived from General Johnston, bringing the inform- 
ation that he had evacuated Jackson, and had withdrawn in the direc- 
tion of Clinton, and, as I understood, desiring you to move in a direction 
to unite your forces or to enable you to co-operate with him. This led to 



I 



HENRY WATKIK3 ALLEN. 217 

an order forthwith to countennarch and move in the direction of Browns- 
ville. About the time the army was ready to take up the line of march, 
^. ring commenced in front, and soon it was ascertained that the force was 
too large to be long resisted by our picket force. 

The whole train moved on in the countermarch, preceded by the Brigade 
of Colonel Reynolds, which now became, under the new orders, the ad- 
vance-guard. General Loring's Brigade was drawn up in line of battle 
first, in the lower road. He fell back then a half-mile, and re-formed in 
the rear of the entrance of the military road with the Raymond road. 
For some time it was doubtful whether the main attack would be in the 
middle Raymond road, on which our left (Stevenson's Division) rested, or 
on our right, held by Loring's Division. Our position, along which our 
lines were formed, was in my judgment a favorable one. It soon be- 
came evident, however, that the main attack was going to be on the left ; 
and the lighting had not continued long, before information was received 
from General StevensDU that ho was hard pressad. 

Your headquarters having been selected to the left of the centre of the 
line, ready access was had to the whole line. While the fighting was 
progressing in great firmness on the left, a demonstration was made on 
the centre, which was soon checked, by a few well-directed shots from a 
battery of Bowen's Division. Soon after you ascertained that the main 
assault would be made on the left, orders were sent to Bowen to fall on 
the left with all his force. His division came up at a double-quick, and 
charged on the enemy in fine style, driving him back for more than half 
a mile. At the same time orders were sent to General Loring, to follow 
up the movement of General Bowen. 

When there was some delay at his coming, you directed me to carry 
the order, which I did, at the full speed of my horse. The order I de- 
livered was, that " General Pemberton desires you to come immediately, 
and with all despatch, to the left, to the support of General Stevenson, 
whatever may be in your front." General Loring replied by asking me 
" if General Pemberton knew that the enemy was i^ great force in his 
front. I replied I did not know whether General Pemberton knew the 
lact or not, but I knew I repeated the order correctly ; and if he did not 
comply with it, the responsibility was his, not mine. I returned to your 
headquarters, and repeated the conversation. Soon after, it was discov- 
ered that some two regiments had broken, and I went to endeavor to 
rally them. You soon came up, and by a few appropriate words ad- 
dressed to them, closing by proposing to lead them back yourself, if their 
ofiicers did not, the regiments rallied, and the oflacers petitioned you to 
let them lead them, which they did. 

Wc then moved along in tlieir rear, far into the front, and en finding 

10 



218 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

tlie enemy was making a flank movement to our left, the inquiry was 
made again, " Where is Loring?" and some of the staff were sent to hunt 
hhn. On returning to headquarters, General Bufort with his brigade was 
met ; and after you had pointed out to him the position he was to take, 
you again directed me, if possible, to find General Loring. General T. 
H. Taylor and myself undertook to do so. We were gone for some time 
before we ascertained where he was ; but finding he had gone on a road 
we did not know, to the left, we returned to report the fact to you. Upon 
our return vre met with General Stevenson, who informed us, you had 
gone in the direction of the late headquarters of General Loring. 

As the enemy was reported to us to have got in between where we 
supposed you to be and ourselves, we moved in what we believed to be a 
direct line to the lower bridge. In this we had no guide, and struck the 
creek some distance above it, and found it most difi^cult to get across. 
We succeeded, however, and I joined you at Edwards' Depot. After 
making the necessary arrangements to protect your rear, you then re- 
turned to the intrenchments in front of the railroad bridge, and after 
remaining there awaiting General Loring for several hours, making the 
necessary dispositions for the contemplated attack of the next day, at a 
late hour of the night we reached Bovina. The next day, Sunday, 17th, 
v/e returned to Vicksburg, when immediately the different portions of the 
fortifications were manned by our troops. 

Being near your person throughout three several days of trial, I was 
struck with admiration at the prompt manner in which you discharged 
every duty devolved upon you, in your responsible position. 
I am, with great respect, your obedient servant, 

J. THoaiPSOX, A. I. G. 

As I intend to open my pages to General Johnston, for any 
explanation he may choose to oifer, I think it but just to insert 
any of General Pemberton's letters essential to a clear state- 
ment of his position. I believe myself, after careful examina- 
tion and impartial observation, that General Pemberton has 
been greatly wronged by us all. Until this close examination 
of unimpeachable testimony, placed in my hands most frankly 
by General Pemberton, T, too, shared the popular prejudice 
against him. 

The fall of Vicksburg has reduced me and all my kindred 
from affluence to comparative poverty. The besom of destruc- 
tion swept by my own door. The ruin of my country involved 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN". 219 

that of every man, woman, and child in whose veins my blood 
runs. Tlie fall of Vicksbiirg, the loss of the River, caused this 
ruin. Believing* General Peraberton responsible for this great 
disaster, it was simply as a matter of honor and justice that I 
asked an account of these matters from hira, as w^ell as from 
General Johnston. I lay the result candidly before the world 
— my world, for whom alone I write — my own people, the 
South. 

General Johnston's fame is above accident. If it should 
even be proved he made mistakes sometimes, as well as other 
mortals, it could not hurt him much. Lee made mistakes in 
Western Virginia ; and who is greater than Robert E.Lee? 
We think him almost unparalleled in human history. In 
reading General Pemberton's letters, due allowance must be 
made for his peculiar position. As I have already said, I use 
them without asking his permission, as I have much other 
private correspondence in the course of this narrative ; but 
knowing how pure and disinterested is my own search after 
the truth of history, I have ventured to trespass so far on the 
indulgence of my friends, and have made such use of their 
letters to me as I thought discreet and valuable to history, 
holding myself responsible for all I say in these pages. I give 
this following extract fi'om a letter of General Pemberton's : 

" My Official Report, in connection with tins letter, covers nearly all I 
desire to say witli reference to tlie battle of Baker's Creek. 

" It lias been witli his pen, as well as with liis sword, that General 
Johnston has gained his victories. He handles it e)i mciitre. I regard 
his ' Report of Operations in Mississippi and E, Louisiana' as a master- 
piece of ics kind. His assertions are bold and to the point — so positive 
and unqualified, that it is very difficult to believe they can be otherwise 
than correct, or to moderate them. Observe, for instance, the brevity and 
force of that paragraph (page G, 0, R.) to which I have already called at- 
tention : ' I received no further Report of the battle of Port Gibson, &c., 
&c. Yet I have produced his own acknowledgment of the receipt of the 
information he asked. From the first page to the last, this Report is full 
of just such assertions, in frequent seeming opposition to the facts. But 
lie has succeeded in maintaining his own reputation, at the expense of 



320 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

mine — I am uttei-lr condemned ! General Johnston possesses anotlier 
admirable qualification as a writer of military reports. He sometimes 
mentions, en 'passant, a point of tlie utmost importance, in sucli a man- 
ner as does not call the attention to it. For instance, in part 2, page 7, 
O. R., lie informs us that ' on Thursday, May 14th, the enemy advanced 
by the Raymond and Clinton roads upon Jackson.* Now the fact is that 
not the slightest intimation was given me, in his letter of the 13th, that 
there was any force of the enemy at Raymond. He does not tell his 
readers that had General Pemberton moved directly on Clinton, as ho 
directed, he (General P.) would have encountered, not only the four di- 
visions, which he says were at Clinton, but the additional force at Ray- 
mond also. And again, in the same paragraph, he leads the mind astray 
from the true reasons wdiich dictated the Clinton road as his line of re- 
treat from Jackson, on the 14th of May. He says, indeed, what waa 
perhaps correct, when he informs us that he ' retreated by the Clinton 
road, from which alone he could form a junction with Pemberton.' But 
this was not the only reason why he took that road. It was not to form 
a junction with my army, for he had on that day given up the idea of an 
immediate }\mc\\on. This is most clearly proved by his own letter of the 
14th, which is given in his oflficial report, iinmediately below the para- 
graph from which I have just quoted,— after telling us that ' the body 
of troops mentioned in my (his) note of last night, compelled Brigadier- 
General Gregg and his command to evacuate Jackson at noon to-day,' 
and the simultaneous advance of a body of troops ' from Raymond,' &c., 
&c. 

" He goes on to say, ' Telegrams were despatched when the enemy was 
near, directing General Gist to assemble the approaching troops at a 
point forty or fifty miles from Jackson, and General Maxey to return to 
his wagons and provide for the security of his brigade — for instance, by 
joining General Gist : that l)ody of troops will be able, I hope, to prevent 
the enemy in Jackson from diiawing provisions /row the East; a;i(f this 
ONE may de aUe to keep him from the country toicards Panola. Here 
we have the immediate reason why there was a ' necessity of taking the 
Canton road.' It was not that he expected me, in consequence of his note 
of the 13th (the preceding night), to form a junction with him by march- 
ing at once and direct on Clinton, because, he goes on to say, ' Can he 
supply himself from the Mssissippi ?' Can you not cut him off from it? 
&Tidi above all, should he be compelled to fall back for want of supplies, beat 
him?' (This, although against my own judgment, but for the reasons I 
have elsewhere stated, was precisely what I had this very same day, the 
lAth, determined to attempt.) 

" But to return to the question in point. Can any one, after reading the 



HENliy WATKINS ALLEN. 221 

above letter, believe tliat Gen. Jolinaton's special purpose in retreating by 
tlie Canton road was to form an immediate junction with my army ? Yet 
Bee what Gen. Johnston says, paragraph 3, page 8, 0. R. (referring to my 
note of the 14th May, from Edwards' Depot) : ' From it I learned that he' 
(Gen. Pemberton), ' had not moved towards Clinton, ten hours after the 
receipt of the order to do so, and that the junction of the forces, which 
could have been effected by the 15th, was deferred.' I have, I hope, very 
clearly shown that Gen. Johnston could not expect me to make this junc- 
tion with him immediately ; that when he wrote his letter to me of the 
14th, he had not the remotest idea of this junction being effected on the 
15th. I will now show this still more conclusively, and will demonstrate 
that by his own act he made it impossible. Referring again to the letter 
of the 14th, he goes on to say : " As soon as the re-enforcements are all 
up, they must be united to the rest of the army ; I am anxious to see a 
force assembled that may be able to inflict a heavy blow upon the enemy. 
Would it not be better to place the forces to support Vicksburg, between 
Gen. Loring and that place, and merely observe the ferries, so that you 
might unite, if opportunity to fight presented ilself ?' 

''Now the force with Gen. Loring was the very force, lohole and entire 
— my whole movable army (except those Gen. Johnston refers to as 
guarding the ferries) — which Gen. Johnston had directed me on the 13th 
to move on to Clinton, and the letter from which I am now quoting v/as 
written late in the evening of the 14th. How could the forces which he 
suggests should be placed between Gen. Loring and Vicksburg be united 
with Gea. Loring (that is, with my army), if the latter were supposed to 
have adA'anced to form a junction with himself at Clinton, or on the Can- 
ton road ? But he had himself made a junction on the 15th impossible. 
To prove this we have only again to refer to his (Gen. Johnston's) letter 
of 14th May ; one single line of quotation is sufficient : ' Gen. Gregg will 
move towards Canton to-morrow.' The to-morrow would be the 15th. 
Gen. Johnston was moving with Gen. Gregg, not to form a junction with 
my army, but away from me, in a contrary direction. I say he was doing 
this, for he actually did march ten miles further on the Canton road on the 
15th May. I knew nothing of this movement of Gen. Johnston's until 
the evening of the IGth. I did not receive Gen. J.'s instructions of the 
13th until between 9 and 10 on the 14th, and was then near Bovina, on 
my way to, and about seven miles distant from, my army at Edwards' 
Depot. All my previous arrangements, as before stated, had been upset. 
I was compelled, as far as possible, to provide for the safety of Vicksburg. 
It was near 12 M. when I reached my army. No one will deny that some 
slight preparaiio?is, at least, tcere necessary. I had at that hour only 
about 16,000 men present. Suppose, then, I had commenced the march 



222 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

with that numbsr by 3 P. m. on the 14th. It had rained in torrents 
during the day, and the roads were exceedingly heavy ; possibly, if un- 
molested by the enemy on the march, I might have reached Clinton by 
10 P. M., and where, then, would Gen. Johnston have been ? On the Can- 
ton road, by the nearest possible route, perhaps eighteen or twenty 
miles distant. Where, then, would have been his co-operation in my 
attack upon the enemy ? I cannot believe it is necessary to say any 
more in relation to this unfortunate battle of Baker's Creek, which I ac- 
knowledge 'ought never to have been fought,' and which I fought 
against my own will and convictions." 

The fights at Jackson, Raymond, Edwards' Depot, where 
Tilghrnan was killed. Baker's Creek, followed in rapid succes- 
sion. Pemberton was driven back by overwhelming numbers, 
nearlv mad with grief and disappointment. He lost heavily 
in artillery at Baker's Creek. The battle was desperately but 
not discreetly fought on the Big Black. He crossed his troops 
and attacked Grant, who had advantageous position on the 
hills, while Pemberton had to march across a flat, heavy and 
muddy, at their base. On the morning of the 18th May, there 
Avas but one brigade in position in the rear of Vicksburg. 
This was Gen. Louis Hebert's brigade of Louisianians and Mis- 
sissippians. Among this small body of troops was tlie cele- 
brated Third Louisiana, who had fought at Baton Rouge under 
Allen, and were now destined to have their position under- 
mined and be twice hloion tq^ here. This brigade of Hebert's 
occupied the works on the Jackson Road, along which Grant 
was rapidly advancing. 

During the course of the day, Gen. M. L. Smith marched his 
division into the northeastern corner of the works, and the 
Avorn-out, defeated, but not C07iquered, troops who had fought 
at Baker's Creek on the ICth and ITth, w^ere posted on the 
lines. It was 5 p. m. before Smith's column reached the breast- 
work. He threw out skirmishers on the road while he formed 
his line. He had not a minute to spare— in twenty more, his 
skirmishers were fired on by both infontry and artillery. The 
real " sieo-e of Vicksburg" had begun. The 19th was spent by 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN* 223 

both armies in disposing their lines until 1 p. m., when the Fed- 
erals made a charge upon Smith's Division arid the Sixth Mis- 
souri, of Bowen's Bi-igade. The Federals came on in four lines, 
and were met by a deadly fire from the two guns in the redoubt. 
The shot and shell crashed through their ranks. Men fell at 
every step, but they marched on, swiftly, steadily. At length 
they were so close, that grape and canister were substituted 
for shell in the Confederate guns. The enemy fell faster — the 
ranks closed up over the bodies of the thickly- dropping Fed- 
erals — but still they came on. Then the command was given 
to the Confederate infantry, " Now, boys ! fire steady — fire 
low." The carnage was terrific ; nearly every rifle told its 
tale of death. But the Federals marched on. Too close to be 
aided by artillery — too close to be hurt by the Confederate 
guns — they planted their flags on the very face of the works. 
The Confederates fixed bayonets ; the Federals stopped to fire 
a volley. The Confederates renewed their fire with tremen- 
dous vigor. The fight was dreadful for a few minutes, when 
the yell from the Confederates announced that the foe was re- 
pulsed. The ground was strewn with Federal dead. The 
two days following were spent by the Federals in building their 
first line of works, and bringing up their troops. The Confed- 
erates were also busy strengthening their lines. The 22d of 
May was bright and clear. At noon the Federal guns opened 
on the fortifications. Gun after gun took up the fearful fugue 
of death, until the heavens grew black with smoke, and the 
earth trembled. The air was filled with angry, screeching 
shells. They crossed each other, struck each other, and, as 
they would sometimes come in collision in mid air, they bursted 
there. The Confederate works were ploughed with the helhsh 
rain of iron fire ; the uproar was overwhelming to the senses; 
the ear was paralyzed by the din and jar. For two hours 
this storm of shot and shell continued ; then it ceased instanta- 
neously, and, in the no less fearful silence, the cry went along 
the Confederate lines — "They are coming!" and every man 
grasped his weapon tightei', and waited the onset ; and it came. 



224 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

Fiercely the lines were attacked — simultaneously — not a point 
neglected. The Confederate batteries had been nearly all dis- 
abled by the tremendous fire of the enemy. They relied solely 
on their muskets — on t/ieir bayonets. Four lines of battle were 
repulsed one after another ; the Federals gained one redoubt 
on Gen. S. D. Lee's line, and they were driven from this^ by 
Gen. E. W. Pettus, with twenty picked men from the Eigh- 
teenth Alabama and Waul's Texas Legion. Pettus drove them 
from the redoubt, and Lee captured them in the ditch. Pet- 
tus also fought the Federals in one of their mines, leading the 
way himself into the excavation. 

The fortifications held by the 21st Louisiana were not very 
strong. The Federals determined to storm them. They called 
for one hundred volunteers for that purpose, offering a dis- 
charge and a bounty of three hundred dollars to every volun- 
teer. They obtained "the one hundred men," and started on 
their desperate enterprise. They had mistaken the valor of 
their opponents — ninety-seven of the men were killed before 
they reached the ditch, two fell in the ditch, and one alone 
escaped to bear back the disastrous tidings to the Federal 
camp. This portion of the works was now repeatedly attacked. 
The men within fought with hand-grenades. When the 
enemy pressed too close for artillery, they would pick up the 
unexploded Federal shells and throw them back with their 
hands in the face of the foe. One section of the devoted city 
was ploughed perpetually with shot and shell. It was a ravine 
on the northeast corner, in which gushed forth a pure spring, 
which was frequented by the Confederates for the purpose of 
obtaining water. It became so hazardous, from the constancy 
and accuracy of the Federal guns, that the Confederates were 
forced to abandon it. They called it " the Death Yalleyr 
During the days of siege by Grant in the rear, and the River 
Batteries on the fleet in front of the city, the hail of shot and 
shell was so tremendous and so unintermitting onVicksburg, that 
the people dug large caves in the sides of the huge hills — on 
which Vicksburg rises, built on terraces, like those of an am- 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 225 

phillieatre — mounting gradually up from the river-bank. To 
these caves they had transported their valuables, and lived in 
them, with their families. Some of these subterranean abodes 
were arranged quite elegantly, with carpets and pianos, and 
other luxuries of refined taste. The denizens of these barrows 
snatched a momentary alleviation of the horrors of the siege 
in social intercourse and entertainment, under the earthy se- 
cure from the bursting bomb and shrieking shell. 

After the Battle of Baker's Creek, out of the 6,000 Tennes- 
seeans in the Confederate force, 4,000 deserted in a solid body 
to the enemy. During these last days of the siege, the re- 
maining 2,000 became considerably demoralized. They were 
given that portion of the fortifications to defend known as 
Fort Hill. It was strongly fortified — almost impregnable — • 
but some fears being entertained, as it was known there was 
to be a heavy attack on this point. Colonel Allen Thomas, with 
350 Louisianians, w^as sent to relieve theTennesseeans. He was 
just in time. He met the 2,000 Tennesseeans in the act of aban- 
doning the works. He threw his men into the w^orks, and held 
them gallantly, against repeated attacks, to the end of the 
siege. 

Every w^ay was tried to convey caps into the beleaguered 
city — hollow logs were filled with them, and then floated to 
the shore near the city. Men packed them round their per- 
sons, and tried to get in the town. One or two succeeded, 
but the most failed to do so. Tlie provisions were running 
very short : the bread which was given the troops, for several 
days, was disgusting ; it was made of equal parts of peas, 
ground into meal, mixed with corn-meal. It made a nauseous 
composition, as the corn-meal cooked in half the time the peas- 
raeal did. So this stuff was half raw, and utterly unfit for hu- 
man beings to eat. It had the elastic properties of india-rubber, 
and was worse than leather to digest. The grated fir-barJc of 
the Swedish Dalmen was luxurious to the Vicksburg bread. 

The Federals succeeded in countermining, so that they blew 
np one of the Forts, in which the 3d Louisiana was stationed. 

10* 



22G EECOLLECTIOKS OF 

All of our works were mined by the industrious enemy. It 
■was like a rabbit-warren about Vicksburg. 

Grant demanded the surrender on the 4th of July, 1863. 

Brigadier-General Thomas says, in a letter to me : 

" During the siege of Vicksburg, as Colonel, commanding a brigade, I 
was present at a conference of General officers, convened by General 
Pemberton, to consider the situation and certain propositions for a capitu- 
lation submitted by tbe Federal Commander, The following officers were 
present : 

"Lieutenant-General Pemberton, commanding Confederate forces in 
Vicksburg ; Major-General C. L. Stevenson, commanding division ; Major- 
General M. L. Smith, commanding division ; Major-General Forney, com- 
manding division ; Brigadier-General Bowen, commanding division ; 
Brigadier-General S. D. Lee, commanding division ; Brigadier-General 
Cummings, commanding division ; Brigadier-General Shoup, command- 
ing division ; Brigadier-General Vaughn, commanding division ; Colonel 
Cockerell, commanding division ; Colonel Higgins, commanding Heavy 
Artillery ; Colonel Thomas, commanding Louisiana Brigade ; Colonel 
Waul, commanding Waul's Legion ; Colonel Withers, commanding Light 
Artillery ; Colonel Taylor, commanding post. 

" This meeting was on the night of the 8d. Early on the morning of 
the 4th, General M. L. Smith was sent with our ultimatum, which was, 
that officers should be permitted to retain their side-arms, and that the 
army, after surrendering their arms, should be paroled and marched 
out of Vicksburg. At that meeting, it was ascertained that our entire ef- 
fective force was but a little over eleven thousand men ; that we would in 
a few days be out of ammunition ; that the troops had been for weeks 
subsisting on rations barely sufficient to sustain life ; that the men were 
physically unable to undergo exertion ; that we were entirely A\ithout ar- 
tillery horses. 

" General Pemberton read his correspondence with General J. E. John- 
Bton, by which it appeared that General Johnston never at any time en- 
tertained hopes of compelling the enemy to raise the siege. The most he 
exi^ected to accomplish was to occupy the enemy, and enable us to cut 
our way out. No communication had been had with him for many days ; 
he had not made the promised diversion. That expedient, it was ad- 
mitted sorrowfully and reluctantly by all, was now impracticable, if not 
utterly impossible, for the reasons before enumerated. We could not cut 
our v.'a.y out. Besides all this, we were confronting a force of at least 



IIE:N"RY W ATKINS ALLEN. 2:^7 

ten times our number, and Avere surrounded witli two lines of circujnval- 
lation and counter-circumvallation, capable of resisting a powerful force. 
I recollect, at that meeting-, I thought that General Pemberton had met 
with improper treatment. Time has but strengthened the opinion then 
entertained. In viev/ of these facts, succor being hopeless— our capture 
was but a matter of time, and could be delayed but a few days at best — it 
was deemed unnecessary to sacrifice further the lives of the gallant men, 
who, from simple rifle-pits, had repulsed for forty-eight days, the com- 
bined attack by land and water of a force more than ten times their num- 
ber, that was replete with every appliance of modern warfare. It was 
further ascertained that the Federal commander would grant terms, if 
the surrender was made on the Fourth of July, that could be obtained at 
no other time, and if the capitulation was delayed, any future demand 
would be unconditional. It was thought that the terms offered for that 
day would save our army to the Confederacy, and avoid the hopeless im- 
prisonment that our brave soldiers were tlien undergoing at the North. 
The capitulation was, therefore, universally assented to ; and I am sure 
that there was not an officer present — and there were not a few who were 
heroes of many hard-fought fields — but was convinced that General Pem- 
berton had done all that the most exalted patriotism, or the most punc- 
tilious soldierly honor, could have demanded. Whatever may have been 
his errors prior to his being besieged in Vicksburg, his conduct here was 
beyond reproach, notwithstanding he has since been assailed by the ob- 
loquy and detraction that always follow the unsuccessful. I may here 
mention that I have since met officers that were at Vicksburg, who after- 
wards served in the Virginia and Western campaigns, who told me that 
they never afterwards experienced any service so trying to soldierly qual- 
ifications as that they had participated in at Vicksburg." 

Of course there was a cry of indignation against the unfor- 
tunate commander of Vicksburg, but it can readily be per- 
ceived tliat he was not to be blamed for the selection of the 
4th as his day of capitulation. It was a little dramatic trick of 
Grant's. To humiliate a whole people, that policy required 
should be rather pacified, at least under a Republican govern- 
ment, was not good diplomacy in the hero of the Federal 
army. 

Montesquieu says in one of his briefest and most sententious 
chapters : " Quand les sauvages de la Louisiane, veulent avoir 
du fruit, ils coupent I'arbre au pied, et cueillent le fruit." 



22S RECOLLECTIOIsS OF 

It was a pity to attach painful associations to the National 
anniversary in the hearts of the Southern people unnecessarily! 
It M-as rather a cutting up of the tree by its roots ! 

The defence of Port Hudson, under General Gardiner, was 
noble. It was only surrendered when resistance was become 
folly. 

So the Confederate flag, driven from hill-top to hill-top on 
the North, on the South lines of defence trailed at last in the 
waters. The River was lost to us. Divided in lialf, we tried 
to exist still. We were not utterly hopeless yet ! But the 
country not possessing the organization of a polype, we lived 
but a short while, then expired in a sudden convulsion ! 

I conclude this sketch w^ith a letter from General Johnston, 
for the insertion of which I alone am responsible — feeling he 
can state his own case better than I can. 

RiCHMOXD, October 19th, 1866. 
Dear Madam : 

Your letter of September 14th, reached me in Baltimore, last week. 
It was not answered immediately, because I hoped to find papers here 
relating to the subject of your questions. In this I am disappointed, 
my few papers being all at Selma. The previous letter you mention, has 
not been received. 

In replying to your questions I must depend on my memory, which, 
however, I believe to be accurate in tlie present case. It would have 
been much more satisfactory to me to send you a copy of the report you 
ask for. That may still be practicable in time for your purpose. 

First Question— Whj did you not aid Pemberton ? 

Answer — ^Because it was not possible. I was ordered to take command 
in Mississippi on the 9th of INIay. Grant had crossed the river about the 
1st, and when I rer3hed Jackson, on the 13th, had placed his army 
between ours and that place. I immediately wrote to him to march to 
CJinton, and attack the enemy there, promising to co-operate with such 
of his troops as had been separated from him by the Federal movement. 
He did not make the movement, and co-operation with it was the only 
manner in which I could have aided him. I expected to aid him in this 
attack at Clinton, v/ith about 10,000 men, including re-enforcements sent 
from General Beauregard's command. 

Second Question — Were you sent too late to the Department? 

Answer — Too late by two weeks. The time to contend with Grant to 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 220 

advantage was, of course, wlien he was crossing the Mississippi, before 
the 1st of May, That crossing was by ferrying — was by detachments— 
so that the Federal army engaged in it might easily have been beaten 
by an inferior force. 

Third Question — Why didn't you take men from Bragg ? 

Ansicer — For several reasons. I thought Bragg then too weak to con- 
tend with Rosecrans, and on the 1st and. 7th of May had recommended 
the re-enforcing Pemberton from South Carolina and Georgia. I thought 
it too late also for troops to move from Tullahoma to Jackson, after May 
9th, believing the campaign would be decided before their arrival. I 
supposed, too, that the order assigning me to immediate command of the 
army in Mississippi, terminated my authority in Tennessee. The Gov- 
ernment sent Breckinridge's Division from Bragg to Pemberton. Rose- 
crans advanced in consequence, and drove our troops across the Ten- 
nessee. 

Fourth Question — IIow soon did Pemberton notify you of Grant's hav- 
ing crossed ? 

Ansicer — On the 29th of April he reported the Federal army at Hard 
Times, preparing to cross the River, and on the 1st of May informed me 
that a battle was going on near Port Gibson, and that the whole army 
could cross the River near the scene of action. He made no further re- 
ports on the subject until my arrival in Mississippi. 

FiftJi Question — Didn't you think Vicksburg important ? 

Answer — The importance of Vicksburg and Port Hudson depended on 
their ability to prevent the passage by them of Federal gunboats, and in 
that way, holding for us the portion of the River between them. Before 
Grant commenced the passage of the River, more than twenty gunboats 
had passed our batteries, and were holding the intermediate portion of 
the River. I therefore regarded those places as only valuable for the 
military supplies they contained. 

Bixth Question — Could you have fortified a line of defence of the River 
lower down, say at Grand Gulf? 

AnsiDer — Not after the passage of the River by the Vicksburg and 
Port Hudson batteries was found to be practicable to the Federal vessels. 
Fixed batteries would have been useless then, the River being lost to us, 
and we had no heavy guns for the purpose. 

Seventh Question — Did you order Pemberton to March out to meet 
Grant ? 

Answer — Yes, on the 1st of May, to attack while the Federal anny 
was crossing the River. When a Federal army was reported to me to 
be at Clinton, on May 13th, I ordered him, as already said, to attack it, 
intending to join in the action with troops in and near Jackson. He did 



230 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

not attempt either. When the second order was given, his forces were 
encamped near and south of Edwards' Depot. He was not ordered to 
attack the enemy at Baker's Creek, nor was that aciion the consequence 
of any order of mine. On the contrary, he was attacked there in conse- 
quence of remaining on that ground (or very near it) more than two 
days after my order to move to the east, towards Clinton. It has been 
alleged, too, that I exposed him to this attack by compelling him to cross 
the Big Black from the vicinity of Vicksburg. How can that be true ? 
The troops (Confederate) that fought at Baker's Creek, were encamped 
within two or three miles of that field when I reached Jackson. 

EigJdh Question — Could Pemberton have joined you after the battle of 
Baker's Creek ? 

Answer — I think he could read/py by marching to the Northeast after 
crosring the Big Black. 

lunth Question — How many men had you ? 

Answer — T found in Jackson about five thousand, with which I tiied 
to join Pemberton. This was prevented by his moving back to Vicks- 
burg in the opposite direction. About the 22d of May, Gist with his brigade 
from South Carolina, and Maxey with his from Port Hudson, joined me — 
probably five thousand more. Before the middle of June, Loring's Di- 
vision, which had escaped after the battle of Baker's Creek, Breckin- 
ridge from Bragg's Army, and W. H. Jackson with about two thousand 
five hundred cavalry (or rather mounted men), joined me. But these 
troops were all, except the first five thousand named, without wagons or 
artillery. I had to procure every thing necessary to their taking the 
field : that was not accomplished until the end of June. On the 29th, I 
moved to the Big Black, to ascertain by observation if it was possible to 
enable the besieged to escape from Vicksburg by attacking the Federal 
lines. My force, 23,000 (about), was utterly insuflBcient for such an en- 
terprise. The capitulation occurred during the reconnoissance. I was 
much censured by the President for not having assaulted the Federal 
intrenchments. Those iutrenchraents were stronger than Pemberton's, 
and manned by 80,000 men, according to the estimates of General Pem- 
berton's officers. His Excellency told me, in the following October, that 
his censure was based on the belief that I had 40,000 men. After the 
capitulation, Pemberton told me that if I had had 50,000 men it would 
have been absurd to make the assault. 

On the 16th, several hours before the fight. General Pemberton re- 
ceived an order from me to move to the Northeast, that our forces might 
"ce united. In this way, an army of more than 50,000 would have been 
formed in a few days. 

I was told during the fall of that vear, bv Colonel Locket, the Engineer 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 231 

, of tlie army of Vicksburg, that he had read a telegram from the Presi- 
dent impressing upon General Pemberton the necessity of not abandoning 
Vicksburg. This probably led to the capture of that army. 

If these answers are not satisfactory, or if you think that I can give 
you any other information you may want, I beg you to write to me again. 
, Be assured that it will give me great pleasure to aid you. 
{ Most respectfully, your obedient servant, 

J. E. Johnston. 

Selma, December 4th, 18GG. 
Mrs. Sarali A. Dorsey : 

Dear Madam — You ask explanation of my " plans and position in this 
campaign." I cannot do it better than by answering your questions — 
those of both letters. 

First Question. — What was your position in this department? 
Answer. — Iij^ November, 1862, I was placed in the anomalous one of the 
command of the Department of Mississippi and Tennessee. It was the 
1 first instance of the sort, I think. In March, 1863, however, I was 
} ordered to Tennessee to take immediate command there, and was sick at 
I Tullahoma when Grant crossed the Mississippi on the 1st of May. On 
i the Ofch, when not recovered, I was ordered to take command of the 
i troops in Mississippi. On the 13th, when I reached Jackson, Grant's 
army was between that place and Pemberton. So that, in my feeble 
condition, I was unable to join the latter, then at Edwards' Depot. 
Second Question. — What would have been your plans for its defence 
Answer. — The Federal army crossed the River about the 1st of May, 
i by ferrying, and consequently by detachments. If in command then, I 
j would have attacked their detachments with my whole force, as they 
1 landed successively. 

i TJdrd Question. — What prevented you carrying out your design ? 
Answer. — AbseJice, as explained. 

Fourth Question. — If you had abandoned Vicksburg, where would you 
have defended the River ? 

Answer. — The Federal forces gained possession of the River before the 
end of April. More than twenty gunboats had passed Vicksburg from 
above, and some (I forget the number). Port Hudson from below. These 
i places were thus proved to be inadequate to the object for which they 
1 were armed, and of no value. To recover this portion of the River, it 
' would have been necessary to defeat Grant's army. Then new disposi- 
tions to hold the River would have been easy. 

Fifth Question. — Did you not consider the holding the River essential 
to the success of the Confederate cause ? 



RECOLLECTIONS. 



Answer. — Important, but not essential. Less so than the trooi>s lost 
at Vicksburg and Gettysburg. Our army should not have permitted 
itself to be besieged in Vicksburg. When besieged, its capture \vas a 
mere question of time. 

Most respectfully and truly, 

Your obedient servant, 

J. E. Johnston. 



BOOK X 



Gubernatorial Life. — Banks' Eaid. — Incidents of Surrender. 

While lingering with his i3ainfal wounds at " Cooper's 
Wells," which had always proved a pool of Bethesda to Allefi, 
General Pemberton, deeming him incapacitated for active 
service, gave him the appointment of President of the Military 
Court at Jackson, Miss. But Allen declined this, desiring 
service in the field, believing he would soon recover sufficiently 
to ride on horseback, though nobody else thought he would. 
But this man's will and nervous energy were indomitable. .He 
also at this time received the appointment of Major-General of 
the Mihtia of Louisiana from Governor Moore, who accompa- 
nied the notification of this appointment with a letter j^ressing 
its acceptance, as the ofiice had been conferred upon Allen by 
the unanimous choice of the Legislature. This was also de- 
clined. Knowing his peculiar temperament, Allen's friends 
thus endeavored to provide him some position where he would 
be useful to the country, and yet protected from exposure and 
strain upon his weak, wounded frame; but he Avould not allow 
their tender consideration to prevail over his sense of duty. In 
September, 18G4, he received the appointment of brigadier- 
general from the President of the Confederate States, and was 
ordered to report to General E. Kirby Smith in the Trans- 
Mississippi Department. He contrived to get across the Mis- 
sissippi River, then in possession of the Federals, but narrowly 
escaped being captured by a gunboat. His staff did not get 



234 RECOLLECTIOJS-S OF 

over. He iiicade his way to Shreveport, and reported to Gen. 
Smith, as commanded. He had barely entered upon the duties 
of his office, when he was almost unanimously elected Governor 
of the State of Louisiana. 

In the New Orleans Era^ of October 28th, he is spoken of 
in the following manner: "We learn that Gen. Allen, of the 
rebel army, who commanded the Fourth Louisiana at Shiloh, 
Baton Rouge, and Port Hudson, and was promoted to a brig- 
adier-generalship by Jefferson Davis, was ordered recently to 
the West to reorganize the Port Hudson and Vicksburg pris- 
oners. Allen is one of the best fighting-men the rebels have 
in the Southwest, and is quite popular with the rank and file." 

A noble tribute this, from the pen of enemies ! Allen was 
still on crutches, unable to walk without difficulty even with 
such support, when he entered upon his gubernatorial duties. 
This is a period in his life that his friends delight to dwell 
upon — a position in which all the truest and noblest qualities in 
this man's nature were developed and beautifully illustrated, 
chastened, ennobled, moderated, but not chilled, nor harden- 
ed, nor embittered by the experiences of life. No longer 
reckless, though still warm and impassioned ; with a heart 
alive to every generous and soft emotion ; with an unlimited 
pity and compassion, and infinite tenderness, towards the se- 
verely afflicted people of Louisiana, to whom he proved so often 
how truly his tongue spoke when he said, " Citizens of Loui- 
siana ! my heart warms to you all — I love every swamp and ;; 
pine-clad hill in your now beleaguered State !" — he was well 
fitted for the post they gave him. He was a glorious " War- 
GovernorP 

It was not a cold, formal union between the people of Lou- ! 
isiana and the new Governor, but a real marriage. He gave 
himself warmly, passionately up to his duties and to the bride 
he took, when, in the presence of the assembled multitude, he 
made his oath of fealty to Louisiana. He felt it — he meant to 
keep it, and he did heep it. The people soon recognized this 
feeling on the part of their new Governor, and they returned 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 235 

his devotion with an enthusiasm of affection tliat would neither 
be understood nor credited except by one who had been eye- 
witness to the affecting scenes that were being perpetually 
enacted in the small, plain room which served as an office to 
the Governor at Shreveport. The Southern papers of the day 
were filled with congratulations to the State of Louisiana, upon 
her fortunate selection to this important position of a man so 
eminently qualified to fill it satisfactorily. It was a trouble- 
some and a difficult office : the State was partially in the hands 
of the Federals — New Orleans under their control, the River 
lost, the finances of the State destroyed, its credit at zero, its 
people for the most part ruined, scattered, destitute — all the river 
parishes, the wealthiest, overrun and desolated — all the formerly 
prosperous planters refugees in Texas, or almost starving in 
their once happy homes. 

" On the -25th of January," says the Enquirer of March 3, 
1864, " the administration of Governor Moore closed, and his 
successor, General Henry W. Allen, was inaugurated. The 
proceedings were of unusual interest, from the fact that the 
Legislature met at a point remote from the Capitol, and that 
the Governor-elect had been chosen by an almost unanimous 
vote of the Army, and emphatically as a war Governor. Gov- 
ernor Allen is in many respects a remarkable man, and his 
inaugural, full of spirit and energy, is just what we expected of 
him." 

Another journal says : " On Tuesday, the 15th inst., the Gov- 
ernor-elect of the State of Louisiana visited our town. A 
large concourse of people had previously assembled at the 
Episcopal Church, to welcome our war-worn hero. After the 
crowd became seated, the Governor appeared, supported by 
two of our citizens, who conducted him to the stand. As he 
walked up the aisle, the attention of the congregation was 
riveted upon him. Cheer after cheer attested the people's 
appreciation of the man who had led their battles, and who 
was now called to preside over the destinies of the State. His 
appearance itself was an appeal to the patriotism of the people. 



236 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

Still reeling under his wounds, his mutilated person called 
forth the sympathies of every one. 

'' His address was that of a patriot, statesman, and soldier, 
and Avas followed by thunders of applause from the audience. 
We confidently repose the destinies of the State in his hands." 

The Mobile Register of the same date speaks thus of the 
new Governor of Louisiana : " General Henry W, Allen, es- 
teemed the Chevalier Bayard of the Army of that State, who 
has so signalized his valor in many of the fiercest combats of 
this war, whose body is covered wdth honorable scars, was 
recently inaugurated at Shreveport before an immense assem- 
blage." 

The Richmond papers, alluding to his election, say : " His in- 
augural message on the occasion of his induction into ofKce, is 
a peculiar, yet very stirring and eminently patriotic address. 
Upon Butler^ he pours out his especial maledictions, as well 
he might, for his diabolisms in Louisiana's fair, grand empo- 
rium." In an appendix we give one of his messages to the 
Legislature, in order to show how Allen understood and 
grappled with the difficulties of his position, and his immediate 
assumption of the responsibilities cast upon him, in the indi- 
gence — the almost total destitution of the people. His style 
of oratory, as we have before remarked, was peculiar — full of 
energy and excitement — made up of short, curt phrases, a con- 
glomerate of rapid thoughts, fanciful, almost exaggerated illus- 
tration ; an occasional sentence of striking beauty, melody, 
and deep pathos — interlarded with bits of verse, or peculiar 
quotations from all sorts of authors — bursting out frequently 
into the most fervid, impassioned appeals to all that was high, 
romantic, noble, true, and patriotic in man's nature — vehementj 
earnest, impulsive, declamatory — very unequal, sometimes ris- 
ing into loftiest eloquence, then sinking into mere spouting — 
but always exciting, almost enthralling to his auditors, who never- 
were allowed to become cool enough for any sense of criticism. 
With a queer sort of whimsical, rare simplicity and singleness 
of idea and utterance, with no sense of the humorous — honest, 



I 



HENRY WATKINS ALLE^". 237 

intense, going straight to the centre of tilings — fearless, auda- 
cious, spirited in gesture, never ungraceful, — Henry Allen's 
speeches were as unique as he himself was in every thing else. 
But like all improvisations, they do not read well, and any kind 
of a critic would be tempted to smile often over these extrava- 
ganzas ; but spoken by him^ they had. a very different effect. 
He possessed Demosthenes' three secrets of oratory, " action, 
action, action," and a magnetic power over people in masses. 
The thrill would penetrate the wisest, and those who came to 
laugh and to criticise, would remain to weep and to shiver 
under the strange influence. An ambitious friend, desirous 
that the Governor should prune his sentences, and make his 
style of speaking cooler, more chaste and classic, remonstrated 
at what he considered some rather exaggerated, extravagant 
expressions of feeling the Grovernor had made use of. " Allen 
listened patiently — he always did, to reproof from lips that 
loved him; then he replied, "My dear Sir, the people un- 
derstand me; I always speak to them from my own heart — I 
know my words will go to theirs." 

That was his rule in every thing. It had been so all his life. 
He had acted, spoken, lived from his *' ovm heart^^ trusting 
himself, with an entire frankness, to the best sympathies of hu- 
manity ; and rarely did they fail him. He had the perhaps 
equivocal compliment of having nearly every one of his soul- 
stirring addresses republished in the Northern journals and 
papers. Goldsmith says very truly, in the Life of Henry St. 
John : " It is the fate of things written to an occasion, seldom 
to survive that occasion." This is very necessarily the case 
witli things both written and spoken by the Confederate 
Governor of Louisiana, however valuable they w^ere at the 
time, and fitted to encourage and fortify the souls of the people 
in their endurance of the discomforts and calamities of what we 
all then regarded as a laudable and necessary defence of our 
republican liberties and inherent rights. It would be inexpedient, 
impolitic, and in bad taste to revise them ; — not that one should 
adopt, in any sense, Mr. Hobbes' Theory of Ethics, and vary 



238 RECOLLECTIONS OF | 

one's creed, political or religious, according to the differences j 
of time, place, and circumstance. j 

"Trutli is always one and indivisible." — Schiller. \ 

And, 

" Because right is right, to follow right were loisdom, in the scorn of i 
consequences" — Tennyson. | 

Yet the South has accepted the issue of the war. President 
Johnston is trying to save the country. For our part, we 
intend to keep honorably, so long as we can, the covenant of 
pacitication. So, then, I will not repeat now the fiery utter- 
ances from the lijps of our leaders, which echoed deep into our 
hearts, when we stood face to face — Greek meeting Greek — 
with arms in our hands, and deadly hatred in our souls. This 
biography is not written to stir up strife, or revive bitter mem- 
ories, but simply to gratify friendly love and curiosity. Did I 
feel inclined, I could blacken these pages with infamous re- 
membi'ances, with accounts of cruelties and atrocities, mahg- 



w 

nant, dark, relentless — -^such as I have read on the pages of no :^ 
history of any war among any civilized j)eoples — inliicted on i^ 
my own people, my own friends, my own relatives. Then, jd 
perhaps, those who loere our enemies, might shudder, and cease 
to wonder that our leaders spoke, our men fought, our women 
endured, so long and so obstinately, the horrors of this terrible 
war. The army of invasion was composed not always of the 
best material of the North, but often of the worst. 

The first act of the new Governor was to make what the old 
sea-kings of Norway used to call " a progress" through the 
State, in order to arouse the people, and to see what he had to 
do. So he started out in his ambulance, visiting difierent 
parts of the country, and making speeches everywhere. Pie 
succeeded in his end. He did arouse them, used often to bring | 
tears to their eyes, and give strength to their spirits, amidst their 
heavy trials, by his kindly sympathy and ardent words. Ke^ 
turning to Shreveport, he then set to work to improve the 



i 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN". 239 

State finances, which, as we have said, were in a very low con- 
dition. The Confederate Government owed the State of Lou- 
isiana a good deal of money. Allen asked General Smith, who 
had nearly unlimited power in the Trans-Mississippi Depart- 
ment, to transfer the tax in kind npon all such cotton as he 
(Allen) would be enabled to secure for the State, from the 
Confederate States to the State of Louisiana, until this debt, or 
at least a portion of it, was paid. Smith agreed. Then Allen 
sent out his agents, gathered up cotton and sugar, granted 
permits of exportation beyond the Rio Grande. The exi^ortees 
would gladly carry out their cotton, paying the tax in kind, 
which was thus conveyed, without cost to the State, to mar- 
ket. This portion, belonging to the State, was only expended, 
by express limitation, in articles of prime necessity for the peo- 
pie — plain drygoods, cotton and wool cards, machinery, &c., 
&c. All articles of luxury were prohibited. Then Allen estab- 
lished his system of State stores, factories, foundries. He 
arranged a State Dispensary, from which the people were fur- 
nished with pure medicines at cost price. This supplied a most 
important need, as none can know so well as those who have 
seen beloved ones perishing while they were forced to stand by 
heljilessly and hopelessly, unable to procure for love or money 
the ounce of quinine, that might have prolonged their precious 
lives. The medicines were sold reasonably for Confederate 
and State money, and *' were given to the poorest people with- 
money and without price." The Federals had declared all 
medicines contraband of war. We were reduced to the use of 
herbs, tisans, barks, and all indigenous vegetable medicaments. 
Allen established his laboratories for the preparation of these 
indigenous medicines. They were of inestimable, inai^jDrecia- 
ble value to the people. There are vast pine forests in Louisi- 
ana. He put up turpentine distilleries. The Palma Christi is 
a native. He had a castor-oil factory ; a factory for making 
cards. Allen had promised to give every woman in Louisiana 
a pair of cotton-cards. He redeemed this to his utmost abiUty. 
We knew very well how to use them. A pair of cutton-cards 



240 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

to us were more valuable than sets of diamonds. Indeed, the 
hands which dexterously wielded the little, useful implements, 
often sparkled with brilliants of the finest water, which would 
have been eagerly stripped off the white fingers, if they could 
have been used in purchase of comforts for the dear boys, for 
v.'hom the gray cloth was being spun. In the cities captured 
by the enemy, the women did sell their jewels, their clothing, 
tlieir velvet, silks, and laces, to supply the necessities of their 
families. But in the country, " in the ConfederacxjJ'' w^e had 
not that resource ; there was no market for gold or diamonds; 
so the women emulated the ancient women of Greece and the 
Orient in their busy application to the loom and the distaff. 
They became familiar with household dyes, skilful in curious 
herbs, mosses, and barks ; grew at last dainty and fanciful in the 
fineness, beauty, and evenness of their warp and woof; learned 
the secrets of currying and dressing leather and soft deerskins ; 
became adroit in the manufacture of shoes and embroidered 
gauntlets, knitted socks, and stockings, and warm woollen 
shirts. They did every thing that woman's hands could do for 
the comfort of their " soldier-laddies." A gift of a pair of cot- 
ton-cards awoke unspeakable gratitude in our breasts. Allen's 
hands, to the women of Louisiana, w^ere as beneficent as an 
earthly Providence. They almost worshipped " Tlie Gover- 
norP He also began one establishment for making carbonate 
of soda. [We were reduced to the necessity of making potash 
in our ovens at home.] Two distilleries for making pure me- 
dicinal alcohol. 

He purchased a fourth interest in the Davis County, Texas, 
Iron Works, not finding the ore so good in Louisiana. He 
established a foundry for cooking-utensils. He supervised salt- 
works. He selected able, active, energetic, skilful men, and 
put them over all these branches of art and industry. In every 
way, he endeavored to develop the resources of the State, and 
supply the multitudinous needs of the people. He infused his 
own impetuous vitality into all around him. Xobody about 
him had a sinecure office ; but he worked himself more inde- 



I 



HENEY WATKIKS ALLEN. 241 

fatigably than any one. Who could complain, when they saw 
bow he taxed his own energies and drained, wounded frame? 
Receiving State money at the State stores, he soon brought 
up the currency to a respectable valuation. He also improved 
the rate of Confederate money. Every day added something 
to the steady plan for the amelioration of the lamentable con- 
dition of the people of the greater part of the State, suggested 
by his tender heart and clever brain. 

In one year's time, from the single State store at Shreve- 
port, he paid into the Treasury, from the proceeds of sales, 
$425,244.61, besides giving to wounded, destitute soldiers and 
orphans, widows and children, goods to the value of |22,159.50. 

In addition to this, goods to the value of $87,326.19 were 
transferred to the State departments, and army supplies, ord- 
nance stores, etc., to the amount of $627,816.60, had been 
turned over to the Confederate Government, making the trans- 
actions of this State store, since its inauguration, seven months 
before, amount to the gross sum of $1,162,551.90. These 
goods were imported from Mexico, by teams, driven principally 
by Mexicans and negroes, and paid for in cotton, in the be- 
ginning, as appeared by documents submitted to the Legisla- 
ture. All this, free of expense to the State. 

In this manner, he brought up the finances of the State, and 
made her money valuable all over the Trans-Mississippi De- 
partment. In his charities he never permitted any difference 
to bo made ; wounded and disabled soldiers of all States of the 
Confederacy were relieved alike, none were repulsed. 

He published the following notice : 

TO DISABLED LOUISIAIS'A SOLDIERS. 

Louisiana soldiers, disabled by wounds, or by sickness incurred hj ac- 
tual service, and witliout means of support, are requested to apply to me 
for relief and assistance. Such applications must be accompanied with 
certificates of disability, service rendered, %,ud present circumstances. 
They will all be promptly relieved. 

Henry W. Allen, 

Governor Loiiisiaua. 
Shrevepout, August 4th, 1864. 
11 



242 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

The Legislature bad a}3propiiated the sum of $11,042,000 
for State uses. In the course of tlie year Allen drew from the 
Treasury $6,247,000, leaving a surplus of balance of unex- 
pended appropriations of $4,794,651. There was left in the 
Treasury, of other funds, $3,327,369. A large proportion of the 
expenditure was represented by valuable stores, advancing in 
market prices, and more available than Treasury notes to meet 
the wants of the State. Accompanying his report was a tab- 
ular statement of all the property he had acquired for the State. 
It consisted of cotton, sugar, subsistence stores, drugs and med- 
icines, — all of which had been paid for, amounting, in the 
aggregate, to $5,510,000. By an act, authorizing the sale of 
six per cent, bonds, he sold $577,000 at a premium of 10 per 
cent. He applied the proceeds of these bonds to drawing in 
Treasury notes. The Confederate Government owed the State 
four millions of dollars, expended for military purposes. He 
had the accounts and vouchers properly arranged and classified ; 
laid them before the Comptroller of the Confederate States 
Treasury. He afterwards sent the Hon. J. M. Sandidge to 
Richmond, on a special mission about this indebtedness. 

In this careful, frugal, provident manner he managed the af- 
fairs of the State, gradually reducing a chaos to order, restoring 
confidence, developing resources, enlarging and extending his 
beneficent schemes according to the increasing demands of 
each day — feeding the hungry, aiding the needy, nursing the 
sick, the wounded, and the orphan — encouraging the people — 
printing school-books for the children. He neglected nothing^ 
Jioioever minute^ that concerned the welfare of Louisiana. He 
raised four companies of mounted men, joined them to two 
already in the State service, put them under the commands of 
Cols. H. M. Forest and B. W. Clark. These formed afterwards 
the Eighth Louisiana Cavalry. Pie added thus nearly a thou- 
sand men to the Confederate service. These troops did good 
service at Mansfield and Pleasant Hill. The enemy were now 
advancing up the Red River Valley. 

He most carefully enforced all the laws, especially those for- 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 243 

bidding the distillation of alcoholic liquors from grain and sugar- 
cane. He says, in his message to the Legislature : " All bread- 
stuffs, sugar, and molasses, are required for the army and for 
destitute families of soldiers. In many portions of Louisiana 
grain is already scarce. I daily receive appeals for assistance, 
and every surplus barrel will be needed during this and the 
coming year. I would again respectfully urge you to prohibit 
the sale of intoxicating liquors in the State during the wm\ ex- 
cept for family use and medicinal purposes. The only man 
whose death-warrant I have had to sign since I have been gov- 
ernor, was brought to execution for murder committed whilst 
drunk. Every criminal now in jail here is suffering the pen- 
alty of intoxication. You must pardon me, gentlemen, if I 
press this subject with seeming pertinacity. I know that it ia 
considered by some unpopular to advocate such measures, and 
thai by some it is thought Puritanic ; but he who blenches at 
a sickly public santiment, or wishes to evade responsibilities in 
times like these, is not worthy the confidence of an intelligent, 
patriotic people. While I shall dispense public charities with 
a liberal hand, clothe our gallant men in the field, relieve the 
sick and destitute, take care of onr wounded soldiers, and sup« 
port the widow and the orphan, I also feel it my conscientious 
duty to strike at vice in every shape and form, and to do all 
in my power to sustain the morals of the land. The general 
commanding this Department cannot suppress the sale of in- 
toxicating liquors unless ordered by you. He and his district 
commanders have often appealed to me. I, therefore, again 
most respectfully but urgently request that you will give this! 
matter your serious consideration. Pass the law, and it shall 
be executed to the very letter. The large capital employed in 
this traffic will find other and better investments ; drunkenness, 
that scourge of every land, will disappear ; crime will bo 
greatly diminished ; good order and discipline will be pre- 
served, while the women, our truest and best patriots, will 
bless you for the act," 

In Texas, " refugees" were paying five and six dollars per 



244: RECOLLECTIONS OF 

bushel for corn, while the distillers were malving immense 
profits by the consumption of the grain needed for the sub- 
sistence of the people. Allen succeeded in arresting this cry- 
ing evil in Louisiana. He sent active and efficient officers 
through the State to put a stop to the stealing of negroes, 
especially children from the river parishes, on plantations whose 
owners, had been forced to fly. These children were often 
stolen by "jayhawkers" and "so-called" guerillas, taken to 
Texas, and sold away from their parents and owners. Allen 
succeeded in recovering and restoring five hundred of these 
poor little wretches to their families. I had occasion to apply 
to him myself about three little children stolen from our plan- 
tation in Tensas, whom we had traced back to the neighbor- 
hood of our place in Franklin Parish. They were in possession 
of a man near by. We had left negroes and overseers on each 
of these places, when we deemed it advisable — my husband 
being over age, and not strong in health — to remove from the 
theatre of war to a place in Texas. I wrote to Governor Al- 
len about the children. He replied immediately :. 

Shkevepokt, Nov. 5tL, 1864. 
Bear Madam : 

Tour letter of tlie 31st October, respecting your young servants, is just 
received. I will cause inquiry to be made about them, without delay. 

Col. Y will be instructed to deliver them up to Mr. as you request. 

Very truly yours, 

Hexry W. Allen. 
P. S. — I am under many obligatinos to some kind, good friend, for a 
very flattering notice in a Texas paper. I don't know who this friend 
can be, unless it is yourself. Whoever that friend is, I take this opportu- 
nity to tender my grateful thanks. I did not know before that I was 
such a hero ! A thousand thanks, dear friend. It is pleasant to be com- 
mended and appreciated. 

H. W. A. 

, His providential care extended thus over all classes of people. 
He sent two of his aids and three other gentlemen, to see 
after the people of East Louisiana. Their condition was very de- 
plorable. Subjected to constant raids, the people were stripped 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 241 

of almost every necessary of life. Allen sent them medicines, 
cotton-cards, etc. He gave an order for the shipment of a hun- 
died bales of cotton, for the use of the Jackson Insane Asylum, 
>vhich was entirely destitute: he supplied it with food. Ho 
raised a company of men in East Louisiana, almost in the very 
presence of the enemy. Finding that many citizens living a 
long distance from Shreveport had claims on the C. S. Govern- 
ment for pi-operty impressed, purchased, taken, or destroyed, 
lie appointed a commissioner to examine these claims, making 
the Bureau self-supporting by charging a small fee.* He also 
sent Colonel Sandidge to Richmond to see after these claims of 
the people. 

* Brig.-GeD. Thomas relates, that once when on a visit to the Governor 
at Shreveport, he was in Allen's office. A Jew came in. " Governor, I 
have come to offer you a most reasonable contract. I know you are anx 
ious to provide your people with every necessary of life." 

" Well, sir," replied Allen, in his brief, quick utterance, " you are right. 
What have you to ofifer 1" 

The man went on to explain. Allen listened, but gave no sign of as- 
Bent to the proposition. He dismissed the man courteously, however. 

A short time after, another Jew came, a confederate of the first one. 
He said : 

"Governor, I have just arrived from Matamoras, and I have brought 
you a little present — some wines, and cloth, and other articles that I 
know you need. I hope you will do me the favor to accept them." 

" Certainly, sir, certainly !" 

The presents were brought in — several boxes of fine wines, bolt of fine 
gray cloth, &c., &c. Allen thanked the man heartily, and he departed. 

" Now, Thomas," said Allen, " you think I don't know what those fel- 
lows are after ? but I know they are leagued together. You'll see both 
of them come to-morrow, after the contract. But they'll not get it ! I 
accepted these things, because it is probably all they have ever given, or 
ever will give to the Confederacy. Our poor sick soldiers want wines, 
and Gen. Smith's officers want uniforms." 

Calling to an attendant. Governor Allen wrote some orders, sent all tho 
wines to the hospitals, and distributed the cloth among the officers, re- 
serving nothing for himself. 

The next morning early, according to the Governor's prognostication, 
both of the men walked in together, soliciting the contract ; but as tho 



2:1:6 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

In his letter on this subject to President Davis, Allen says— 
" he desires a perfect understanding between the Confederate 
and State Authorities, between civil and military powers:" 
to preserve which, he goes on to mention what ought to be 
redressed, as great abuses against the people of Louisiana : 

" 1st, In the arbitrary execution of the impressment act, and 
the hardships resulting therefrom. Horses, mules, wagons, 
cattle, slaves, teamsters, provender, corn, provisions of every 
kind, forcibly taken, or voluntarily given, to officers claiming to 
be vested with legal authority. 

" In some cases receipts given — in others refused, Avhen applied 
for. In either case, payment is now refused, because these men 
are not bonded officers, or because of the improper vouchers at- 
testing the fact of impressment — or that no authority exists for 
it. It should be traced up, and the party punished with severest 
penalties, etc. etc. 

Governor did not think their terms advantageous to the State, they were 
politely rejected, much to Gen. Thomas' amusement, and their confusion. 

Allen, and Col. Alien Thomas, were both recommended to President 
Davis for promotion at the same time by the same general officers. 
They both happened to be in Richmond at one time. Col. Allen Thomas 
was much attached to Col. Allen. Mr. Davis, in conversation with Col. 
Thomas, mentioned the fact of his having but one brigade to bestow at 
the moment, and that he was rather at a loss what to do, as both Col. 
Allen and himself seemed to have equal claims to it. Col. Thomas in- 
stantly entreated him to give it to Col. Allen, who was an older man, 
who had been so terribly wounded in the service, and he really believed, 
a better soldier than himself. President Davis thanked Col. Thomas. 
An hour afterwards Col. Thomas met Col. Allen, still creeping along on 
his crutches ; he accosted him cheerfully : 

" Good-morning, general !" 

" How ! why general ?" exclaimed Allen. 

"Simply because I have just parted with the President, and you are 
promoted." 

Allen grasped his hand warmly. He never forgot Thomas' friendly 
generosity. As soon as he was elected Governor of the State of Louisiana, 
he wrote to President Davis, and Col. Allen Thomas received Gen. Allen's 
old brigade. 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 247 

"Lieutenant-General E. Kirby Smith being powerless to rem- 
edy these evils, joins me in the urgent request that these com- 
missioners be appointed without delay. The people are daily 
crying out for redress, and unless this redress is given, there 
will be a collision between the civil and military authorities. 
I have instructed the courts to be opened, and advised all who 
feel aggrieved to apply to the proper tribunals for justice in the 
premises. It is ni}^ sincere desire to act in the greatest harmony 
with your Excellenc}' in the execution of the laws of Congress. 
But at the same time, my people must be protected in all their 
constitutional and legal rights.^^ 

While actively careful over the interests of the citizens of the 
State, though generally continuing the even tenor of his way in 
perfect amity with the Confederate military authorities, espe- 
cially with the most amiable gentleman then invested with al- 
most supreme authority in the Trans-Mississippi Department, 
yet Allen never suffered himself to be swayed by his partiali- 
ties for the individual into authorizing the slightest infringe- 
ment upon the civil rights of the people. He guarded them 
with a keen and susceptible jealousy. After the expulsion of 
the enemy in the spring of 1864, several citizens of Louisiana 
were arrested by the military authorities and imprisoned, with- 
out the benfit of the speedy trial guaranteed by the Constitution 
and the laws. It seemed as if the military alone was about to 
rule in the land. Taking prompt issue with the military, 
Allen made the following proclamation : 

To the Citizens of the State of Louisiana ; 

As the Chief Magistrate of the State, sworn to maintain the integrity 
of her laws, I deem it appropriate to renew to her people the assurance 
that I shall keep that oath and fulfil that duty. While doing tliis, I 
have thought proper to add such suggestions as the occasion demands. 

The presence of armies in our midst raised by the Confederate Gov- 
ernment, commanded by ojfficers of its appointment, governed by the 
rules and regulations it has adopted, and amenable solely to it in a mili- 
tary capacity, produces inconveniences, which are inevitable, and of 
which, when necessary, a patriotic people will not complain. These in 



24S RECOLLECTIONS OF 

conveniences form a part of the price jou must pay for your country's in- 
dependence, and for the liberties you will hereafter enjoy. 

But that Government is of your creation, and has no legal power beyond 
that which you have conferred upon it. Its duties are strictly defined, 
and its authority limited by the constitutional charter which your repre- 
sentatives have aided in forming, and which you, through your conven- 
tion, have ratified. The armies of the Confederate States have no 
authority or power, except what the laws of Congress give them, and 
that body cannot go beyond the grant emanating from sovereign States. 
The authority of military officers is therefore the creation of constitu- 
tional laws. They can rightfully do nothing but what Congress has 
authorized ihevu to do. Properly viewed, an army is only a police force 
on a large scale, whose sole function is to maintain the laws of the land, 
and to protect the rights of the nation. Hence the machinery by which 
it acts ought never to come in collision with the civil laws or the 
machinery of local or State governments. Over the citizen or his property 
no military ofiicer has any other authority than what is given him by law. 
It is the glory of every really great military commander that the civilian 
is never made to feel the presence of an army as a burden, a nuisance, or 
a terror. Over his troops, his authority, as given by law, is necessarily 
very great. This is right ; but beyond the circle of his army, the hum- 
blest citizen in the land is his equal. 

I therefore earnestly admonish every one whose rights may be vio 
lated under pretence of military authority, to appeal promptly to the 
courts of justice. Let every citizen having just cause of complaint 
against military oflBcers, report the same at once to the grand-jury of hia 
parish. If arrested and deprived of your liberty, it is your right to have 
the cause of your arrest judicially inquired into at once, and to be 
discharged unless found to be legally detained. This writ of Jidbeas 
corpus is always open to every citizen ; to invoke it is his hallowed 
right ; and I earnestly request all j udges to issue it whenever legally 
demanded. 

Extended authority has been conferred on the commanding general of 
this department. He has never used that power against a citizen, and is 
entirely free from any disposition so to use it. I know it to be his 
earnest wish that every abuse of authority by any subordinate oflBcer 
shall be resisted by citizens under all circumstances, and promptly re- 
ported. If there are acts of petty tyranny, annoyance, and proscription 
committed in this Department, they will be reprobated by him, being as 
contrary to his will as they are in contrast with his character. All such 
acts brought to his knowledge, I doubt not, either have been or will be 
pimished promptly. 



HENRY WATKJNS ALLEN. 249 

Thus far but one citizen of this State has been illegally and wrongfully 
exiled, and he shall be returned to his home and his family. While I 
am Governor of the State of Louisiana the bayonet shall not rule her cit- 
izens, but they shall be protected at every hazard in all their legal and 
constitutional rights. 

Henky W. Allen, 

Governor of Louisiana. 
Executive Office, Shreveport, La., 
July 5th, 1864. 

General Kirby Smith was appealed to, the prisons were im- 
mediately thrown open, and all not subject to military tribu- 
nals were turned over to the civil authorities. General Smith 
had foreborne to suspend tlie writ of habeas corpus^ though 
such suspension was authorized by Congress. " Me carefully 
avoided conflicts with civil functionaries and encroachments on 
civil rights. He had a profound respect for the laws of the 
land, and an eminent love of justice and equity, and was thus a 
safe depository of the almost unlimited power confided to 
him."* 

But Allen had one characteristic and amusing interview 
with Smith, in regard to the " one citizen" whom he mentions 
as being "illegally and wongfully exiled-' from the State. 

A gentleman suspected of indifference to the Confederate 
cause, and accused of treasonable intercourse with tlie enemy, 
v.'as seized by Smith's orders, and without any legal examina- 
tion, merely on hearsay evidence and suspicion, was carried 
off into Texas, to be put out of the lines over the Rio Grande. 
Allen heard of it ; and although the man was not personally 
agreeable to him, he became indignant at the arbitrary manner 
in which his rights of citizenship had been violated, — ordered 
his ambulance instantly (he was still very lame), and drove to 
Headquarters. Entering the Commander's office, he remon 
strated, in his ardent, vehement style, upon the injustice exer- 
cised by the military power against a citizen of the State, thua 

* Allen's own words about Smith. 
11* 



250 EECOLLECtlOKS OF 

seized and dragged off — exiled from his home and family, 
without trial. Smith listened to him with coolness and indif- 
ference; he was prejudiced against the victim, as most every- 
body else was. " Well, Governor," he remarked, at length, 
after Allen had got through with his fiery remonstrance, 
" suppose we differ in opinion, and I refuse to restore this man, 
as you demand, what then?" In an instant, Allen sprang to 
his feet, though he was scarcely able to stand on them. Bring- 
ing his hand down with violence on the table between them 
his Avhole face aglow with anger and indignation, he replied, 
" What then, General Smith ! By God ! we will fight you, 
Sir ! You shan't tread the civil rights of the people of Louis- 
iana under your foot." 

Smith looked at Allen, startled for an instant from his usual 
sweet equanimity of manner, then extending his hand kindly 
to Allen, said, with a smile, ^'- 1 believe you would, Governor T 

Turning to the table, he wrote the order for the restoration 
of the obnoxious individual. The next day, one of General 

Smith's aids and some soldiers, set off to bring Mr. 

back to Louisiana, to his home" and family. This person went 
to New Orleans, where he has since held office and influence 
among the Federal party. Did he ever remember to speak a 
word for Allen, when, by the reverse of the wheel of fortune, 
the faithful Governor was in his turn an exile ? 

The common people were enthusiastically devoted to Allen, 
not only in Louisiana, but in Arkansas and Texas. The writer 
of these pages has frequently been both amused and affected, 
by the admiration and praises lavished on Governor Allen in the 
poor log-cabins in Texas, by people whose sons, and brothers, 
and husbands had been recipients of the kindness and wide- 
spreading charities of the Governor of Louisiana. Sometimes, 
when she would halt to bivouac under the shade of trees by the 
roadside, near their cabins, on the long, tedious land journeys, 
she, like all other refugees, was compelled to take — protected 
only by faithful negro servants, living in an ambulance day 
and night, in Gipsey, or " Confederate" fashion, in the open 



HENKY WATKINS ALLEN. 251 

air — the inliabitants of these rude homes would come out, and 
stand leaning against a fence-corner, talking and knitting on 
with unwearied lingers, as they gave and answered questions. 

" So, then, you are Louisianians ?" these poor mothers and 
wives would say ; " when did you refugee f (" to refugee^'' be- 
came a popular verb among these people). Settled in Texas? 
been to Slireveport ? Well, you Louisianians have got a real, 
live Governor ! God bless him !" Then they would eagerly 
tell what he had done for their male relatives or themselves, 
winding up their garrulous gossip with a sigh, and, " I wish 
Texas had such a Governor /" 

A friend narrates that he stepped once into Allen's office, at 
Shreveport, and found the Governor seated before the fire, 
between two country-women — soldiers' mothers, — all three 
taking a comfortable smoke, with their pipes. The people of 
Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, use tobacco inordinately, in 
every form. They always carry their pipes in their pockets ; 
even some of the women of the more uneducated classes smoke 
and " dip snuif." These people are never seated five minutes 
anywhere, without drawing out this panacea for all their ills, 
and " taking a smoke." One has to become accustomed to it 
Allen was too courteous a gentleman not to conform immedi 
ately to the customs of " Ladies." So, as he rather enjoyed a 
pipe, he would join them very sociably. He liked, too, to 
study the peculiarities of human nature. And his companions 
had a double claim on his affections, — they were women, even 
if old ones, soldiers' mothers and Louisianians. So, precisely 
the same chivalric feeling which made him write so much 
poetry to the Empress Eugenie, in his Mexican paper, after- 
wards, made him smoke with those old women in his plain little 
office at Slireveport. The following conversation occurred, to 
the intense amusement of the unexpected auditor: "Well, 
Governor, we come to bother you again, you are such a good 
friend to us poor women. Now, Gov., we got the corn you 
sent us, but we ain't got no hoes and no ploughs to plant it 
with." The Governor took his pipe from his mouth, and turn- 



252 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

ing to his Secretary, said : " Mr. Halsey, give these ladies an 
order for a plough and two hoes, free of charge." " But, Gov.," 
they continued, " we want some meal, and some meat, and 
some sugar, and some molasses." " Mr. Ilalsey, give the order 
for these articles." The women received the orders, knocked 
the ashes from their pipes, shook hands with Allen, and started 
out of the room ; but halting at the door, said, " Well, Gov., 
we hate to bother you so much. You are the best man alive. 
We are all going to name our next grandchildren after you ; 
but we forgot, we want a well-rope and a — ^>^^." "Ladies," 
said the Governor, kindly, but with a perceptible smile curling 
around the corners of his mouth, " you shall have the well- 
rope, but at present, loe ore out of pigs P 

I insert here the copy of a letter which I got hold of, giving 
a sample of one amongst hundreds of such applications, which 
Allen received almost daily, from all parts of Louisiana, Ar- 
kansas, and Texas; for all the Refugees considered them- 
selves still under the ^gis of Louisiana, and looked to him for 
aid, which he extended impartially, whenever and wherever he 

could. 

Shreveport, La., May 15th, I860. 
Gomnior AUen : 

Many thanks for the one pair of shoes and ten yards of towels, which 
I got at your store this morning. The Colonel would not let mo have 
any shoes for myself and the two little ones, nor a suit of clothes for ray 
husband, because it was not specified in the order. Will your Excel- 
lency, Governor Allen, extend your generosity a little farther, and give 
me an order for the following articles ; Needles, thread, pins, one of the 
large bowls, two or three small ones, some plates, cups and saucers, a 
pitcher, shoes for myself and the two little ones, one suit of clothes for 
my husband, knives and spoons, one dish, chamber, stockings, and any 
thing else you are willing for me to get. I send you a gold pencil and 
twenty-five cents, all I have to recompense you with now. God will re- 
ward you, and you will have my best wishes for your success and happi- 
ness. If you will let me have the order, please send it with this note, by 
the boy Henry. Respectfully, R. A. R. 

p^ S, — Governor, I hope I am not asking too much of you ; if I am, 
please forgive. And will you please let me have a comb, some buttons, 
and tobacco, also a few more yards of towels. R. A, R. 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN". 253^ 

The writer received what she asked for. It is needless to 
say, the poor little gold pencil and twenty-five cents she offered 
in payment were instantly returned, with the articles coveted, 
'-''by the boy Henry.'''' This was from a woman of better class 
and education, as can be readily recognized by the spelling 
and style of the epistle, than the majority of notes received 
daily by the Governor of Louisiana. I have read myself, 
during a stay of a few days with my friend, whilst he was liv- 
ing at Shreveport, letters from ladies belonging to the most 
distinguished families in our unhappy State, begging for a few 
pounds of meal, flour, sugar, and molasses, or a iew yards of 
cloth, stating they had neither clothes nor food. Again and 
again has Governor Allen handed to me the most sorrowful 
notes of this kind, and would say with tears in his eyes, and. 
unaffected concern on his countenance: "My God! how shall 
I meet the absolute necessities of this destitute, starving people ?" 
He kept trains running into Texas continually, bringing out 
corn, meal, flour, and bacon, which he distributed as far as he 
could. The people had a trust and reliance upon him that was 
frequently ludicrous. General Kirby Smith used to tell the 
following anecdote with gusto. General Smith took a trip 
into Arkansas to visit the posts of his command, and he took 
along his gun and dogs (Smith having no bad habits, indulged 
occasionally in hunting, and game is plentiful in that region). 
As Smith was passing a poor Avidow's house, near Fillmore, 
Bossier Parish, a large pack of curs jumped on his fine pointer. 
His gun being charged with very small shot. Smith fired on 
the big dogs, to save his poor pointer. He knew the fine bird- 
shot wouldn't kill them. The widow rushed out, pistol in 
hand, furious with rage, threatening to shoot the General ! 
She abused him dreadfully, then ended by declaring she 
would go right straight and tell Governor Allen, even if he 
was General Smith — she knew " AlleJi xooiildfix him. /" 

After supplying the needs of the wounded and disabled 
soldiers of the different States, collected in Louisiana, Allen 
proceeded to clothe the Missouri troops in active service, who 



254: RECOLLECfriOXS OF 

were in a very needy condition. Tl-ie Confederate Government 
never did succeed in clothing the army. The people supported 
the soldiers, the women of each frimily clothing their men 
with the labor of their own hands. The Missouri troops had 
no one to provide for them, they were exiled from their own 
State, and almost neglected by all, except by the capacious 
heart of " the Governor^'' who remembered their wants, and 
that he had had a home for a short time in Missouri, during 
bis boyhood. He induced the ladies and gentlemen Avho w^ere 
assembled at Shreveport — many of them accomplished musi- 
cians and amateur artists of very high order of talents — to 
give a series of concerts, tableaux, and theatrical performances, 
for the benefit of the " adopted sons of Louisiana," as he affec- 
tionately called the desolate Missourians. He succeeded in 
raising funds enough to clothe these troops comfortably, and 
was amply repaid by the passionate gratitude of these gallant 
men, who would have followed him to the end of the world, at 
a word. There never were braver soldiers than the Missouri 
troops. They deserved all that could be done for them by the 
women of Louisiana. The journals of this date, in every 
State west of the Mississippi, and in Virginia, abound in notices 
and eulogiums of the noble course pursued by Governor Allen. 
It is almost impossible to make a choice amongst the innumer- 
able testimonies to his virtues, and the glowing tributes to his 
wise administration, preserved from the papers of the day, by 
the pious hand of friendship. We simply insert two of these, 
one from Virginia, the other from Louisiana, as a sample of 
what was said of him by the Press of the Confederacy. 

" Our Governor. — In reading over the " Washington Telegraph" a 
few days since, we were highly pleased to notice a very handsome tribute 
paid by a citizen of Arkansas to the Governor of Louisiana. We are ever 
proud to see true inerit puhlicly apioroved, and we have ever considered 
it a false deUcacy not to award to public benefactors while living, some 
portion, at least, of the public gratitude to which they may be entitled. 
When good, and great, and generous deeds pass unnoticed, it betokena a 
kind of public apathy and indifibrence that is calculated to depress even 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 255 

the spirit of a patriot — for who is insensible to the people's approbation ? 
■who is it that cannot be exhilarated by their encouragement ? Hence it 
is that we are proud to notice so just and so beautiful a tribute as the one 
to which we have alluded — not that such commendation will give an ad- 
ditional impetus to the tireless energies of our noble Executive, but that he 
may be consoled in his herculean labors with the assurance that he is 
universally appreciated at home, smd JusUt/ admired abroad. Why is it 
that Governor Allen is honored by the people ? Simply because he makes 
their good his highest object. He protects the weak, he relieves the 
needy, he rewards the faithful, he, in short, exercises his every constitu- 
tional power with justice, reason, and humanity. But it is outside of the 
pale of his mere official functions that we behold the true character of the 
man. His Christian charity and boundless generosity will ever endear 
him to the people, who will ever regard him as a good governor, a brave 
soldier, and a true gentleman. It was our fortune to be present at his 
inauguration, and hear his address. It was at a time when great and se- 
rious embarrassments were ready to meet him at the very threshold ; it 
was then, perhaps, the darkest and gloomiest period that ever scowled 
upon the State. Our army was weak, our people depressed, and the in- 
vading hosts were coming upon us — coming, too, like a wild tornado, 
gathering strength and fury as they came. Great, indeed, was the pub- 
lic suspense and the public anxiety. Many gathered to hear what were 
his pledges to the people. He came forth, pale, wan, and war-worn, still 
reeling under his recent wounds. He assured us that the old ship of the 
State was still above the billows — he bade us be of good cheer, that all 
would yet be well — he pledged to the State and to the people his undying 
fidelity — and bade every man stand to his post. Not one who heard him 
then doubted but he would give his whole soul to the "great work." 
Has he not redeemed his pledge ? Yea, more, he has, in the very face ol 
impossibility, developed the resources of the State to a surprising ex- 
tent. At Shreveport we have a Dispensary, at Mt. Lebanon a State Labo- 
ratory, in Minden a Hope Work, in Sabine Parish a Turpentine Factory, 
in Claiborne a Factory for Cloth, in Minden a Card Factory. Now these 
are the results of Governor Allen's labors, and they richly entitle him to 
public gratitude. Time would not serve us to do justice to his enterprise, 
80 we must conclude by tendering to our Governor, as a public journalist, 
the approbation of the people, and more especially our own imselfish, un- 
dying gratitude as an editor, for having abolished * icaU-paper' in our 
State." 

Allen had brought from Mexico quantities of paper and sta- 
tionery of all kinds for the journalists, who had been reduced 



256 RECOLLECtlOXS OF 

to the necessity of printing on bits of " wall-paper." He was 
making arrangements to establish paper-mills. 
The other notice is from a Richmond paper ; 

" In Louisiana — though her onc3 wealthy plantations are now wilder- 
nesses so thickly overgrown witli weeds and parasitic vines as to be impass- 
able for man or beast, and the desolation as horrible and universal as that 
■which followed Hyder Ali in India — still the resolution of her people is 
as steadfast and heroic, their devotion to the common cause as deep and 
heartfelt, and their hope as high as ours in Virginia, under the protecting 
care of our peerless army. 

" This constancy is due, in part, to the Governor of that State — General 
Henry W. Allen, This heroic and devoted soldier-statesman should not 
be named without something more than passing mention. He entered 
the service, at the beginning of the war, as Colonel of the Fourth Louisi- 
ana ; was in every battle in which his regiment participated, at the head 
of that regiment ; was desperately wounded at Shiloh ; was left for dead 
at Baton Rouge, and his body is seamed and his limbs maimed with scars 
and wounds. Admired by his superiors, beloved by his men, he might 
have arrived at the highest military distinction. But at the moment 
when promotions and honors were coming thick upon him, he was 
elected, by the spontaneous voice of the people of liis State, Governor of 
Louisiana, and cheerfully obeyed the summons. 

" With talents peculiarly fitted for the Senate, he refuses the dignities 
his people are anxious to heap upon him in a more conspicuous position, 
and expresses his determination to serve to the end of his term as chief 
magistrate of the State. At the same time that he will allow no en- 
croachment of military power, he enjoys the confidence and esteem of 
the generals commanding in Louisiana. Under his management the 
State has been relieved from a heavy debt, and her credit now stands 
higher than any other State's, except North Carolina's. 

" There is no demagogueism in the character of Governor Allen — all is 
frank and honest and outspoken with him. He has no idea of thwarting 
the government, or of establishing a separate State west of the Missis- 
sippi. He possesses the love and veneration of every man, woman, and 
child in Louisiana ; and yet it is but a score of years since Henry W. 
Allen, a poor and unknown stripling from Virginia, settled in Louisiana 
and began seriously to build the groundwork of reputation and fortune. 

•"Know this, my Lord, Jiobility of blood 
Is but a glittering and fallacious good ; 
A nobleman is he whose noblo mind 
Is full of inborn worth, unborrowM of his kind !' 



nENEY WATKINS ALLEN. 257 

** Would that we had more such in high places — men whose pure and 
earnest impulses were bent on the success of the nation, who merged per- 
sonal ambition and petty jealousies into magnanimous patriotism, and 
were satisfied with the still, small voice of conscience, instead of the noisy, 
meaningless approbation of the mob." 

Though with a substratum of medsevial feeling and prin- 
ciples, this incongruous man was essentially a man of progress. 
He saw and seized instantaneously the peculiarities of a position 
and its necessities, and prominent points as they were developed. 
He was generally in advance of anybody else. He was 07ie 
of the earliest, if 7iot the first man, to see the necessity of arm- 
ing, and drilling, and emancipating our slaves, and publicly 
urged the measure both upon the Legislature and the President, 
when other people were afraid almost to think it. Being a 
very extensive slaveholder, his disinterested patriotism was the 
more remarkable. He regarded it simply as a measure of ex- 
pediency, believing, as we all do, that slavery is the normal 
condition of the African race. 

One day, at Shreveport, I was riding with Governor Allen 
in his ambulance. We were on our way to see General Buck- 
ner, on a matter of importance to me. As we drew up to the 
door of the very plain establishment which General Buckner 
used as his headquarters, just as the Governor offered me his 
hand to descend from the carriage, he was accosted by a poor 
woman, with a market-basket on her arm. With a hasty 
apology to me, he turned to the woman, leaving me still sitting 
in the cari'iage. The woman had a long series of complaints 
and petitions to enumerate. The Governor stood patiently 
waiting, leaning on his stick, until she got through her quer- 
ulous, and, I thought, unreasonable harangue. Then, very 
gently remonstrating with her, he showed her how some of her 
petitions were unwise and impossible; gave her a great deal of 
good practical advice ; and ended by suggesting another mode 
of rectifying the crookedness of her lot ; gave her a hastily 
written order in pencil for some things, and dismissed her. She 
was dissatisfied, however, and went off grumbling and ungrate- 



258 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

ful. Turning to me with his graceful frankness, Allen said: 
" That poor creature gives me a great deal of trouble. It is 
about the twentieth time she has come to me this week, about 
that matter. I have tried in vain to make her understand that 
she asks impossibilities." 

" Well, then," said I, with a woman's hastiness, *' why do 
you allow yourself to be so troubled ? IwouldnHP 

He looked at me gravely, then replied, with a smile: " Oh, 
yes, I think you would ; she really does suffer. Her husband 
is dead, her son in the army, and a kind word costs nothing, 
even if one is often forced to reject a petition." 

I persisted : " I think you allow these people to impose on 
you, though you weary yourself to death over them every day. 
Why don't you let your aids and secretary see them? You 
are thronged with these unreasonable people all day long." 

"No ; I can't shun such responsibilities. These are my du- 
tiesr 

" That means you have adopted all these unfortunates, as a 
sort of flxmily. You are the veritable Pater Respublicse ! Every- 
body in attendance on you complains about your undue devo- 
tion to this third order of the realm ; says he is tired to death 
running to the State store with orders for these miserable old 
women and dilapidated soldiers ; and Dr. Martin says, he can't 
keep a drop of respectable brandy to mix up his medicines 
with at the Dispensary. If an old woman has a finger-ache, 
or a child eats too many blackberries, and comes to you, you 
give an order for any thing they want. They say, yoiHl 
have to stop it^ 

He laughed. " Well, you need not believe half that you 

hear. S takes liberties with me ; and as for Martin, he 

thinks I belong to him. He got so used to ordering me about 
when I was wounded, that he fancies I am never to get out of 
his leading-strings. I am very careful about the brandy or- 
ders / and as for the rest, my dear friend, I barely do my duty. 
I wish I could do a thousand-fold more for my poor starving 
people.'' By this time we had climbed up the rough stair- 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 259 

case, and in a few minutes stood in the presence of the hero of 
Fort Donelson, and the conversation turned on other topics. 
I heard a good deal of complaint and impatience expressed by- 
others at the Governor's persistent devotion to the tiers etat ; 
but he was fixed in his convictions as to his duty on this point. 
"The old wo*nen, and widows, and orphans, and soldiers' wives 
came first, always ; ladies and gentlemen and distinguished 
people afterwards," we laughingly asserted in his obdurate 
ears. 

Allen possessed wonderful facility, readiness, ingenuity, tact, 
and power of adaptability, which enabled him to put himself 
BO easily en Tapport with the populace. The activity, energy, 
suppleness, and self-reliance that are usually considered the at- 
tributes of a Yankee, were his ; and had they not been coupled 
in him with high romance and noble enthusiasm, with passionate 
patriotism, incorruptible integrity, scrupulous and sensitive 
honor, they might, with his aspirations after glory, his glow- 
ing ambition of fame and reputation, have made him degener- 
ate into a vain demagogue. But, infused into his pure., impas- 
sioned nature, these dangerous gifts, this power over the masses, 
this readiness, only gave practical force and ability to his char- 
acter, and enabled him easily to put into execution the good 
towards tho^country and " his people" that his heart suggested 
and his intellect designed. There was an extraordinary vein oi 
common sense and Scotch frugality running through his Rinaldo- 
ish romance. He was "c/eye?'," in both the English and Amer- 
ican sense of the word. 

One day, at Shreveport, he began to sing the Confederate 
song, " Southrons," expressing a desire to get all the words, and 
to know the name of the author. I told him I could give both 
to him, as the verses had been written for, and sent me origin- 
ally, by my aunt, the authoress of the " Household o^Bouverie ;" 
that I had sent them, in 1861, to the New Orleans Delta, for 
publication, and would give him the author's MS . copy. He 
was pleased with these associations. On his way to Mexico, 
he showed me the poem again. There has been some mystery 



260 EECOLLECTIONS OP 

about the authorship of this favorite Confederate war- song. I 
am glad of the opportunity to announce its true origin. 

In the month ot" Marcli, 1864, General Banks made his fa- 
mous laid up the valley of the Red River. General Taylor, sta- 
tioned at Alexandria, had been advised in February, by secret 
information sent him from New Orleans, of the probable Fed- 
eral plan of attack, by one division under A. J. Smith, from 
Vicksburg, and General Banks from New Orleans, who was to 
march up through the Teche country. Taylor immediately noti- 
fied General Kirby Smith of his suspicions of this attack, and 
Smith began to concentrate his troops to meet the attack, if so 
made. 

Smith's department was very large, and so desolated in Ar- 
kansas and Louisiana, that in order to subsist the troops, it was 
necessary to scatter them ; so the forces were scattered over 
Louisiana and Texas. Shreveport and its vicinity was the cen- 
tral point in this widely-scattered circle of troops. Upon the 
reception of Taylor's information, Smith began to draw in his 
forces. 

General A. J. Smith came up the Red River, Banks ad- 
vanced up the Teclie. It was estimated by us that Banks had 
a force of forty thousand men, and a co-operating navy of sixty 
gunboats and transports, " and a legion of camp-followers and 
speculators,-' in his train. The Federals captured Fort DeRussy, 
an inferior earthwork below Alexandria, and then marched un- 
checked up the whole valley of the Red River, until they 
reached Mansfield, a small town between Shreveport and Natch- 
itoches. Taylor had fallen back before the Federals, skirmish- 
ing every day, until he found himself here almost at the doors 
of Shreveport, within a day's march of the Texas border. 
Taylor was too much like his father, in temperament, not to be 
very soon wearied oi retreat. He knew too much about Buena 
Yista, for that modus operandi to content him very long. He 
was one of our best fighting-men, — a trifle too impatient and 
passionate, with perhaps not siifiicient sense of subordination. In 
truth, he was both a very able and a very imperious man. He 



HENKY W ATKINS ALLEN. 261 

had even dared to resist Stonewall Jackson, and figlit at Port 
Jlepublic, almost in disobedience to orders. He gained a victory 
tiien, and of course General Jackson thanked him; but if he 
hadn't been successful, he would have been broke. So it was 
now at Mansfield. Taylor was tired of running. He resolved 
to make a stand, and sent a despatch to Smith, at Shreveport, to 
that eftect. Taylor had 9000 men at Mansfield. He selected 
his battle-ground as well as he could, about a quarter of a mile 
from Mansfield. The country here is hilly, and heavily wooded. 
The line of battle was single. Mouton commanded his own 
Brigade, with Polignac's in the centre. Majors, with his cavalry 
dismounted, formed the left wing. De Bray, with mounted 
cavalry, was posted on the extreme right. Churchill and Parsons, 
with Missouri and Arkansas troops, acted as reserves, stationed 
three miles in the rear. The public road, by which the Federals 
were advancing, ran over a very steep hill. They had posted 
one of their best batteries (Nims'), — the same battery that Allen 
had rushed upon, captured and lost, after being wounded at the 
battle of Baton Rouge, — upon the top of this high hill. Taylor 
rode along this line, and when he passed Polignac, he called 
out, " Little Frenchman, I am going to fight Banks here, if he 
has a million of men !" Taylor now ordered Mouton to ad- 
vance until he engaged the enemy. Mouton led the charge ot 
infautry. By agreement, all the Confederate officers retained 
their horses, which was one reason why so many of them were 
killed in this famous charge. Mouton charged down a hill, 
over a fence, through a ravine, then up a hill right in the teeth 
of the guns. The charge lasted twenty-five minutes. The 
men were moved forward at double-quick, exposed to a ter- 
rible fire all the time, especially whilst in the ravine, between 
the woods and the hill, upon which the Federal batteries were 
stationed. The exposure to grape and canister was dreadful ; 
many Confederates fell here. The men were nearly breathless 
when they struggled up the ravine. Mouton commanded 
them to throw themselves prostrate a moment, to recover 
breath. Then they sprang up, and rushed on to the attack. 



262 EECOLLECTIONS OF 

The officers fell fast. Armand, at the head of his Creoles, had 
his horse killed, and received a shot in the arm. Starting to 
his feet, after disengaging himself from his dying steed, he ran 
on by the side of his men, waving his sword in the other un- 
wounded hand. Again a shot struck him — he fell — a wound 
through both thighs. He raised himself again, on his wounded 
arm, and, half-reclining, with the life-blood pouring in torrents, 
he still waved his sword, and cheered on his Louisianians. 
They responded with a cry of vengeance. Another shot struck 
Armand in the breast, — the gleaming sword dropped from the 
cold hand. Armand lay dead. The Eighteenth Louisiana 
rushed on. Polignac led his troops gallantly. Mouton was 
always in the front. The guns were taken after a desperate 
struggle. The Federals broke and fled. Mouton pursued : 
he passed a group of thirty-five Federal soldiers ; they threw 
down their arms in token of surrender. Mouton turned, lifting 
his'hand. to stay the firing of the Confederates upon this group 
of prisoners : as he did so, five of the Federals stooped down, 
picked up their guns, aimed them at the generous Confederate : 
in a moment, five balls pierced the noble, magnanimous breast ; 
Mouton dropped from his saddle dead, without a word or a 
sigh. The Confederates who witnessed this cowardly deed, 
gave a yell of vengeful indignation, and before their ofticers 
could check them, the thirty-five Federals lay dead around 
Mouton. The chase of the Federals was continued a mile and 
a half by this division, then the reserves under Walker and 
Churchill took up the hunt, and drove back the enemy to 
Pleasant Hill. Half way between Pleasant Hill and Mansfield, 
there was a creek of pure water, for which there was a heavy 
fight. It ended in the Confederates retaining possession of the 
water, on whose margin they bivouacked that night, — Major- 
General N. P. Banks' assertion to the contrary notwithstand- 
ing. Mouton had (2,200) twenty-two hundred men in this 
charge ; he lost seven hundred and sixty-two. Five ofiicers 
were killed, amongst them Taylor, of the Seventeenth Texas, 
a much-beloved officer. It was tho musket-fire from the 



HENRT WATKINS ALLEN. 263 

enemy on the left of the ravine, and the grape and canister 
in it, that killed most of Mouton's men. Mouton said to 
Polignac, previous to the attack, "Let us charge them right 
in the face, and throw them into the valley." 

The Battle of Mansfield was fought on the 8th of April. Il 
was a day of fasting and prayer, specially ordered by General 
Smith, and spent by most of us, ignorant of the contest that 
was transpiring, on our knees before our altars. Taylor now 
pressed his success. He had captured an immense wagon- 
train, — two hundred and ninety-five wagons, filled with most 
valuable stores ; had taken Nims' Battery of six guns, which 
Allen had such cause to remember ; had also captured twenty- 
two guns on the road. The " Grand Army" fled in wild con- 
fusion. At Pleasant Hill the Federals were re-enforced. 
Taylor engaged them again, with Walker and Churchill's Di- 
visions. The fight was heavy ; and night fell on " a drawn 
battle ;'' but the Federals retreated under cover of darkness, 
and Taylor camped on the battle-ground. That night General 
E. Kirby Smith joined him. 

Smith had answered his despatch of the previous day, before 
Mansfield, by an order, *' Not to fight, but to withdraw nearer 
Shreveport," where Smith thought he would make a better 
stand. The despatch came to Taylor in the midst of Mou- 
ton's charge. " Too late, sir," said Taylor, to the courier who 
brought it ; " the battle is won. It is not the first I have 
fought with a halter round my neck." 

Smith now held a consultation with Taylor. Taylor desired 
to prosecute his chase of Banks, feeling almost certain, from 
the peculiar character of the country, that he could "bag" 
Banks' whole army between Cane River and Red River, where 
there was but a narrow road crossing a distance of about seven 
miles, skirting an impassable swamp covered with primeval 
forest. Besides, he thought he would also, if he had sufticient 
force, capture the naval fleet, which had got above " tlie Falls'^ 
of the Red River. Taylor argued that these movements were 
most important ; that if he should capture Bank.-' array, ho 



264 EECOLLECTIONS OF 

would almost deliver the Department of the Gulf; would forco 
the Federals to weaken Sherman, and thus relieve Gen. John- 
ston in Tennessee. Smith thought it very important to take 
Walker and Churchill's divisions and march to check Steele, 
who was threatening invasion of Texas and Louisiana from 
Little Rock. 

Taylor did not like giving up the men; at last they com- 
promised, Smith promising to return the troops " if Steele re- 
treated." Taylor now offered to command the advance 
against Steele. Taylor wanted to get through with Steele, 
and return to General Banks as soon as possible. Smith 
agreed. Smith now offered Taylor the rank of lieutenant- 
general, in consideration of his valuable services. Taylor said 
lie had *' rather receive his promotions from the hands of the 
Confederate President." Leaving Majors to fight the transports 
on the Red River, and Polignac and Wharton to continue 
the chase after Banks, Smith and Taylor took Walker and 
Churchill's divisions, and went to Shreveport. Now Smith de- 
cided it would be best to lead the march against Steele him- 
self. He offered Taylor the command of the Department during 
his absence ; but Taylor had no fancy for administrative du- 
ties. He wanted to get back to Banks. Smith started for 
Arkansas. Taylor heard that Steele had begun to retreat : he 
expected his men to be restored. Despatches came from 
Marmaduke and others, that Steele was retreating. It is 
probable Smith considered it safer to cripple Steele, if he 
could, before his return. At any rate, he pursued his march 
after Steele, got up with him, fought the battle of Mark's Mills, 
in which the Confederates lost heavily in officers, Randall and 
Scurry being killed there. It is doubtful, at least it was so 
regarded at the time in the Department, among the people, 
whether we were greatly advantaged by this battle of Mark's 
Mills, which, of course, Smith fought gallantly, if not discreetly. 
Taylor was growing angry now ; he left Shreveport, and went 
back to see how much he could annoy Banks with six thousand 
men. There was a skirmish at Grand Eoore. Majors sunk 



HENEY WATKINS ALLEN-. 265 

several transports on the Red River. Taylor tried to catch 
Banks at Monnette's Ferry, -where was the road next the 
morass. The Federals were in this cul-de-sac. Taylor sent 
General Bee to hold the crossing below them, while he staved 
beiiind. The Federals tried to flank Bee : it was impossible for 
them ; they could not have crossed the swamp. Bee ought 
to have known this, but he did not ; he had not reconnoitred 
enough, though he had been posted three days here. Bee 
withdiew his troops from before the door of Taylor's trap, and 
the Federals marched out of it. Taylor was furious. Bee 
was broke for this movement. But Bee was not a coward; he 
was personally brave, an exceedingly cool, collected man under 
fire ; but he had made an irreparable mistake here. Banks 
blipped through Taylor's fingers. Taylor adopted all kinds of 
feints and subterfuges to deceive the enemy as to the number 
of his men. He used to have fires built up around at great 
distances, to simulate camp-tires ; he put drummers and bu- 
glers on horseback, and made them sound the calls in every 
direction, for miles around. He had six thousand men ; the 
Federals said he had "seventy-five thousand." 

The Federals burned Alexandria — tried to quit it by the 
Bayou Bceuf road — were prevented by Polignac. They then 
forced their way by Red River road. At Marksville, Wharton 
fought them. There was a brilliant cannonade for four hours 
here. Then Polignac opened the road, and withdrew from be- 
fore the column of twenty-four thousand Federals, Avith drums 
and fifes playing. Polignac had thirteen hundred men. At 
Yellow Bayou, near the Atchafalaya, Wharton had another 
engagement. All the Federals had crossed the river except A. 
J. Smith's ten thousand. Wharton attacked them, but made 
a mistake in strengthening his left instead of his right wing, 
which rested on the Bayou and held the crossing. He with- 
drew the troops, and massed them on the interior end of the 
line, and Smith slipped past him. The Federals across the At- 
chafalaya, Taylor's " chase" was ended. He had time now 
to give expression to the wrath he had been nursing against 



266 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

Smith. Smitli behaved with more amiability than Taylor, bnt 
the matter ended in Taylor's removal to a separate command, 
east of the Mississippi River. It was a pity Taylor hadn't men 
to do what he desired, and believed be could accomplish. 
Taylor was doubtless one of the best military men we had in 
the Trans-Mississippi Department, and it was a misfortune when 
we lost him. If his desires could have been carried into effect, 
it might have prolonged the war. It must be remembered that 
General Smith had a vast extent of frontier to defend, how- 
ever ; an immense Department to govern and supply. The peo- 
ple in it were dispirited, because severed from the great heart 
of the Confederacy. Smith was without arsenals or military 
provision of any kind, except such as he could himself supply ; 
for the government at Richmond furnished little or nothing. 
There were no railroads for concentrating troops with rapidity 
— transportation was tedious and difficult over heavy earth- 
roads — ^the Department commander had throwm upon him du- 
ties more varied and onerous than had been devolved upon any 
officer in the Confederate service, east or west of the Mississippi 
River ; and, however unequal he may in some respects have 
been to fill his most difficult position, history must acknowledge 
that no other Confederate officer in the Trans-Mississippi De- 
partment was Smith's superior in general administrative quali- 
ties or perso?ial purity and courage. [Allen aided Gen. Smith 
in every possible way. He frequently loaned money at the 
very headquarters, from the fund he made for Louisiana. 
Gen. Smith can bear witness to all he did for the country. Al- 
len's plans were all only in embryo. The immense amount of 
good he accomplished, which is known to the people better 
than to me, was but the beginning of his work, which would 
have gradually been enlarged and extended, till his great 
thought had embraced and comforted all " his people" — until 
it had met and supplied all their needs, as far as a mortal 
could.] We see, therefore. Smith could scarcely conjecture at 
what point in Louisiana, Arkansas, or Texas the Federals 
would enter his Department. Taylor was set to watch them on 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 267 

the Reel River, Magruder'in Texas, Price and Marmaduke in 
Arkansas. 

At the time Smith was endeavoring to concentrate hii troops 
to repel Banks, Steele began his advance upon Shreveport, 
from Little Rock, by way of Washington. Smith's object, 
now that Banks had been so happily checked by Taylor, was 
to prevent Steele's taking Shreveport, or joining Banks at 
Grand Ecore. Steele was equidistant from Camden, Grand 
Ecore, and the Mississippi River. Smith had made his plans 
to fight Banks seven miles beyond Mansfield, where he had se- 
lected his battle-ground, and could have concentrated a larger 
number of troops than Taylor had at Mansfield on the day of 
battle there. 

Taylor's judgment, perhaps his haste and impatience, brought 
on the battle earliei*, at Mansfield ; his skill and gallantry won it, 
as the same qualities had served him well at Port Republic ; 
but if Taylor's skill had not more than equalled his audacity, if 
he had lost the battle, the consequences might have been very 
serious to the country, and all concerned. After the battles, 
when a council of war was held by Smith, Taylor agreed that 
it was essential to fight Steele, and prevent his junction with 
Banks, and if possible compel Steele to return to Little Rock. 

Taylor selected the troops to go, and offered to lead them. 
Smith decided afterwards that it was best to keep Taylor on 
the line he knew so well, after Banks, and go in person after 
Steele. Whether Steele's retreat was materially hastened by 
Smith's following him, and fighting him at Mark's Mills, is a 
question for military critics. By referring to a map of the 
country, it will be seen that Smith was compelled, at firsts to 
turn against Steele to prevent the capture of Shreveport, where 
he had his principal arsenals and depots, and that Banks' ships 
being above the Falls of the Red River, some considerable time 
it was certain would be requisite before he could possibly return 
to Alexandria. Smith's troops, in crossing the Red River and 
driving Steele from Camden, were not going much away from 
Banks, but rather marching on the other side of the Red River, 



268 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

in sucli a direction that, after accomplishing their object, they 
could wheel and flank Banks, cutting hiiu off from the road to 
Natchez, and lessening the probability of his ultimate escape 
from Taylor. 

But these combinations, which were well designed on Smith's 
part, were not carried out with sufiicient rapidity — Banks escaped 
before the junction of Smith's troops was made with Taylor's. 
Military men, however, may consider Smith's plan the true one 
for the general commanding," watchful over a whole Department, 
even while they acknowledge Taylor's skill and soldierly judg- 
ment in seizing the opportune moment, when Banks' army was 
necessarily divided, to scotch the head of the snake, and force 
him to recoil on himself. Just above Carapti, where Colonel 
Harrison was attacking the Federal transports, which had to 
pass under the very muzzles of his guns, an incident occurred 
worthy of notice. The Red River was so low that the boats 
were far beneath the high banks of the river. Finding it diffi- 
cult to depress his gun sufficiently to make it bear on the ves- 
sels, an Alabamian, named Dupree, sprang to the trail of his 
gun, seized it with his arms, and held it up so, by main force, at 
the moment of firing. Of course he was knocked senseless by the 
recoil of the piece ; but his shot told on the enemy, and he was 
satisfied to be bruised. 

In justice to General Smith, I insert here an article which 
appeared in a Louisiana journal at this time, which gives a full, 
and I thought at the time, a very fair account of Smith's plans, 
which will be curious, perhaps, hereafter, to historians, as con- 
temporary evidence of these matters. [It happens that the 
course of this story of my friend's life embraces the military 
career of three men who have occupied unfortunate positions, 
and who have met with pubfic disfavor, in this arena. I by no 
means desire to seize my lance, d VAmazone, in behalf of 
either Lovell, Pemberton, or Smith ; but writing in the shadow 
of the tomb of my friend, I must write truth, without thought 
of consequence, and after most careful research, and desire for 
impartiality. I write this book — ^being " 07ily a woman^^ I 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 269 

maybe mistaken often in ray judgment; but I never deceive 
intentionally.] 

To the Editor oftJie Bichmond Whig : 

Sir — In your issue of Dec. 14, 1864, there is an editorial reflecting se- 
verely upon General E. Kirby Smitli. It contains several statements 
whicli are untrue, and is filled with errors and misconceptions respecting 
the late campaign in this Department. As the character of your paper 
forbids the belief that you would intentionally do an injustice to an ofiicer 
so distinguished, I have taken the liberty of writing this communication 
in reply to the article alluded to. 

You say " they (the Federals) were more prompt in making the move- 
ment {i. e., to re-enforce Thomas,) because they knew they had little to 
fear from the languid and indecisive operations of the Lieutenant-Gene- 
ral commanding the Confederate armies in the Trans-Mississippi De- 
partment." * * * You " are precluded from doubting that 
the failure on our part to accomplish great results was owing to the hesi- 
tancy and lassitude of Lieu tenant-General E. Kirby Smith. * * * 
An opportunity was presented last Spring for recovering New Orleans. 
* * * The enemy had lost all his transportation, almost all his 
artillery. * * * tj^q enemy's arms were most disastrously 
defeated at Pleasant Hill and Mansfield, by General Taylor * * -x- 
His flying columns were totally broken and disorganized. ^- * * 
Had General Taylor been jDermitted to carry out his designs, the whole 
of the grand army would have been captured at Alexandria." Price's 
failure in Missouri, Hood's in Tennessee, Early's before Washington, are 
all attributed, in this article, to the " lassitude" of General E. K. Smith. 
Why Lee and Johnston, Beauregard, Hardee, and Forrest, are exempted 
from the effects of Kirby Smith's " lassitude," it is difficult to under- 
stand. One thinks of the Grecian hosts everywhere discomfited, because 
Achilles lias taken the sulks. It is impossible that those who know 
General Smith, his devotion to duty, his purity of purpose, his restless 
activity, his impetuosity in action, his unflinching courage, can be made 
to believe that he has sunk into languor and irresolution. The friends of 
General Smith have heard with pain, that attacks of this character have 
been made upon his reputation in Richmond, and now that a public 
journal of the standing of your paper has seen proper to endorse them, 
they feel that justice to a meritorious officer, as well as a regard to truth 
of history, demands that they be repelled, in so far as the public inter- 
ests will allow. Respect for General Smith and the good of the service 
forbids a refutation of such absurd charges in detail, or a notice of the 
persons and motives which inaugurated them ; I have therefore deter- 



270 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

mined to give a simple and succinct history of tlie campaign as it occurred 
in this Department last year, leaving the public to decide whether, under 
the trying circumstances in which he was placed, General Smith was or 
was not justified, in acting as he did. 

Take a map of the Confederate States, and starting from Forts Gibson 
and Smith upon the Arkansas River, following that stream to where it 
falls into the Mississippi ; thence down the course of that River to the 
junction of the Red River ; thence along the Atchafalaya to Berwick's 
Bay ; thence along the shore of the Mexican Gulf to Brownsville, and 
you have the line which separated the Confederate and United States 
forces in the winter of 1863-4. There was no important point against 
which, with his forces concentrated, General Smith could take the offen- 
sive, and by compelling the enemy to defend it, save our territory from 
invasion. The hard alternative of a defensive campaign had to be ac- 
cepted. The enemy, with superior numbers and illimitable means of 
transportation, had the initiative, making it almost inevitable that he 
would overpower our forces at the point chosen for attack on this long 
line. In the faU of 1803, General Smith had his forces disposed as fol- 
lows : General Taylor, with a large proportion of infantry, and Green's 
Division of cavalry, were on the lower Red River and Teche. General 
Price confronted Steele, who was at Little Rock, preparing for offensive 
movements towards the Red River. General Magruder guarded tlio 
Texas coast. General Maxey, with a mixed force of Texans and Indians, 
held in check about five thousand of the enemy under General Thayer at 
Fort Smith. Small bodies of cavalry observed the lines between these 
armies. During the winter General Banks massed his army on Mata- 
gorda peninsula, which compelled the transfer of Green's Division from 
Taylor to Magruder. Nearly all the v.dnter, it seemed that Banks was 
determined to invade Texas about tlie mouth of the Brazos ; but, after 
the return of Sherman from Meridian to Vicksburg, it soon became 
evident that a combined movement in great force by the armies under 
Banks and Steele, with large detachments from that of Sherman, was to 
be made against this Department. As there were immense naval arma- 
ments upon the Mississippi River, with nothing else to do, it was clear 
that the line of the Red River would be the line of advance of the prin- 
cipal column, to be supported by the gunboats, and supplied by trans- 
ports convoyed by them. On the 26th February instructions were given 
by telegraph for Green's Division to hold itself in readiness, and on the 6th 
March it was ordered to move with despatch to General Taylor, who 
was embarrassed for the want of cavalry. On the 12th March, a force 
consisting of portions of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth United States 
Corps, under command of General A. J. Smith, amounting probably to 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 271 

eiglit thonsana men — dropped down from Vicksburg and disembarked 
at Simmsport, on tii« Atcliafalaya, With sucli secrecy and celerity wo.s 
tins effected, that General Taylor was unable to concentrate liis force in 
time to prevent Fort De Russy from being carried by assault. This 
■was the only work ca,pable of controlling the navigation of Red River. 
Embarking his troops, A. J. Smith pressed on and occupied Alexandria, 
turning the flank of General Taylor, and obliging him to make a raj)id 
march of seventy miles through pine-barrens, to recover his communica- 
tions with Shreveport. At the same time Banks, assembling his army at 
Berwick's Bay, moved up the Teclie, and joining- A. .L Smith at Alexan- 
dria, assumed command of a force of at least thirty thousand men. Act- 
ing in conjunction, v.'as one of the most powerful fleets ever assembled 
upon a river. 

In concert with these movements below, Steele set out from Little Rock 
upon a line leading through Arkadelphia, Washington, and Fulton. The 
common objective point of these two columns was either Marshall or 
Shreveport. The plan of General Smith was to effect a concentration of 
every available man near Shreveport, before giving battle to either col- 
umn ; and to endeavor to so manoeuvre as to fight first one, and then the 
other, with th« mass of his forces. The nature of the country favored 
him in this, as the Red River, between Natchitoches and Shreveport, has 
upon either side a succession of lakes and morasses, rendering it impossi- 
ble for an army marching on the Sputh to form a junction with one 
coming from the North. As Taylor, after the arrival of Green, who had 
been delayed beyond expectation, had little over one-third the number of 
Banks, General Smith refused Steele, and marching all the infantry from 
Arkadelphia to Shreveport, directing General Price to harass and impede 
the march of Steele as best he could with his cavalry. Banks, with the 
aid of his transports, came on veiy rapidly. Taylor had to fall back to 
Pleasant Hill, where he began to receive accessions of strength by the 
arrival of the regiments of Green's command ; but so energetic were the 
movements of the enemy, a number of them had t© make a detour west 
of the Sabine, joining at Mansfield, to which place Taylor's main body 
had continued to retreat. Price's infantry, after halting a few days at 
Shreveport, moved out to Reddie, a point where the road coming from 
Mansfield diverges to Marshall and Shreveport They weie ordered to 
report to General Taylor, whose cavalry was now skirmishing severely 
with that of the enemy at Pleasant HilU General Smith calculated that 
it would ta.ke some days for Banks to accumulate supplies sufficient for 
a march upon Shreveport ; and as Steele was at the Little Missouri, he 
was in some doubt which column he would have to fight first. It turned 
out, however, that Banks pushed on with insuflScient supplies. Not an- 



272 EECOLLECTIOXS OF 

ticipating any serious resistance till near Slireveport, lie expected to com- 
municate with, the fleet from Mansfield, distant from the river about fif- 
teen or twenty miles. He, doubtless, hoped to hear from Steele, and 
would then direct his army upon Slireveport or Marshall, as the intelli- 
gence received might determine him. General Smith now instructed 
General Taylor to choose a position suitable for a decisive battle to " com- 
pel the enemy to develop his intentions," and when " convinced that a 
general advance was being made," to notify him, and he would " come to 
the front." General Taylor, who was then in the rear of Mansfield, moved 
with his whole force two or three miles to the front of that place, and 
soon became engaged with the enemy's infantry. The reconnoissance 
was converted into a battle. 

An impetuous charge of Mouton's Division on the left, broke the ene- 
my's line of battle. Walker, advancing on the right, completed their rout. 
The road, running through a brushy country, was encumbered by a train 
of two hundred wagons, all of which, with twenty-odd pieces of artillery, 
were captured. General Taylor pressing on about six miles, came upon 
another army corps, which he engaged until darkness terminated the 
fighting for the day. Fortune had favored the valor of our troops, and 
justified the determination of General Taylor to engage in a battle. Two 
divisions of the Thirteenth Army Corps, with three or four thousand cav- 
alry, had been caught out of supporting distance of other corps, and had 
been completely overthrown. The fighting had been desperate, and the 
loss severe on both sides. The enemy had, hoAvever, the Nineteenth 
Army Corps intact, and A. J. Smith's command, amounting to another 
corps, untouched. Being short of supplies, with a large train captured, 
Banks was obliged to fall back to Grand Ecore. His trains were reversed, 
and he took position at Pleasant Hill, to cover the retreat. Here General 
Taylor, now re-enforced by the Missouri and Arkansas troops, found him 
on the evening of the next day, and at once attacked him. Our left was 
again successful in driAing him from his position, but our right was re- 
pulsed and routed. Many explanations have been offered of this failure, 
but it was doubtless owing to the good quality and overpowering num- 
bers of the enemy's troops. This is the key to the great misunderstand- 
ing of the campaign by you. Pleasant Hill is claimed as a victory, 
whereas it was a defeat for us. Our army fell back to Mansfield — twenty 
miles. The enemy also continued his retreat to Grand Ecore. Possibly 
if fresh cavalry had been at hand to pursue, the demoralization of the 
enemy might have been effected ; but all of ours was exhausted. It was 
just uj) from long marches through Texas, and had been constantly en- 
gaged, for three or four days, with little or no forage. 

Before our army was in condition to move from Mansfield, the enemy 



HENRY WATKIXS ALLEN. 273 

was intrenched at Grand Ecore, and supported by gunboats. The river 
was low, and continually falling. The fleet, which had ascended to the 
jjoint of communication agreed on, found itself in a very precarious situa- 
tion. It had to bo lost or return, which it did, being incessantly annoyed 
by our cavalry and light artillery. 

When the battle of Pleasant Hill was fought, Steele was still advancing. 
He had crossed the Little Missouri with an excellent army of 15,000 
men, having been joined by Thayer, from Fort Smith. This is the time 
when it is alleged General Smith made his great mistake in not pursuing 
Banks. Let us examine the reasons which determined him. It is very 
natural that the people, both of Louisiana and Arkansas, should think 
that their respective States were the most important. History teaches 
us also, that subordinate commanders of armies and districts, with their 
eyes fixed upon their own localities, and the enemy opposed to them, 
and with the natural desire of distinction and success, are prone to mag- 
nify the importance of their position, and to think that they should be 
especially re-enforced. But the general commanding a Department, de- 
pendent upon itself for its means of defence and offence, must take a 
survey of the whole field of action, and must decide, upon his own re- 
sponsibility, what is best for the whole cause. He is not to look to the 
winning of a battle alone, he must win campaigns. The subordinate 
officer is given an army and directed to operate with it for specific objects. 
If it is lost, the higher authority is expected to supply its place. A com- 
mander in General Smith's position, charged with the defence of an im- 
mense territory, with insufficient means, and isolated from all support, 
cannot lightly jeopardize an army whose loss he cannot repair, nor allow 
one column of an enemy to seize upon arsenals, depots, workshops, etc., 
although by permitting it he might win renown, or possibly inflict great 
loss upon him in another quarter. 

On the one hand. Banks, with a force double the strength of ours, was 
intrenched at Grand Ecore, supported by gunboats ; he had two pontoon 
bridges established, so that if he desired to avoid, or was worsted in an en- 
gagement, he could cross the river, and by marching down its left bank, or 
over the country to the Ouachita, at Harrisonburg, relieve himself from mo- 
lestation by our army. The country being destitute of supplies, it was im- 
possible to dislodge him by undertaking a sustained operation upon his 
communications. It v/ould have been simple madness to march up and 
assault, in its then position, the army which we had failed to whip in a 
fair field at Pleasant Hill. Finally, had Banks been driven to the Atcha- 
falaya, the campaign would have been terminated, as the gunboats con- 
trolled that stream. 

On the other hand, Steele with a force not larger than General Smith 

12-^ 



274 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

could bring against liim, had come out of his fortifications, and was now 
distant from tliem over one hundred miles. If he could be reached, and 
his infantry disordered, his army would become the prey of our cavalry. 
With his army would fall the fortifications of Little Rock, Pine Bluff, 
and Duvall's Bluff, giving us control of Northern Arkansas, where it was 
known we could obtain 10,000 recruits. The political organizations 
which the enemy was industriously establishing, would be broken up, 
and the way would be opened to Missouri for our infantry. Again, with 
Banks at Grand Ecore — stunned, it is true, but not seriously hurt — a re- 
newal of the advance was not improbable, either upon the original plan, 
or upon the norlhside of the Red River, looking to a junction with Steele, 
in the neighborhood of Mindeu. This would have made the combined 
armies irresistible. In this position of affairs, General Smith did not 
feel himself at liberty to allow Steele either to advance upon his depots, 
or to establish himself in the valley of the Ouachita. It was known 
that the President had almost demanded that an effort to reoccupy the 
valley of the Arkansas should be made. Finally, the Arkansas troops 
had marched vathout hesitation or a murmur to relieve Louisiana, and 
both they and the citizens confidently relied on the commanding General 
for succor, as soon as it was in his power to afford it. The Arkansas and 
Missouri troops, and Walker's Division of Tcsans, were brought back to 
Shreveport, %\ith General Taylor in command — General Poliguac being 
left to observe Banks. W^hen they reached Shreveport, Steele, who had 
hesitated at Prairie D'Au, moved by his left on Camden. Then General 
Smith determined to send General Taylor back to his army, while ho 
would command in person the column against Steele. ChurchiU was to 
move by the upper road upon Camden, Walker was to move to Minden 
and halt. General Smith hurried to General Price's headquarters near 
Camden, now occupied by the enemy, who were in strong works con- 
structed by our engineers. If Steele attempted a junction with Banks, 
Wallcer would be in a position to oppose it, and could be quickly joined 
by Churchill. If Steele crossed the Ouachita, so as not to be overtaken. 
Walker, followed by Churchill, would move down on the left side of the 
Red River, and join General Taylor in his operations against Banks. 
If Steele stopped at Camden, Walker would move up and assist in his 
capture. The day after General Smith reached General Price, the cavalry 
(General Maxey commanding) surprised a foraging brigade of the enemy 
at Poison Spring, difspersing it, capturing its train and battery. General 
Smith, learning that Steele had received two hundred wagons loaded 
with provisions from Pine Bluff, despatched General Fagan across the 
Ouachita River, who captured at Marks' Mill a brigade with four hun- 
dred wagons and a battery, all on their way from Camden to Pine Bluff. 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. *2To 

Tills determined the retreat of Stcel=c, wlio crosaed tlie Ouachita and fled 
towards Little Rock. General Smith made an extraordinary eifibrt to 
overtake him, sending instructions to General Fagan (who, after the 
battle of Marks' Mill, had gone towards Little Rock), to watch the cross- 
ing of the Saline, and to oppose to the last extremity the paspage of tliat 
a-iver. He vr&s delayed some hours in crossing the river, but by forced 
marches caught up with Steele on the Saline. Fortune now favored the 
enemy. It rained incessantly, which impeded the progress and wearied 
the energy of our troops. The river-bottom where the enemy was at- 
tacked, was filled with water, in places to the hips and waists of the 
men. The battle raged furiously for six or eight hours, with musketiy 
alone, when it was found that the enemy, abandoning his dead and 
wounded, had crossed the river, destroyed his pontoons, and retreated 
rapidly. The river now overflowed its banks, our men were entirely ex- 
hausted by a march of flfty-five miles and a battle, and could not pursue. 
Their supplies had also given out. The despatches which were sent to 
General Fagan had failed to reach him. To prevent his horses from 
starving, he had recrossed the Saline, instead of being in position to 
complete the ruin of Steele's army; attracted by the firing, he arrived 
upon the field at the close of the battle, in such a state of exhaustion as 
to be incapable of following up the enemy had it otherwise been practi- 
cable. 

Then General Smith had failed to accomplish what he had hoped for, 
but had captured from Steele ten pieces of artillery, compelling him to 
throw as many more into the river, near one thousand wagons, and 
killed and captured four thousand of his men. lie had ejected him from 
the valley of the Ouachita, and rendered him incapable of moving again 
for weeks or months to come. He was now free to use his whole force 
against Banks. He confidently hoped that the low stage of water in Red 
River would not admit of the passage of the fleet over the falls of Alex- 
andria, and that he would have time to reach there and engage him in 
decisive opemtions. The troops were moved immediately in that direc- 
tion, and General Walker's Division reached Alexandria one week after 
the enemy had evacuated the place. This division had marched, since 
the enemy landed at Simmsport, seven hundred miles, and had fought 
in three pitched battles. In the mean time, General Taylor, with great 
audacity, had annoyed the enemy's army and fleet as they fell back 
towards Alexandria, and after they reached there, had thrown a part of 
his little force upon the river below that place, where the enemy had 
been re-enforced by some 8,000 men from Texas, including two divisions 
of the Eighth Army Corps. There he captured transports and gunboats 
until they ceased to attempt to pass. The enemy had now accomplished 



276 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

a work deemed impossible, viz. : dammed the river so as to throw the 
water into the channel, thereby enabling them to float over even their 
iron-clads. As soon as this was done, the fleet and army moved down 
the river to Fort De Bussj — there they separated. General Taylor was 
not strong enough to oppose their march, but he attacked their rear at 
Yellow Bayou, when a very severe fight, without results, occurred. This 
ended the campaign. It was necessarily defensive in its character, and 
when the conception of its plan, the manner in which each part of it v/as 
executed by those to whom it was assigned, the vast extent of territory 
upon which the concentration of troops had to be effected, the absence of 
railroad or water transportation for either the troops or supplies, the dis- 
parity of force, the complete failure of the enemy in effecting his objects, 
the loss inflicted upon him, and the moral effect upon the country is con- 
sidered, it must be stamped as one of the most brilliant of the war. 

General Smith had before, when our cause was depressed, won the ad- 
miration of the country by his offensive movement into Kentucky, 

In the Trans-Mississippi he has shown himself equally capable of con- 
ducting defensive operations. That while by audacious enterprise he can 
dissolve an enemy's combinations ; when this chance is denied him, he 
can also fall back patiently before overpowering numbers, until he has 
gathered all his energies ; so manoeuvring his army before two converg- 
ing columns as to bring the mass of his force to bear first against one, 
and then the other, defeating them both. As to there being an oppor- 
tunity of seizing New Orleans, I am sure that if you will seriously exam- 
ine the subject, you will say that it would have been as easy for General 
Lee to seize Fortress Monroe. As to sending re-enforcements to your 
Bide, or detaining the enemy upon ours, a great deal might be said, if it 
was proper to publish it. Certain it is, that when Hood's movement into 
Tennessee was being made. Price's advance into Missouri, and Magru- 
der's attitude in Arkansas, occupied for six weeks or two months 35,000 
of the enemy. For many reasons, nothing permanent was expected from 
this Northern advance. It was intended as a diversion, the only aid, in 
the circumstances, which General Smith could render the Cis-Mississippi. 

Its duration, from its nature, had certain limits, and General Snath had 
•every reason to believe that it would correspond with Hood's movement, 
BO as materially to diminish the resistance which he had to encounter. 

In conclusion, Mr. Editor, may it not, with all respect, be doubted that 
your course in relation to General Smith has been dictated by an entire 
Bpirit of fairness ? May it not be fairly believed that you have acted 
hastily upon the statements of persons who designedly, and from inter- 
ested purposes, sought to make your paper an engine to injure him ? Is 
it in the proper spirit to be grumbling at the Trans-Mississippi Departs 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 277 

mont, and to be attributing to its commanding ofHcer tlu failures of the 
Cis-ilississippi service ? Did we ever receive any aid from you in our 
hour of utmost need ? Did we complain because you failed to seize New 
Orleans, which is on your side of the Mississippi, when Banks' whole 
army and Porter's fleet were detained so long, far involved in tlie interior 
of this Department ? Have we complained that you failed to make a di- 
version in our favor in the supreme crisis of the campaign ? We did not ; 
"because we Icnew you would have done so were it in your 'power. This De- 
partment has sent east of the Mississippi, largely over 100,000 men, since 
the beginning of the war ; not one have we received in return, except of- 
ficers, which you either sought to promote or get rid of For two years we 
have not received any aid from the Cis-Mississippi in men, supplies, or 
arms. We have not even been furnished with treasury-notes to pay off" our 
soldiers, who have been marching and fighting all this while without pay. 
In that time. General Smith has succeeded in bringing some order out of 
the chaos which he found existing here. He has powder-mills, arsenals, 
workshops, where before there were none. The shot which repelled the 
enemy last year was made of iron extracted from its ore, although no 
mine had ever before been worked within the limits of his command. 

The army has been clad, shod, subsisted, and furnished with muni- 
tions and transportation, without any aid or direct support of the Govern- 
ment. Should not these facts make you pause in your denunciation ? 
Instead of crying to this weak Department for relief, should you not ad- 
mire the administration wliich has shown it to be capable of self-susten- 
tation ? Should you not, as we have done, bring out your men, and re- 
solve to hold your portion of the common lines, resting satisfied that 
your countrymen on this side of the Mississippi will spare no effort to aid 
you by re- enforcement or diversion when it is practicable to do so ? 

(Signed) Ti;a:?ts-Mississippi, 

As General Smith has been universally condemned for not sending 
troops east of the Mississippi, where the great battles of the war had to 
be fought, it is but just to say, what I know to be true, that General Tay- 
lor was charged by General Smith with the execution of an order to that 
effect, and was to take command of the troops when over the River ;■ but 
after manoeuvring for gome time to accomplish this object, Taylor re- 
ported to General Smith that he had to abandon it as entirely impracti- 
cable. I know this from Governor Allen, and others, who saw the com- 
munication from Taylor to Smith. 

An incident occurred, when Smith reviewed the troops be- 
fore the Battles of Mansfield and Pleasant Hill, whilst lie was 



2<8 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

concentrating his forces at Shreveport, which exhibits Allen's 
tact and knowledge of, at least, soldiers' natures. After Smith 
had ridden slowly along the lines, whicli were formed in a large 
plat of level land near Shreveport, which duty was carefully 
performed on his part, while the review was received by the 
men without any exhibition of special liking— there was no en- 
thusiasm for Smith among the troops — suddenly there arose at 
the extreme end of the lines, which Smith had quitted, a loud 
huzza. This was caught up, repeated ; line after line, swelled the 
jtrodigious shout most warmly. There was no lack of enthusi- 
asm in this greeting ; the cause soon became apparent, as the 
General completed his survey. By Allen's suggestion, the hun- 
dreds of carriages, containing the ladies, who had thronged to 
the review, were slowly formed in procession, and driven along 
the ranks. It was difficult to say which were the more pleased, 
the ladies or the men. It was equally unexpected, and equally 
gratifying to both. The women waved their handkerchiefs, 
threw their flowers, their prayers, their blessings and their tears 
towards the men about to risk their lives for their sakes ; and 
the soldiers were moved to a rapturous enthusiasm at the sight 
of hundreds of their sisters, wives, mothers, friends, thus slowly 
passed before their eyes. They did not fight the worse, shortly 
after, for being '•'■ reviewed by the ladies.^'' Allen knew they 
wouldn't. 

General Parsons tells, that when his troops were coming in- 
to Louisiana, at the instance of the soldiers themselves, an offi- 
cial order was read, at the head of each regiment, declaring 
that any soldier who should so far forget his manhood, and 
what was due to Louisiana, and her '•''glorious Governor^'' as 
to appropi'iate any thing unjustly, or to disgust the people in 
any way, should " be missed from the rolls without a discharge," 
— in other words, be taken out and shot. They knew the spirit of 
the Governor had been infused into the people, and that noth- 
ing would be left undone to contribute to their necessities. 
When all other organizations had been dissolved, these troops 
stood firm, protecting the Govei-nor and the people to the last. 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 279 

In their shameful retreat, Banks' army burned and destroyed 
every thhig, as far as they could. They left nothing bat "the 
blackness of ashes" behind them. 

" From Mansfield to the Mississippi River," said Allen, in a 
message, " the track of the spoiler was one scene of desolation. 
The fine estates on Cane and Red rivers, on bayous Rapides, 
Robert, and De Glaize, were all devastated. Houses, gins, mills, 
barns, and fences were burned ; negroes all carried off, horses, 
cattle, hogs, every living thing, driven away or killed. Whilst 
Alexandria was in flames, and women and children flying from 
their burning homes, General A. J. Smith rode amongst his 
men, saying, with delight, *' Boys, this looks like tear r 

One year ago, in returning from Texas, I travelled over the 
imfortunate region known as " the Burnt District.'''' In one of 
Allen's messages, he accurately describes the appearance it pre- 
sented : 

" You can travel for miles, in many portions of Louisiana, 
through a once thickly-settled country, and not see a man, nor a 
woman, nor a child, nor a four-footed beast. The f^rm-houses 
have been burned. The plantations deserted . The once smil- 
ing fields now grown up in briers and brakes, in parasites and 
poisonous vines. A painful melancholy, a deatli-like silence, 
broods over the land, and desolation reigns supreme." The 
afliicted people who had fled from this district were starving. 
All these were now added to Allen's already crushing responsi- 
bilities. The following notice of what he did, is taken from a 
Katchitoches paper : 

Honor to our Governor. — No public notice has yet been taken of tlie 
State supplies of provisions furnished by Governor Allen to the destitute, 
and those in better circumstances, who had suffered by the Yankee inva- 
sion. His very prompt and liberal efforts in this way, demand a public 
acknowledgment, which it is the object of this article to make. Vast 
good has been done in this and in the parish of Rapides, especially by this 
bounty. Early in May last, Governor Allen had loaded two boats with 
corn, bacon, flour, and sugar, destined for this parish, without solicitation, 
and in anticipation of the wants of those who lived along the patli of 



280 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

the enemy. Contemporaneously, our citizens liad applied by petition for 
sucli relief, tliougli their application was made without a knowledge of 
the prudent foresight of the Governor, then being exerted in their be- 
half. As much as near fifteen thousand pounds of flour, five thousand 
pounds of sugar, seven thousand pounds bacon, and five thousand barrels 
of corn, were received, and either given to the destitute, or sold for such 
prices as they could aiford to pay, to those who were able to pay. Along 
the line of march of the enemy from Mansfield to the mouth of Cane 
River, and along the river from above Campte to the same point, the 
enemy had taken or destroyed nearly every eatable thing, and v/hat little 
they left, our own pursuing troops generally appropriated. Tlius, those 
who had laid up abundant supplies for the season, suddenly found them- 
selves deprived of their last ear of corn and pound of bacon by either 
one army or the other. Starvation literally stared this part of our pop- 
ulation in the face, and the bounty of the State came very opportunely. 
Every one, without exception, that asked, has been relieved according to 
his wants and according to his means, by gift, or by sale at moderate 
prices. Simultaneously with the provisions came medicines, of common 
use, which, though a slender stock, have been dispensed to all comers re- 
quiring their immediate use for their sick, by gift or by sale, and have 
done an immense amount of good. Indeed, without them, our sick 
would have languished and died, in many cases, amongst the numerous 
instances of sickness that prevails so much among us. Unfortunately, in 
a few days this stock will have been expended, and cannot be renev/ed, 
as we learn on application, because the State has not got them. Other 
expedients to procure a supply by the State for distribution, than those 
already tried, and which have failed, will soon be put in the way of ex- 
ecution, witli prospects of success. Should these fail, however, our com- 
munity will be really in a bad way for remedies in the severe fevers of 
autumn, such as quinine, blister-salve, etc., which the drug-stores have 
not got, and which private enterprise cannot procm-e. 

The governor has also pressed, at reasonable prices, for our use, some 
beeves purchased in Opelousas, which are now furnishing our market. 
But we must not parade all his beneficent acts before the public, or we 
shall cause to blush his modesty, which is as great as his zeal in the pub- 
lic service. In a word, he has shown himself ever ready to relieve the 
wants of the people, no matter in what respect felt, and Ms constituents 
now fully appreciate his character in this particular, and do him the honor 
such conduct deserves. P. 

In the winter of 1864, the very serious intention of destroy- 
ing all the cotton in the State of Louisiana exposed to Federal 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 281 

capture and invasion, was entertained by General Smith. Thia 
had been the declared policy of the Government, from the be- 
ginning of the war — as events pl'oved, a most mistaken policy. 
In 18G2, all of the planters on the water-courses exposed to inva- 
sion, had burnt their cotton. This was done in obedience to or- 
ders cheerfully obeyed by the people, who were perfectly wil- 
ling to sacrifice their wealth, as well as their lives, to attain or 
rather to retain, as they supposed, their liberties. For it ought 
never to be lost sight of, that the South had no wish to change 
its Republican form of government : we were still desirous of 
being governed by the rules of our fathers : we thought we 
were about to be robbed of our rights, 7iot according to the 
Constitution of the United States, hut in violation of it. In the 
Constitution framed so carefully for the Confederacy, there is 
no violent alteration of that of the United States, but simply the 
fuller definition of some portions, in the original document, 
Avhich were declared indefinite, and which had been wrested by 
our bitter opponents, the Radical Abolition Partisans, from 
what we conceived their rightful meaning, and used to our seri- 
ous injury and detriment. For the sustaining of oxir interpreta- 
tion of Republicanism, the Southern people withheld nothing. 
In 1862, I stood on the balcony of my then pleasant home, and 
saw the volumes of smoke ascending on every side, for miles 
and miles, which marked the spots where the planters were 
burning their crops of cotton, in obedience to Beauregard's or- 
der, in the foce of the gunboats ascending the Mississippi River. 
Many of the plantations were nearly entirely submerged by the 
breaking of the Levee. One gentleman boated his cotton, 550 
bales, from his gin-house to an Indian mound, the only spot 
upon his place that was dry, and burnt it there, on that tumu- 
lus of a buried race. This all seems very strange now, but we 
were desperately in earnest at that time ! This cotton-burning 
was then the policy of the Confederate Government. 

When Smith determined to carry out this cotton burning in 
Louisiana, Allen opposed it. He had carefully weighed this 
matter. How was it to be prevented ? Allen could not do it by 



282 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

force ; but he could and did protest against it, in every possible 
way. He addressed the following letter to General Smith : 

SHREVEroRT, La., December 21, 1864. 

General E. Kirby Smith, Commanding Trans- Mississippi Department : 

General — It becomes my official duty to communicate to you my very 
respectful, but earnest and emphatic protest and remonstrance against 
the proposed destruction of all cotton on tlie Ouachita, and in other sec- 
tions of this State, liable to the incursions of the enemy. 

While doing this, I do not ignore the requirements of that military 
necessity which sometimes renders imperative, acts which work great 
hardship to the few for the benefit of the many ; but knowing you to be 
especially averse to the commission of arbitrary acts of power on any pre- 
text, or for any object, and fully aware of your extreme reluctance to do 
what can be justified only by the plea of necessity, so often alleged as an 
excuse for wholesale spoliation and robbery, I feel assured that you will 
accept my remonstrance in the spirit which dictates it, and heed the rea- 
sons wliich constrain me to make it. 

1. A government has the right to destroy its own property, to prevent 
its being possessed and used by the enemy ; but this right is strictly lim- 
ited to government property. If it is necessary to keep private property 
out of the hands of the enemy, government should buy and pay for it, 
thus placing its right to destroy it beyond question. 

2. If it is right to destroy a citizen's cotton to keep it out of the hands 
of the enemy, it is equally right to destroy any and all other property of 
the citizen which the enemy can steal and use. But the Federals have 
generally stolen and used the bread, meat, stock, furniture, and clothing, 
of our citizens, and found the theft more profitable to them individually, 
and more serviceable in a military way, than stealing cotton. If, there- 
fore, you burn the cotton to keep it out of their hands, why should you 
not burn their corn-cribs, their barns, their stacks of grain and fodder, 
their houses and their household goods ? 

3. No apparent benefit has resulted from the destruction of cotton after 
the first year of the war, and there is much room to doubt its benefit at 
any time. If the Federals only wanted cotton, they know they could 
get a hundred times as much by peace as they can expect to get by raids, 
the war continuing. 

4. If to procure cotton, it is supposed the enemy -will organize largo 
corps, with a numerous attendant fleet to ascend our rivers and invade our 
Western Territory, the Cotton might be judiciously left as a bait for 
them. Cotton is supposed to have influenced General Banks to invade 
this State in March and April last — a diversion of the Federal forces^ 



HENEY WATKINS ALLEN". 283 

wliicli contributed immensely to our great success in the now closing 
campaign of 1864. A similar Federal diversion in 1865, would be cheaply 
bought at the cost of every bale of cotton West of the Mississippi. 

5. The cotton which it is proposed to burn, is mainly the property of 
the producers, and is owned in small quantities by those whose grain, 
meat, cattle, mules, horses, and all other means of subsistence have been 
lost, impressed, captured, or destroyed. The inhabitants cannot move, 
for want of transportation. If their cotton, their only remaining resource, 
is destroyed by you, they must, in the event of invasion, starve or 
beg from the enemy, and receive Yankee rations at the cost of the oath 
of allegiance to Lincoln. Will you reduce them to this extremity ? Is 
it not better that a few speculators should make money, than that thou- 
sands of widows, orphans, and destitute citizens should suffer ? 

6. The fact that large quantities ot cotton in the Ouachita Valley have 
been acquired by the Confederate States Government, and sold to Yankee 
agents, is well known. This cotton was bought mainly from large 
owners, whether producers or traders, who are enjoying the results of 
their sales. It will, therefore, be all the more odious and oppressive to 
destroy the cotton of small proprietors, who have little else to exchange 
for their current necessities. If the procuring of army supplies justified 
the sale of cotton to Federals (as I believe), it cannot surely be criminal 
for the poor people who own a few bales of cotton, to sell it for food, 
when they have no other resource. 

If disloyal men, or speculators of doubtful loyalty to our cause, have 
accumulated cotton on the Ouachita, and held it in anticipation of the 
invasion of the Federals, it would be right to take it, pay for it, and 
when necessary destroy it. There would be different opinions about the 
policy of this course, but not about its j ustice. 

I have the honor to be, General, with great respect, your most obedient 
servant, 

Henky W. Allen, 

Governor State of Louisiana. 

It is very apparent that the pteople of Louisiana are indebted 
to Governor Attends firmness for every bale of cotton savedj 
amounting in value to millions of dollars ! They thus owe to 
his wisdom and right judgment whatever foundation of future 
prosperity is left them — the means to begin life anew! " Tout 
homme est capable de faire du bien a un homme ; mais c'est 
ressembler aux dieux que de contribuer au bonheur d'une 
societe entiere." — Lettres Persanes. 



28^ RECOLLECTIONS OF 

Allen's plans were developing every day. The results of his 
wise, efficient, and beneficent administration were felt throngh- 
out the whole Ti'ans-Mississippi Department, and would have 
gone on ripening, creating resources, adding every day to the 
comfort and prosperity of the people committed to his care. 
In the peculiarity of the position in which he was placed, he 
had nearly arbitrary power. The people idolized him! If the 
blessings of the poor could give soft slumbers, his head ought 
to have rested very quietly on the pillow of his hard couch — a 
plain deal bed, which did not even boast a coverlet. His style 
of living w^as as simple as it could be. 

The last blow was struck. General Lee surrendered his 
army at Appomattox Court House. 

Allen had been gloomy, and filled with apprehension as to 
the result of our struggle, for months before the last act of the 
tragedy was played, and the curtain fell on the great drama of 
the Confederacy. I saw a letter which he wrote and sent by 
General Polignac to a distinguished person in France — in which 
he expressed the most anxious fears, unless there should be for- 
eign intervention in behalf of the Confederacy (Allen gave me 
the letter to read) ; but yet he went on about his duties as 
seemingly calm and self-controlled, with as much energy and 
interest, as if he had been ignorant that a few days would end 
it all ; that the sword of Damocles would soon break, by its 
increasing w^eight, the slender thread by which it was sus- 
pended, and fall with mortal stroke upon his defenceless head, 
and— what was harder still to bear, and yet to live — with a de- 
structive power on the hearts and hopes of" his people." 

Impelled by affairs of urgent necessity, I was in Shreveport, 
a guest at the house of Governor Allen, when the last hours of 
the Confederacy were being numbered. He was living in a 
small frame house, containing but three rooms, which were oc- 
cupied by himself and his aids. One of the gentlemen resigned 
his apartment to me, as they had no guest-chamber in the lim- 
ited menage ; but a roof, a fire, and any sort of food, were lux- 
uries to Confederate men and women in those days. We, 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 285 

wliose homes had been as luxurious ahnost as the palaces of 
Europe, Avhose clothing had been silks and jewels, whose feet, 
never touched the rough earth, were ijamiliar now with tents 
and camps by the roadside, a blanket spread on the bare earth, 
and all the privations of refugee life. Our locks had often been 
wet with the drops of night, or parched under the glowing 
August sun, on the wide prairies. We were familiar with hun- 
ger and thirst, and heat and cold. We had drawn our man- 
tles around us, and sat patiently under trees, as the rain beat 
upon ns and the storms raved about ns. We had seen the 
rude, rough side of life — we required but little for our enter- 
tai'i-nent. The Governor lived with the extremest simplicity. 
Bat he and his aids had arranged my temporary apartment 
with the most tender consideration — the few luxuries of the 
house were concentrated there. It was kept supplied with 
flowers and books during my visit. Every delicate courtesy 
and thoughtful attention, that Southern men could pay to a 
woman, was quietly and considerately rendered me. But even 
with this earnest desire to make me comfortable, every thing 
was scrupulously plain, no luxury admitted to the table except 
the native truffle, which an old Frenchman near Natchitoches 
sent the Governor, and " a cup of coffee^'' once a day. And 
yet Allen might have commanded every comfort, had he cho- 
sen to do so, through his trains, which were continually run- 
ning to the Rio Grande. But his only luxury was doing good 
to " his people." He continued this to the very last moment 
of his stay among them. How shall I write now coldly of 
those last days of agony, and a prostration of spirit, which is 
scarcely to be conceived by any but a participant and sufterer 
in those dreadful hours — that terrible sorrow ! Death would 
have been gladly welcomed by many of us. We envied the 
dead — our dead — dead on the battle-fields of the Confederacy. 
The remembrance of them, our cold, silent, beloved ones, mould- 
ering into dust, wrapped still in the gray uniform of the Southern 
army, with ghastly wounds yawning, from which the life-blood 
had been so freely poured on their precious, dear land, forced 



286 RECOLLECTIOKS OF 

the moan from our lips, tlie tears in torrents from our eyes! 
Days of horror in experience! Days of darkness, hopelessnes;*, 
despair! We lay dumb, helpless, prostrate — most of us — in 
those fearful hours of anguish ! — when we felt as if even God 
had failed us, and wrong was set above right in the very courts 
of Heaven ! 

There was not a ray of light apparent to us in the future. We 
knew nothing, to encourage us, of the great man called in the pro- 
vidence of God to take the reins of government in his hands, 
and lighten by his wondrous firmness the burden of grief and 
despair that would else have crushed us to the earth, and blot- 
ted out our very existence as States. We have learned to 
thank God for Andrew Johnson, but we did not know him then. 
We were without hope, without faith, without God. We raised, 
in the depths of our wretchedness the cry of the deserted 
Saviour — "'E/lw/, 'EA-wt, Xafid aajSaxOavL'^ "The sentiment 
that attends the sudden revelation that all is lost, is silently 
gathered up into the heart. It is too deep for gestuies or for 
words. The voice perishe.«, the gestures are frozen, and the spirit 
of man flies back upon its own centre." 

It is necessary to speak of these emotions, to explain in some 
degree the peculiar position in which Allen was placed. In the 
midst of these surging billows of feeling, this deep ground-swell 
of the storm that had passed over us, Allen was inehrcmlaUe. 
Not that he did not sufi*er — he did. He realized in all its humil- 
iation and bitterness, the fate that lay before the country and be- 
fore him. He knew that poverty and exile would be his lot. 
His friends had become convinced that he would be arrested 
and imprisoned if he remained in the country. AYith the exception 
of one or two, they all urged his going away. His health was 
not strong, his affections were. The weakness of the one and 
the power of the other, equally induced him to prefer to 
share the fate of his people, and stay at home if he could. I 
thought it unworthy and unnatural in him to fly, and never 
ceased to urge his remaining quietly where he was, and biding 
his fate. Colonel Sandidge took the same veiw that I did, but 



- HENKY WATKINS ALLEN. 2ST 

we were alone in our opinion. Allen set himself to vvork now, 
to see what could be done to make terms for the people, at any 
rate, leaving his own fate in abeyance. It was believed by 
many, and hoped by nearly all, that Mr. Davis would cross the 
Mississippi River and come to Texas. If he had done so, there 
would have been a stand made, still, in that Department. There 
was still an army of nearly one hundred thousand men under 
arms here, and this would have been joined by probably as 
many more from the East. Most of the men who deserted at the 
last moment before the surrender, would have tried to have got- 
ten over. All the " exchanged jt9ri5o;iers" would have come. I 
know men of high official distinction, who hid their horses in 
the inpenetrable swamps for three weeks, after Lee's surrender, 
lioping to hear Mr. Davis had crossed the river. General E. 
Kirby Smith, at the head of the Department, resolved to defend 
it still, if he could. He did not feel justified to surrender with- 
out an order from Mr. Davis. He resolved, therefore, to fight 
to the last extremity — that to yield where there was not even a 
foe to receive the surrender, was too disgraceful. He rejected 
the demand for the surrender of the Department, and issued an 
appeal to the soldiers to stand by their colors. 

The Commissioners from the Federal General were to quit 
Shreveport, with. Smith's cartel of defiance. They were to 
leave on Saturday morning, on flag-of-truce boat, for the 
mouth of the Red River. Allen stopped them, invited them 
to his house, had a long interview with them. He thought it 
would be foolish and reckless to refuse reasonable terms of 
peace, and bring an invasion of the whole Federal army into 
Louisiana, and devastate the State more than it was already 
desolated. In this matter the two men, Allen and Smith, 
seemed, for the moment, to have changed characters. Allen, 
we know, had by nature a disposition to fight at a word — 
certainly was never inclined to back out of any difficulty ; but 
care, and love for the people, made him prudent and circum- 
spect beyond his usual impulses ! So long as there was a hope 
of successful resistance, he had urged the people on, with the 



28S RECOLLECTIONS OF 

most fieryy the most inflaming utterances of his impetuous 
temperament. He had done every thing — said, written, spoken 
every thing he could, to nerve their hearts and strengthen their 
courage. But now, when subjugation, he saw, was inevitable, 
that they must submit to the decree of irreversible fate, he 
tried to soften the blow as much as he could. He threw him- 
self in the way before them, to shield them, even in drinking 
the first bitter drops of this cup of humiliation ! Allen's con- 
duct at this time is above all praise. It is impossible to behold 
him here, without feelings of unspeakable admiration. To 
those who thought they knew him best, the grandeur of soul 
he now displayed was unexpected and surprising. Where did 
he acquire his foresight, calmness, prudence, at this crisis ? 
We were mute with astonishment ! Allen wouldn't let the 
Commissioners leave with the words of scornful defiance. He 
begged Colonel Sprague " to wait a day." He took his ambu- 
lance, and went to see General Smith at ten o'clock that night. 
He offered to go himself to Washington City, to Grant, to try 
and make reasonable terms for the Department. The inter- 
view ended in Smith's inviting the Commissioners to remain 
over the called meeting of the Governors of the difierent 
States of the Department, which was to take place on the fol- 
lowng Monday. General Smith had written this letter : 

Headquartebs, Trans-Mississippi Department, ) 
Shreveport, La., May Wi, 1865. ) 

Gentlemen — The surrender of General Lee, and tlie perilous situation 
of the armies in North. Carolina and Alabama, seem to preclude the pro- 
bability of successful resistance in the States east of the Mississippi. 
The army under my command yet remains strong, fresh, and well 
equipped. The disparity of numbers, though great between it and our 
enemies, may be counterbalanced by valor and skill. Under these cir- 
cumstances, it is my purpose to defend your soil, and the civil and poli- 
tical rights of our people, to the utmost extent of our resources, and to 
try and maintain untarnished the reputation which our soldiers have so 
nobly won in many fields. In order, however, to accomplish this great 
object, it will require the perfect concord of the civil and military autho- 
rities, the application of all our energies, and the united and devoted 
Bupport of the people 



HEITBY WATKINS ALLEI57. 289 

Tho Trans-Mississippi Department is so separated from tlio States on 
the eastern side of the Mississippi that communicatioi: is suspended. 
Since the evacuation of Richmond, the seat of Government of the Con- 
federate States has not been fixed, and it may be transferred to iho 
vrestorn side of the Mississippi. It is impossible to confer with the Presi- 
dent so as to meet the exigencies of the times, and questions of grave 
political importance beyond my military authority may arise, and require 
prompt decision. Intending to uphold the authority of the Confederate 
Government by arms, to the utmost, I yet feel that I should carefully 
avoid any appearance of usurping functions not intrusted to my discre- 
tion. Under these circumstances, I esteem it my duty to consult you in 
the absence of the President, as the Chief Magistrates of the States within 
the Department, touching such important matters as are not embraced 
in my powers as Commanding General, and as may conduce to the com- 
mon defence and w^elfare. 

I have therefore requested you to assemble in conference, when I will 
furnish any information in my power which may be useful in your 
deliberations ; and without proffering suggestions, ask you to indicato 
such policy as you may deem necessary to maintain with honor and suo 
cess the sacred cause in which we are engaged. 

I have the honor to remain, gentlemen, your obedient servant, 

E. KiRBY Smith, General. 

To tlieir Excellencies : IIenrt W. Allen, Governor of Louisiana ; Pendleton 
MuKRAii, Governor of Texas ; H. Flanagln, Governor of Arkansas ; Thomas 
C. Keynolds, Governor of Missouri. 



The Commissioners yielded to Allen s request, and with the 
consent of General Smith, agreed to wait at Shreveport until 
after the meeting at Marshall. 

On the 15th day of May, 1865, the convention of Governors 
took place. Murrah, being suddenly taken ill, en route, was 
represented by Guy M. Bryan, his agent. They united in 
transferring all power on their several parts to Allen, request- 
ing him to act in behalf of the whole Department. Allen was 
to ask safe conduct from Grant, and to go to Washington to 
surrender the Department. During these sad days, I had a 
daily letter from him containing details of all that was tran- 
spiring about and around us. I insert a copy of the letter of 
the Governors to Allen. 

13 



290 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

Marshall Texas, 13tli May, 1865. 
To His Excellency Henry W. Allen, 

Qoiernor of Louisiana : 
Sir — \Yitli a view to making a complete pacification of the Trans- 
Mississippi Department, we request you to visit the United States autho- 
rities. You are fully possessed of the views of each of us in writing, and 
we confide in your patriotism and ability. Trusting to your judgment, 
we will sustain your engagements in the premises. 
We are. Sir, very respectfully yours, 

(Signed) H. Flanagin, 

Governor of Arkansas. 
Thomas C. Reynolds, 

Governor of Missouri. 
I concur in the above. (Signed) Guy M. Bryan, 

Agent State of Texas, &c. 

In one of his letters from Marshall, he says; "These people 
overwhelm me with kindness, invitations, serenades — every 
demonstration of affection and interest. It brings tears to my 
eyes to see how my feeble efforts to do my duty are acknowl- 
edged and appreciated." 

He addressed the soldiers here, by invitation of the military 
authorities, entreating them to stand by their colors a little 
longer. These troops did remain steadfast. There was begin- 
ning to be terrible demoralization in the army. It was gener- 
ally felt that the struggle was ended. The men did not want 
to be surrendered. The army began to melt away, to disband 
in a very disgraceful manner. General E. Ivirby Smith, a most 
excellent and amiable gentleman, sincere, upright, and pious, a 
dashing soldier in the field — certainly a man of personal cour- 
age and high probity — never had been popular with either peo- 
ple or soldiers. He was almost too gentle and retiring for his 
position — too facile and yielding to the impudent and importu- 
nate demands of often unworthy Subordinates. In a letter 
which Allen sent to President Davis in 1864, he says of 
Smith : *' I am happy to state that, thus far, the best under- 
standing has always existed between the State and Confederate 
military authorities, the commanding general exercising his 
almost dictatorial powers with great caution and discretion. I 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 291 

have always fonnd Generals Smith and Taylor, when called 
upon, disposed and ready to correct, as far as in their power, 
any abuses ; but in many instances the quartermaster's depart- 
ment, or the officers managing the same, seem to he beyond 
their reach., and full supervision cannot be had. I do not 
know that power could be intrusted to abler and worthier 
hands than theirs." 

General Smith had always found the Trans-Mississippi De- 
partment such a bed of roses as Guatemozin's, certainly not 
made of the blossoms of Sybaris. We say boldly that it was 
fortunate for the lohole country (since Mr. Davis did not get 
over the Mississippi River) that Henry AY. Allen happened to 
be Governor of Louisiana at this epoch. God only knows loliat 
he spared the country, for Grant's whole army would have 
been in Louisiana and Texas in a few weeks, liad the Cominis- 
sione7'S left Shreveport on Saturday. If Mr. Davis had gotten 
over, I think the people would have rallied around him, Allen 
at their head. Taylor would have tried to have gotten over. 
There would have been a rush for the western side of the river. 
Judging from what I saw and knew, I believe this sincerely. 
But whether the struggle would not have been only a prolon- 
gation of a more deadly, bloody strife, to be finally crushed by 
overpowering weight of numbers, I do not know. There was 
no hope of foreign aid. Mr. Davis did not get over. Henry TFI 
Allen — he alone — spared the people, and saved further bloodshed 
and desolation of the South ! I confidently appeal to every 
officer in command in the Trans-Mississippi, to say if these 
things were not so. 

Buckner, who had but lately come into the Department, and 
whose recent experience of a Federal prison had not made 
him desirous of further occupation of what the Confederates 
called " Uncle Sam's boarding-houses," had resolved, if not pa- 
roled, to go to Mexico. He did not attempt to exert any in- 
fluence in these matters. The Missouri officers, believing they 
would be expatriated, had determined to withdraw with their 
troops, in a body, across the Rio Grande. They came to Allen, 



292 EECOLLE(?TIONS OF 

and entreated him to lead them. He told them his civil duties 
Avould preclude his departu!-e at so early a date as tliey wished 
to go, but that he would probably be compelled to join ihein 
afterwards. The soldiers made him the wildest proposilious. 
They proposed to seize on the Department, and make him dic- 
tator — any thing he pleased. While smiling at their enthusi- 
astic devotion, he rebuked it. These wild petitions reaching 
the ears of his most- intimate friends, they were exceedingly 
amused in the midst of their anxieties, and teased the Gover- 
nor by calling him *'• the Emperor," and appointing themselves 
to posts of honor in the imaginary imperial court, giving them- 
selves fanciful titles, and sometimes forcing a smile to his weary 
lips by their playful railleries. 

The Missouri officers then wanted Buckner to lead them. 
He thought of it, but changed his intention for good reasons, 
afterwards — finding he and they would be unmolested incUvid- 
ualli/. I give here a memorandum of Reynolds, which he 
made for the Marshall Conference. 

Marshall, Texas, 10th May, 1865. 
The position of the Missourians, both in tlie army and in civil life, in 
tliis Department, is this : The people and authorities of the territory held 
by the Confederacy should decide whether they will continue the war. 
If it is to be continued, we will stand by them faithfully to the last. 

Should the war be discontinued, we desire time and facilities and sup- 
plies to leave the country with our personal property. 

Thomas C. EETifOLDS, 

Governor of Missouri. 

Marshall, Texas, May 13, 18Go. 
Memorandum : 

We advise General E. Kirby Smith, commanding the Trans-Mississippi 
Department, to accept the following terms, in order that peace may be 
restored to the country. 

1. On or about the day of , that the Commanding General 
will disband his armies in this Department. Officers and men to return 
immediately to their former homes, or such as they may select, within 
the now existing lines of the Confederate States or the United States ; 
and there to remain as good citizens, free from all disabilities and restored 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 293 

to all tliG rights of citizenship. The United States troops and authorities 
not to advance within the Confederate lines till after that day. 

2. Guarantees to be given that no otHcer, non-commissioned officer, 
private, or citizen, shall be prosecuted in any courts for cffouces com- 

'ir-itted against the United States during this war. 

3. That permission be granted to all persons (officers civil and military), 
soldiers and citizens, to leave this Department within days, through 
its ports or boundaries, with their arms and effects, unmolested, and go 
to any place, State, or country, beyond the limits of the United States. 

4. That the present State Governments in this Department noAv in 
arms against the United States authority, be recognized until Conventions 
can be called with the view of finally settling any and all conflicts be- 
tv/een the people of the respective States. 

5. That on or before the day of , all military authority shall 
be surrendered to the several States, and that each State shall keep and 
retain number of men to act as a guard to preserve good order, 
and to protect the lives and other property of the people. That a safe- 
guard, to extend for days, be granted the officers of state and others, 
to leave the country, in case they should wish to do so. 

The above terms will be acceptable to the people of Louisiana. 

Henry W. Allen, 

Governor of Louisiana. 

The Federal Commissioners now departed, bearing with 
them this olive-branch, instead of the gauntlet of war. They 
considered the demands of the Confederates as only just and 
reasonable, and thought they would be granted. They Avei'e 
to send back a safe conduct for Allen to go to Grant's head- 
quarters, or to Washington city, to surrender the Department, 
since Smith refused to do so in his military capacity. Allen 
liad resolved to save the people ; but he had also now resolved 
to quit the country, as soon as terms were obtained and he 
could resign his trust. He was now impressed with the con- 
viction, that as far as he was individually concerned, no favor 
would be extended him. 27iis was written liim from' New 
Orleans. From east of the Mississippi, CDeryhody insisted 
upon it^ except Colonel Sandidge, Ex-Lieutenant-Governor, and 
myself. We, unfortunately, were left greatly in the minority. 
He wrote me; 



29i RECOLLECTIONS OF 

Shbeveport, May 17tli, I860. 
* * ** * * * ** 

The Federal Commissioners have left to-day. The Convention of Gov- 
ernors, as I wrote you from Marshall, agreed to appoint me as their 
agent to settle all difficulties. General Smith has also delegated me to 
arrange terms of peace. I shall await here the invitation of the Federal 
authorities, and proceed to General Grant's headquarters in a week or 
ten days. In the mean time there will he a cessation of all hostilities. 
I would advise all who intend to live under Federal rule to return to 
their homes with their property of all kinds, for the war is over. * * -^ 

I shall stay at the helm of state just as long as I am needed by my 
people ; and then I shall seek a home as an exile in a strange land. 

•Sf * * -K- vr w * * -X- 

It is probable we will never meet again ; for within the next sixty days 
I shall in all probability be on my way to Mexico. But wherever I may 
be, you shall always have the high esteem, warm affection, and devoted 
friendship of 

Henry \V. Ali^ek. 

By this time the wildest rumors prevailed throughout the 
country. Conflicting reports of Smith's resolution to fight on, and 
Allen's to surrender, produced great confusion of thought and 
tongues. The soldiers took the alarm, and began to disband by 
hundreds in open daylight. Their oflicers lost all power to con- 
trol the men. The soldiers were infuriated with rage and dis- 
appointment. They had not been paid for a long time, owing, 
they believed, to the carelessness, negligence, cupidity, or ras- 
cality of the quartermasters. Millions of dollars of Confederate 
new issue was found, in the general pillage of governmental de- 
pots and Quartermasters' posts, which now ensued ; as well as 
great boxes of ready-made clothing, which had been left there, 
inadvertently, perhaps, by a class of men who, with honorable 
exceptions, appeared to be the leeches sucking away the life- 
blood of the army in the Trans-Mississippi Department, by their 
incapacity, negligence, or corruption. The soldiers were more 
angry than ever, when these things were discovered. They 
thought they had been allowed to become ragged and naked 
in the midst of abundance. They had been deprived of their 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 295 

pitiful pay, unnecessarily, it seemed. Tiiey now robbed all the 
government stores and depots, distributing the contents as fairly 
and equitably as tliey could, among themselves. They considered 
^his only justice to themselves; that these articles were govern- 
mental property, and that they had a right to them, as their 
pay was in arrears. They were mad, but " there was method 
in their madness." There was little pillage oi private property. It 
was only public they attacked. A foot-sore and weary soldier 
might occasionally helji himself to a stray horse or mule if he en- 
countered them on the road ; or sometimes steal one out of the 
pastures of a planter, or off the prairies where they were grazed ; 
or he would stop an officer in his ambulance and "jay-hawk" 
part of the team, — sometimes the whole of it, — leaving their 
former superiors to get along as they could ; but this was rare. 
The fierce, strong women too, in some counties in Texas, gath- 
ered together in bands, broke into depots of sugar and army 
stores, with weapons in their hands, helping themselves to cloth, 
coffee, sugar, and luxuries, to which they had long been straur 
gers. The soldiers were much exasperated against General 
Smith. They would almost have killed him, if they had been 
able, as innocent as he was of any crime against them or his 
country. He had done all he could, in such a rough state of 
affairs. He was not a strong man, in any setise ; but a true, brave 
man, and a gentleman. Smith was sent for, to go to Houston, 
to try and hold the army together there. He left Buckner in 
command at Shreveport. The army in Louisiana took the infec- 
tion of disbanding. Buckner sent for Allen to come to Natchito- 
ches to address Hay's troops, who were demoralized. Allen went 
immediately ; he met the last division near Mansfield, marching 
homewards. He stopped them, addressed them, making a 
most pathetic appeal to them. Some officers present have de- 
scribed this scene to me. Allen was nearly weeping ; the men 
were sobbing, crowded around him. When he concluded his ad- 
dress, they said, " Governor Allen, why didn't you tell us this 
one week ago — not a man would have left his colors ; 2ce have 
confidence in youy 



296 eecolleStions of 

Allen turned sadly back to Shreveport. At Hempstead, a 
party of twenty-five young men volunteered to escort and pro- 
tect Genei-al Smith to Houston. They did not consider his life 
safe on the high-roads. The Missouri troops remained faithful. 
They surrounded Allen's house with a guard, by day and night ; 
not that there was any danger for him anywhere — there was 
none ; but they loved him, and watched over him to the last. 
They found now that they would be permitted to return home; 
so, with the exception of three hundred under Shelby, they all 
resolved to stay. They sent a deputation to Buckner and 
other officers, to inform them " that they would not go either 
to Texas or Mexico ; that they had fought for the Confederacy, 
were still ready to fight for it, so long as a man remained, but 
if the country was to be given up, they intended to surrender 
like soldiers, and their officers should stai/ loith them /'^ 

Generals Price and Buckner left Shreveport for New 
Orleans, to surrender the Department. Whilst Allen icas on 
his mission to 3Iansfield^ he had travelled all night to get there 
in time to meet the troops. He returned the same evening of 
the Generals' departure?^ He considered his task now ended 
— his duty fulfilled. There was no longer any use for him to 
remain in Louisiana. His negotiations through the Federal 
Commissioners were rendered unnecessary ; his own friends 
were urgent for his departure. News came of the arrest of 
some of the Executives east of the Mississippi. His friends 
grew still more alarmed. His last act olpower was character- 
istic. During the absence of General Buckner, a large number 
of Federal prisoners had been brought to Shreveport from 
Tyler, Texas, to be forwarded to New Orleans, or mouth of 
Ked River. Colonel Fagan, in command, had no means at his 
control to pay the expenses of their transportation. Governor 
Allen had one hundred bales of cotton belono-inof to the State,, 
wliich lie could still command. He turned this cotton over to 
General Fagan, to enable him to send the prisoners forward. 
This cotton General Fagan was never able to return. His 
gratitude was w^armly expressed to Governor Allen. 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. ' 297 

[Colonel Sandiclo-e made application to General Hevron for 
the return of tliis cotton, belonging to the State of Louisiana, 
out of the Confederate cotton that had been transfened to 
tlie State, seized by the United States ; but his application 
met Avith no favor. This hundred bales of cotton had been 
reserved by Allen for the use of the destitute people of Avoy- 
elles, Avhich was utterly desolated.] Still careful of " his 
people," Allen requested, and received from General Smith, a 
box, containing the receipts and vouchers for all cotton deliv- 
ered that could be claimed by the Confederate States Govern- 
ment fi'om the citizens of Louisiana, " so that there need be 
no If nj list seizure on the part of the succeeding State or 
Federcd Governments^ of cottons already delivered^ or that 
were not justly due to either Government f This box he sealed 
with his own and the State seal, and left it, witii all the State 
papers, properly arranged and filed, in the hands of Colonel 
Sandidge. The fate of these papei's can be seen by the let- 
ters in the Appendix to this sketch. Allen was now ready 
to go. He wrote me the following letter, published his part- 
ing address, and quitted Shreveport forever, on the 2d of 
June. 

ExEcrxivE Mansion, 

SlTREVEPOKT, JuilC Ist, 18G5. 

ITij Dearest Friend : 

I send you tliis by my friend and private secretary, Mr. Ilalsey, "who 
leaves to-day for Crockett, to spend some time with Governor Moore's fam- 
ily. He w^ill toll you all. I shall wait till tlie very last moment. It 
is truly melancholy to think of our sad fate. I am just beginning to re 
alize it. Oh my country ! if my life could save thee, how cheerfully would 
I yield it up ! I want to see you so much — you feel to me like a most 
dearly-beloved sister, to whom I can open my whole heart, and speak 
freely, while I know that you fully appreciate my warm affection. 1 
wrote you to-day by mail, shall continue to write, as usual, every day, till 
I leave this. Hope to see you within a week, as I expect to leave here on 
Sunday next. 

Adieu, my dearest friend, and believe me ever yours, 

Hexry W. Aujetn. 
13=* 



298 EECOLLECTIONS OF 

To THE People op Louisiana. 

Executive Office, ) 

Shrevepokt, La., June 2cl, 18G2. ) 

Fellow CiTizeKS, — I have thought it my duty to address you a few 
words in parting from you, perhaps forever. My administration as Gov- 
ernor of Louisiana closes this day. The war is over, the contest is ended, 
the soldiers are disbanded and gone to their homes, and now there is in 
Louisiana no opposition whatever to the Constitution and the laws of the 
United States. Until order shall he established, and society with all its 
safeguards fully restored, I would advise that you form yourselves into 
companies and squads for the purpose of protecting your families from 
outrage and insult, and your property from spoliation. A few bad men 
can do much mischief and destroy much property. Within a shori 
while the United States authorities will no doubt send you an armed 
force, to any part of the State where you may require it for your protec- 
tion. 

;My countrymen, we have for four long years waged a war, wliicli we 
deemed to be just in the sight of high heaven. We have not been the 
best, the wisest, nor the bravest people in the world, but we have suffered 
more and borne our sufferings with greater fortitude than any people on 
the face of God's green earth. Now let us show to the world, that as we 
have fought like men — like men we can make peace. Let there be no 
acts of violence, no heart burnings, no intemperate language, but with 
manly dignity submit to the inevitable course of events. Neither let 
there be any repinings after lost property — let there be no crimination or 
recrimination — no murmurs. It will do no good, but may do much harm. 
You who, like myself, have lost all (and oh, how many there are !) must 
begin life anew. Let us not talk of despair, nor whine about our mis- 
fortunes, but with strong arms and stout hearts adapt ourselves to the 
circumstances which surround us. 

It now rests with the United States authorities to make you once more 
a contented, prosperous, and happy people. They can within five years 
restore Louisiana to its original wealth and prosperity, and heal the ter- 
rible wounds that have been inflicted upon her — so great are our recu- 
perative energies — so rich is our soil — so great are the resources of the 
State ! Our rulers have it in their power to dry the mourners' tears — to 
make glad the hearts of the poor widow and the orphan — to cause the 
past in a great measure to be forgotten, and to make your devastated 
lands "to blossom as the rose." If my voice could be heard and heeded 
at Washington, I would say, " Spare this distracted land — oh, spare tliis 
aflQicted people. In the name of bleeding humanity, they have suffered 
enough !" But, my countrymen, this cannot be. I am one of the proscribed 



HENRY WATKIXS ALLEN. 299 

— I must go into exile — I Lave stood by you, fouglit for you, and stayed 
with you, up to the very last moment, and now leave you with alieavy 
heart. The high trust with which you have honored me, is this day re- 
turned. I leave the office of Governor with clean hands, and with the 
conscious pride of having done my duty. All the officers of State, and all 
employees in its various departments, have rendered their final accounts, 
made full and complete statements. I thank them for their uniform kind- 
ness to me, and their patriotic devotion to the several duties assigned 
them. These accounts are in the hands of Colonel John M. Sandidge. I 
invite the closest scrutiny, not only of these papers, but to all my acts as 
Governor of Louisiana. My State Stores, and Dispensaries, and Manufac- 
tories, have all been conducted, in the most successful manner. None can 
tell the vast amount of good they have done, not only to you, but to the 
people of Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri. 

Fellow citizens, in this the darkest hour of my life, I do not come be- 
fore you as an old man, broke down by storms of state, nor do I come to 
plead for mercy, at the hands of those whom I have fought for four long 
years. No, no, I come in the pride and vigor of manhood, unconquered, 
unsubdued, I have nothing to regret ; I look back with mournful pleas- 
ure at my public career, now about to close. As a citizen, as a soldier, as 
a statesman, I have done my duty. The soldier's family, the widow and 
the orphan, the sick and the wounded, the poor and needy, have all had 
my especial care, while the wants of the soldier and the citizen have not 
been forgotten. I have protected the people from the encroachments of 
military power, and have never permitted a bale of cotten in the State to 
bi seized or impressed. It is partially in remembrance of these acts, tliat 
you have always given me your entire confidence. But few in authority 
have ever had so many evidences of affection and regard as you have so 
often shown me. 

Refugees, return to your homes ! Repair, improve, and plant. Go to 
work, with a hearty good-will, and let your actions show that you are able 
and willing to adapt yourselves to the new order of things. We want no 
Venice here, where the denizens of an unhappy State shall ever medi- 
tate with moody brow, and plot the overthrow of the government, and 
M'here all shall be dark and dreary — cold and suspicious. But rather let 
confidence be restored. If required, let each and every one go forward 
cheerfully, and take the oath of allegiance to the country in which they 
expect in future to live, and there pursue their respective avocations with 
redoubled energy, as good, true, and substantial citizens. 

I go into exile not as did the ancient Roman, to lead back foreign ar- 
mies against my native land — but rather to avoid persecution, and the 
crown of martyrdom. I go to seek repose for my shattered limbs. It is 



300 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

my prayer to God, that this country may be blessed with permanent 
peace, and that real prosperity, general happiness, and lasting content- 
ment may unite all who have elected to live under the flag of a common 
country. If possible, forget the past. Look foi-ward to the future. Act 
with candor and discretion, and you will live to bless him who in part- 
ing gives you this last advice. 

And now, what shall I say in parting, to my fair countrywomen ! La- 
dies of Louisiana, I bow to you with tears of grateful affection. You 
have always responded most promptly and cheerfully to the calls of pa- 
triotism and duty. You clothed the soldiers, nursed the sick and wounded, 
cheered up the faint-hearted, and smoothed the dying-pillow of the 
warrior patriot. God bless you ! God bless you ! I can never forget 
you. In the land of the exile, I shall remember you with feelings of 
gratitude too deep for utterance. Sometimes think of him who has sacri- 
ficed all for you. Perhaps, in better days, when the storm of passion and 
prejudice shall have passed away, we may meet again; I may th^n be 
permitted to return — to mingle with my friends — to take them by the 
hand, and " forget my own griefs, to be happy vnth you." If this should 
be denied me, I humbly trust we may all meet in Heaven, at last, to part 
no more. 

Henry Watkixs Allen, 

Governor of Louisiana. 

General Buckner returned to find Allen ah-eady departed. 
I insert here a memorandnm of events, kindly furnished me by 
General Buckner ; 

Memoeandctji. 
Governor Allen was very much in the confidence of General Elifby 
Smith, who fully appreciated his eminent services and patriotism. The 
General advised freely %vith him, in reference to the action to be pursued, 
on receiving the intelligence of General Lee's surrender. The Confer- 
ence of the Governors was determined upon, after consultation with Gov- 
ernor Allen. Governor Allen was selected by the Governors to be the 
bearer of the result of their action to Washington. Before the adjourn- 
ment of that meeting, he had become fully impressed with the necessity 
of entering into terms, and it was at his instance, or at least after a full 
conference with him, that Colonel Sprague, the Federal Commissioner, 
awaited the meeting and the subsequent action of the Governors. Colonel 
Sprague was the bearer of an application for a safe conduct for Governor 
Allen to visit Washington City on business connected with the general 
pacification of the Trans-Mississippi Department, — the Governor await- 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 301 

ing at Slireveport tlie action of the United States Government on tlic ap- 
plication. 

In the mean time, gucli rapid changes were taking place amongst tho 
troops, as to render other action necessary. Despatches from General 
Magruder, General Walker, General Preston, and others, revealed a dis- 
position on the part of the Texas troops to abandon their colors, and dis- 
perse to their homes. General Smith was repeatedly urged, in some of 
these despatches, to hasten to Houston, and endeavor, by his presence, to 
maintain discipline amongst the troops. Yeilding to these solicitations, 
he departed ; but before he reached Houston, the troops had disbanded, 
plundered the public stores, appropriated the public property, and dis- 
persed to their homes. 

General Buckner was left by General Smith, as his Chief of Staff, to 
move the mass of the troops to concentrate with the Texas troops, then 
near Houston. 

Orders were issued for the Louisiana troops to march from Natchitoches 
to that point, and the Arkansas troops to march from Marshall to tho 
same vicinity. The account received from General Hays, commanding 
the Louisianians, was of so startling a character, that General Buckner con- 
suited with Governor Allen, vv^ho, in accordance with General Buckner's 
request, and actuated by a noble spirit of patriotism, started at once to 
the vicinity of Mansfield to meet the Louisiana troops, and endeavor, by 
his presence, to check their desertions and restrain their depredations. 
This was the last interview held between Governor Allen and General 
Buckner ; and General Buckner feels it a duty to record in this memo- 
randum, his high appreciation of the noble spirit displayed by Governor 
Allen on this, and on previous occasions, when they had held consulta- 
tions on public affairs. 

Governor Allen hastened to check the disintegration of the troops from 
Ids: State ; but so rapid had it been, that, though he travelled during the 
night, the Division had already melted away, and dispersed, like the 
Texas Division, to their homes. 

After Governor Allen's departure, intelligence from General Churchill 
revealed a state of demoralization amongst the Arkansas troops similar 
to that amongst the Louisianians and Tesans. Like the other troops, 
they began a genpval system of desertion on receivin.q: the orders to irarch. 

Very shortly afterwards, information v/as received by General Buckner 
from the Missouri troops, who, up to this time, had evinced remarkable 
steadiness, announcing, through their commanders, " that they had no 
disposition to march southward." 

Under these circumstances, General Buckner called a council of general, 
and some other prominent officers, including Major-Qencr.T.1 Price, Major- 



802 EECOL LECTIONS OF 

General Cliurcliill, Major-General Fagan, Major-General Parsons, and a 
number of brigadier-generals. The advice of tMs council was unanimous 
—with the exception of one brigade commander, who believed, but sub- 
sequent events proved erroneously, that half his brigade would prefer 
marching to Mexico — in recommending an immediate negotiation for a 
surrender of the troops on the same terms obtained by General Lee, and 
urging General Buckner to proceed at once, under a flag, to negotiate. 
General Price was included in the commission. 

The telegraph wires were destroyed, the courier lines were broken up, 
and there was no means of communicating with General Smith. The 
public transportation had been seized by the dispersing troops. There 
was danger that not only the remaining troops, but also the citizens, 
would starve if not soon relieved, and there was no transportation jind no 
eup;-lie3 to accomplish this. 

A surrender of the troops of the Department was agreed upon ih New 
Orleans, May 2G, 18G5, subject to the approval of General Smith. The 
treaty was sent to him by special steamer from New Orleans, through 
General Smith's aid. Colonel Meem. 

On General Backner's return to Shrevcport, the first week in June, 
Governor Allen had departed for Mexico. General Buckner bore verbal 
assurances from some of the Federal commanders that Governor Allen. 
would not be molested, but found it impossible to communicate with him. 
A short time after returning to Shreveport, General Buckner received 
two orders from General Smith — one dated soon after his arrival at 
Houston, announcing the dispersion of the Texas troops and the destruc- 
tion of the public stores, and directing the disbanding of the troops under 
General Buckner 's command, as no means were left to supply them. 
The second order approved the terms of the military convention which 
had been negotiated, directing that its provisions should apply to the 
Indians in Confederate alliance. S. B. Buckner. 

i^EW Oklkans, June II, 15 Go. 

Buckner made very good terms for the Department — very 
bad for himself; he is still an exile from Kentucky, forbidden 
to set foot on the soil of his native State. 

I do not attempt to explain the discrepancy between General 
Smith's solemn agreement with Governor Allen to abide by 
his (Allen's) terms of surrender, which he made to Allen, in 
writing, as well as to the commissioners, and the very injudi- 
cious and extraordinary address he made at Houston after 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 303 

wards, in which he declared his previous determination to con- 
tinue the struggle, if the men had not "so di'^gracefuU^ dis- 
banded." Justice to my friend, and to the troops so stigmatized, 
requires that the statement should be made that this disband- 
ing was produced principally by the belief of the troops, who 
did not understand General Smith's hasty journey to Houston, 
that Smith intended to mass them in Texas, and either continue 
a useless struggle, or march them across the Rio Grande. I 
have already stated that Smith was no favorite — doubtless was 
regarded with unjust suspicion; but nevertheless, this perhaps 
mistaken suspicion, was '* the great cause of the disbanding of 
the troops j^ and it is not without an emotion of bitter regret 
that I am forced to believe that the somewhat ungenerous 
treatment of Governor Allen may have hastened his departure 
to Mexico, and to consequent suffering and death. 

The sudden stoppage of all the wheels of the industrial ma- 
chinery Allen had put in motion, by the failure of the Confed- 
erate cause, necessarily left afilurs in an unfinished and entangled 
condition. He had assumed liabilities and responsibilities which 
he could not fully settle on the instant ; his trains were stop- 
ped midway on the roads; every movement was quickly par- 
alyzed. As far as he could, he endeavored to make arrange- 
ments to meet and settle all the just claims against the State. 
Some just debts, from peculiarities of time and place, where 
the cottons and sugars were to be delivered at different points 
in Texas and on the frontier, were not arranged for at those 
points; but cotton sufficient to pay every just debt of the State, 
was left by Allen belonging to the State. 

Colonel Sandidge's letter, aj^pended to this book, will show 
why these cottons were not appropriated according to Allen's 
design. These debts were not vmr debts — not Confederate 
debts, but debts of the State, incurred according to the will of 
her authorities for the sole purpose of feeding the starving and 
clothing the naked people. They ought to be paid at some 
time. 



30:1: RECOLLBCTIOXS OF 

Letter from Col. J. M. Sanclidrje to Maj.-Gen. Herron. 

General — Governor Allen, departing from this place, left mo in an 
undesirable position — in charge of, and to be surrendered, the records 
cf his office, and his general representative in whatever it might seem 
necessary and jDroper to be done. I deem it my duty, then, and it was 
his request, that I should represent to the officer sent here in command 
of the United States forces, that, to furnish, to some extent, the people of 
the country with the necessaries of life, he sought to introduce articles, 
not contraband of war, and that good faith to the parties with wliom he 
transacted requires that they be paid. That the cotton and other re- 
sources he had accumulated have all disappeared under the infamous 
and systematic plundering and appropriation of public property of v/hat 
ever ownership. That the cotton transferred by the Confederate States 
authorities to the State of Louisiana, was an act in good faiih, intended 
to secure, so far as it might go, large debts justly due, and to enable him, 
Governor Allen, to meet his engagements with those private parties ; and 
that of the small amount of cotton he could still control at the winding 
up of the late contest — one hundred bales of his own cotton, purchased 
with the means of, and belonging to the State — was transferred to General 
Fagan, to enable him to forward to the mouth of Ked Eiver a large 
number of Federal prisoners, lately sent here from Tyler, Texas, en route 
for their homes — about which transaction I have some papers ; and that 
the cotton, or other produce obtained and unappropriated by him, is the 
property of the State of Louisiana, the absorption of which, by the United 
States Government, is x>rotested against. 

All the books, papers, etc., connected with the Confederate States cot- 
ton transferred to the State, have been, imder your orders, turned over to 
the agent designated to receive them. There was no attempt, on our 
part (and the same is true of every thing else), to cover up, or secrete, or 
withhold any of the effects of the State. Our hands are clean. 

I can, then, with what seems to me to be but an act of justice, protest 
against its being appropriated by the United States Government, and to . 
request that, if this Confederate States cotton shall not; all be turned over 
to the State authorities, for the benefit of the State, as was our desire, at 
least a portion (say 2,000 bales) of it shall be so placed, that it may be 
used in liquidating the just claims of private parties to whom the late 
Governor Alien became indebted, and an account of the loan to General 
Fagan, as above stated. I am. General, your obedient servant, 

[Signed,] John M. Sandidge, 

Late Ch. of Ord., Louisiana State Forces. 
Mtijov-Genenil IIereox, Commanding U. S. Force.s, Shreveport, La. 
SiiBEVEPcnT, La., 11th Jnce. 1365. 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 305 

So impressed am I with the importance of explaining clearly 
the cotton transactions of Governor Allen, that even at the 
risk of tedions repetition, I insert here a portion of a letter re- 
ceived by nie from a friend thoroughly acquainted with all of 
the Governor's hopes and plans : 

" But a small portion of the cotton with whicli Governor Allen AVas op- 
erating was paid for in money. He made arrangements with parties wlio 
wislied to take out cotton — to sell, if you please— but in fact, to giie to 
the State a certain amount of cotton for the privilege of exporting an 
equal quantity on tlieir own account. Permits to take out this cotton 
were at first given in his own name, as Governor of Louisiana, but some 
objection being made, they were procured from the Confederate authori- 
ties. These contracts were to be consummated when the cotton was de- 
livered to the Governor's agents at Narasota, Matamoras, or other desig- 
nated places. Men were readily found who would enter into arrangements 
of this sort with Governor Allen, because he was more liberal and gen- 
erous in his transactions than the agents and cfficiers cf the Confederate 
Government. All exportation of cotton on private account, or on any 
account, being forbidden by the Government except as specially allowed, 
none of the Governor's large contracts for cotton had been executed 
when the war drew nigh its conclusion : neither party being then able to 
comply with the stipulations, the contracts were annulled. In every in- 
stance, so far as is known, all cotton, sugar, or tobacco in transitu west- 
wardly, or of supplies being brought in for the State, the trains and load- 
ing all disappeared, under the infamous system of ' jayhawking' so gen- 
erally practised at the collapse of the war. It was the Governor's sincere 
desire and fixed purpose, to protect the creditors of the State to the full 
extent of his power, and to them orders were given for such cotton, 
sugar, etc., belonging to the State, as it was believed might be obtained. 
These orders were very generally ignored, towards the last, or could not 
be compUed with, because of the ' Jilibusters.' You will remember that I 
told you once about the retention of sugar and molasses by a party who 
had come into its possession on an order to haul into Texas, but who had 
not even moved it from the warehouse. Seeing he could not even con- 
trol, for the purposes mentioned, the cotton, etc., 7ie had purchased and 
2')nid for. Governor Allen determined to make a last effort to save some, 
thing for his people, and especially for those who were relying upon the 
faith of the State or of his administration, by obtaining from the Confed- 
erate military authorities a transfer of all the undisposed-of Confederato 
cotton in Louisiana, in liquidation, so far as it might go, of debts still due 



806 RECOLfECTTONS. 

the State, wliicli amounted to at least $4,000,000. This cotton — about 
10,000 bales— icas transferred to him or to his successors in oflBce for use 
of the State. Knowing very well that none but a power in actual and 
recognized existence, and a continuous power, could obtain control of this 
cotton. Governor Allen determined to held it, with the entire records in 
connection therewith, just as they were received from the Confederate 
authorities, with the hope that his successors in the State government 
might be allowed to demand and enforce the delivery of the cotton ; or, 
failing in that, and the cotton be seized and appropriated by the United 
States Government {as was done), the State of Louisiana would have a 
just claim against the Government for its full value. This last is now 
the only resource left. 

" As instructed by Governor Allen, you know, Colonel Sandidge made 
written application to General Herron (I believe you have the papers 
proving this) to permit the State to retain two thousand bales of this 
cotton, if all could not be controlled, for the redemption of his pledges on 
its account. To this application no attention was paid, nor even for the 
return of the one hundred bales loaned to the Confederate authorities to 
pay for the transportation of Federal prisoners from Shreveport to the 
mouth of Red River." 

The people of Louisiana and Texas know as well as I, that 
this statement of the "jaybawking," the dishonest sauve qui 
pent, of all classes of agents, contractors, and even of the peo- 
ple, at the close of the w^ar in those States, is not exaggerated. 
They witnessed it, as I did. Let the blame and the shame of 
these matters fall where it is due, it shall not shadow the grave 
of my incorruptible friend, who failed in no duty, and com- 
mitted but one error ; that was, in going away into exile, instead 
of meeting his fate at his post. 



BOOK XI 



Journey.— Life in Mexico.— Becomes Editor of the " Mexican Times." — Illness. 

—Death. 

The people wept over Allen's departure. They followed 
him with tears and blessings, and would have forced on him 
more sid)stantial tokens of regard, than words of regret. They 
knew he had no money — his noble estates had long been in 
possession of the enemy ; hundreds of hogsheads of sugar had 
been carried oif from his plundered sugar-houses; his house 
was burned, his plantation, a wide waste of failow-fields, grown 
up in weeds. He had nothing but Confederate and State 
money. One gentleman begged him to accept $5,000, in gold, 
as a loan^ since he refused it as a gift. Allen accepted five hun- 
dred. With this small amount, his ambulance and riding-horses, 
he started to Mexico. His journey through Texas was a com- 
plete ovation, instead of a hegira. Everybody, rich and poor, 
vied with each other in offering him attention, and the most 
eager hospitality. The roof was deemed honored that sheltered 
his head for the night. He stopped at Crockett, to say " good- 
bye." 

We had long, full, and frank conversations, whilst he was 
resting those thirty-six hours, under my roof-tree. Hours — 
every moment of which seems now so precious on retrospec- 
tion, and which, though highly estimated, were scarcely seized 
and prized to their utmost — their true value, then ! Because, 
though my heart was heavy and numb with grief, on account 



803 EECOLLEtTIONS OF 

of my sad country, and my departing, exiled friend, yet none 
of us realized ihat it was a farewell for all time, that we should 
never look again into each other's friendly eyes. He was fitful 
in his spirit : when alone with me, he would let me see the 
deep sorrow he felt in leaving all that was dear to him, — the 
growing realization of tlie utter ruin, the agonized desolation of 
the country he so passionately loved. He wept in speaking of 
these things. His was not one of those natures that turn to 
ice, and harden into cold stone, before the Medusa-head of 
grief. He would say with Chreraes, " Homo sum, nihil hu- 
mani a me alienum puto." When he was grieved in spirit, he 
w\as not ashamed of tears in his eyes, at least in the presence 
of a woman, whom he knew thoroughly appreciated him, and 
whose mournings Avere as deep as the inmost life of her soul, 
over all these things, — for the dust of her native hills was yet 
moist with the blood of her brothers, shed "in this lost cause," 
and one, most beloved, slept the sleep that knows no waking — 
clothed in the Confederate uniform — forever ! 

We had several of our refugee friends to meet the Governor, 
during his stay wish us. Whilst in their society he strove to 
be calm — even cheerful, for amongst them -was the almost 
heart-broken family of dear old ex-Governor Moore, who was 
to be Allen's companion in exile. The smiles were few and 
foi'cedj amongst us all ! One recalls such days with shuddering 
sighs ! 

Shall I ever forget the scene I witnessed the day, dear , 

when I saw you with eyes calm in despair, and fingers trem- 
bling, but desperately nerved, plucking in and out the flying 
needle as you sewed one after another the few pieces of hoarded 
gold, the scanty remnant of a splendid past, into the stiff belt 
your old Father was to Avear on his journey ; so as to keep 
about his person the ])ittance that was to give him bread in 
the strange foreign land, that he felt compelled to seek a refuge 
in ! while your little children clung weeping about his aged 
knees, and your poor mother lay prostrate and nearly senseless 
with grief, unable to proffer one word of strengthening hope, in 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 309 

her litter rlesolntion and bereavement of soul — and we stood 
by, so lielpless ! 

Ilowevei-, tlie day passed, as all things pass in this ever 
flowing stream of eartlily^ife. Few hnman beings ever attain 
the meridian of man's years, without experiencing days of 
anguisii, that make them wonder on remembrance, and force 
them to ask themselves how tliey endured such weiglit of sor- 
row on such weak, fragile, mortal breasts ! It was so sad, so 
sad for us to see those noble men depart, lingeringly, one by 
one, to meet, Mith what strength their lacerated hearts and 
too often wounded bodies could summon up, the weary, pain- 
ful, lonely life of Exiles. And they were so noble, and so brave ! 
They would smile, talk cheerfully, even gayly, anticipating the 
petty excitements, and novelties ot journeying, in the unex- 
plored country opening before them. Allen had such an 
elastic steel mainspring in his nature, that at times he would 
really grow cheerful, and enter with zest into the speculations 
and plans our fjincies would suggest. He was fond of excite- 
ment — liked travel — and was a man who experienced pleasure 
in grappling with life's stern difficulties. He liked to struggle 
with them sometimes. He liked to feel himself superior to all 
vicissitudes — to be a conqueror on these seemingly bloodless 
fields of strife, or on any field of battle, mental, moral, or physical. 
The external calmness one is able to assume, on occasions of 
trial, is very surprising. I marvel sometimes when I recall our 
light general conversations at this time — anecdotes, jests, puns, 
badinnge, discussiofiS of literary topics : one upon the Laocoon^ 
I particularly remember, in which Allen was right, and all the 
I'est of us wrong ; another upon the great Jewish chiefc:iia 
Joab, in which, to Allen's great delight, we accidentally got 
the better of our bi-illiantly intellectual friend, the Honorable 

. All these things pass over the mirror of memory like 

phantoms of thought. 

Once, during the day, when we happened to be coi versing 
alone, he spoke of Bolingbroke's Reflections upon Exile, which 
he said had been recalled to his memory just before he quitted 



310 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

Shreveport, by our friend Judge Perkins, -who read it aloud to 
a company of the Confederate Exiles, who happened to be 
dining with the Governor. Allen wanted to know " what I 
thought of it?" 

I smiled, recognizing one of the peculiarities of Judge Per- 
kins, whom I used to accuse of taking meal-times, always, as a 
preferred place and time of study, — the table at " Somerset," 
or at my house, or anywhere that books were accessible, being 
• — at his end of it, before the meal was concluded — generally as 
much occupied with books as dishes. I told Allen " why" I 
smiled, but he insisted on having my " opinion of Bolingbroke," 
whom he " admired excessively" — especially of the " Reflec- 
tions." (The conversation impressed me, so I write it down.) 

"Well, if you must have my opinion, you remember Aristotle's 
Tth seeming enthymeme — ' banishment is desirable^ because a 
banished man has choice of places to dwell in.' Now that is just 
as wise to me, as Bolingbroke in those same famous Reflections. 
He endeavors to console, by depreciating and bringing into con- 
tempt the value of what we hate to lose in quitting our 
country. That was not good nor true philosophy, I think, though 
very beautiful, very sensible. Perhaps, it is yet do cataplasm 
for such w^ounds of the heart as banishment, poverty, separa- 
tion from friends ; for such sufferings, religion alone ofi*er3 
balm. The sentiment of this paragraph I like : ' The shortest 
and best prayer which we can address to Plim w^ho knows our 
wants and ignorance in asking, is this : Thy loill be donei! 

" I do not believe one ' could hold fire in his hand by think- 
ing on the frosty Caucasus.' I like the Greek Philocletes, who 
acknowledged his humanity, and cried out in his anguish. If 
any thing could assuage such grief, it must be ' dissipation of 
mind^ or absorption of life in new and fresh interests — and 
' length of time.'' The flying hours, with their noiseless fingers, 
gently touched and almost imperceptibly closed all wounds ; 
nothing mortal could be permanent or infinite — not even sor- 
row, not even regret. We are, at best, but poor creatures, 
bounded on every side with limitation, with ' the conditioned^ 



HENRY WATEINS ALLEN. 311 

as philosophers call it. Sensation grew blunted in time — nerves 
became numb under repeated shocks. We could feel nothing 
very long, in our mortality. That was the saddest thought of 
all to me — this want of permanence ! Joy and grief, pain and 
sorrow, here ')nu8t be momentary. It is beneficent, doubtless, 
but humiliating and saddening, that God has made us so, that 
perishableness is stamped on our whole nature." 

" Then you do not think any human passion immortal — not 
Love — not Memory ? Divines believe that quality will live." 

" Love, wdiich is God's very being, is, 7nust be^ pei'ennial ; 
and Memory, if not infinite in us, nor eternal, because it has a 
beginning, seems to be at least undying, immortal, in our sense 
of immortality. 

*' When I say Love is perennial, I don't mean mere animal 
instinct. In a world that we think will be immaterial (in our 
sense of materiality), wdiere life for us will be unchanging and 
without end as far as existeoice is concerned, there can be no 
further need of animal passions to continue an immortal race 
of beings. But the highest Love of which we are capable even 
here, perhaps, must be perennial: — the giving out of one's 
existence into others, or another existence — living for and 
in another, t^^at Love — preferring the good, the well-being 
of others to our own — and finding chief joy in that losing 
of identity, and absolute absorption into a higher, truer, 
nobler nature ! Even in the next life, I should think we 
would need spiritual companionship, because the great space 
between us and the Infinite God must be as immense then 
as now. However our faculties may be developed by spir- 
ituality, yet finite and limited all created intelHgences must 
remain, unless we are united and absorbed in God ! There is 
as great distance between the highest archangel and the Crea- 
tor, as between us and Deity ; so we would be lonely even in 
the better life without our former companions, it seems to me. 
We can never, in any life, however advanced in spirituality, 
have any feelings towards the Creator than those of adoration 
and v/onder. We can never be God'ri comy>a}iions. We can 



312 ■ RECOLLECTIONS OF 

never understand Him ! That is the great val ae of Christianity. 
To some extent, we could have companionsliip and s}"mjDatliy 
with the Son of God, on account of his previous humanity and 
mortality. 

" In the Deity, Love is probably always creative. His crea- 
tions can never cease ; but transcendent ideas of his being are 
beyond us. In us^ who must in some sense still be limited and 
finite, unless -we receive pantheistic doctrines, and believe 
we will lose our individuality and identity in the absorption 
into the Deity — in its^ in that other life. Love, the liighest 
love, the congenial imion of sympathy, feeling, intellect, the 
truest ''friendship' — perhaps, we would call it here, the true, 
eternal Eros — that inust be perennial. It must develop, enlarge, 
and rejoice our souls; though thought only can be born from 
this union ! This can exist here. I think it will exist thei-e. 
Nothing temporal can affect or change this. So far. Love and 
Memory are eternal." 

" That is Platonism you are talking now." 

*' Perhaps ! But it is truth to me, and to all thinking, suf- 
fering people." 

*' But Memory seems sometimes imperfect." 

'* JNIemory does seem sometimes imperfect, and clouded here ; 
but I believe it to be one of the essential qualities of man's 
soul, and to be, of course, immaterial — therefore, as indestruct- 
ible. Without some degree of Memory, reason itself ceases 
to be. 

" Yes, you may say, ' reason ceases to govern in a maniac, 
or even in abstracted, forgetful people;' but it does not, in the 
sense that I mean. Intellect, which includes all these qualities, 
remains, though its visible, external operations may cease ' in 
this coarse, muddy vesture of decay.' In any sequence of 
thought, which is the life of the soul (its motio)i)^ there must 
be a certain exercise of association and memory. Even in 
such persons, the mind is not entirely dormant. It acts spas- 
modically, and with imperfect utterance only." 

"But idiots I What do vou think of them ?» 



I 



HENRY WATKIXS ALLEN. 313 

" The soul of idiots, though bound, like Circe's beasts, in ad- 
amantine fetters of imperfect oi'ganization, still is. Experi- 
ments have proved that even they have what we call soul, in- 
tellect. But all mental emotions depend in us so gi-eatly upon 
exercise or education ! The nerves by which we are acted upon, 
in our material life, are capable of only a certain amount of 
use. They soon wear oat, because they are animal, mortal, 
necessarily changeful. We can, therefore, endure only so much 
grief, pain, or joy. After that limit is reached, which varies in 
different persons, humanity sinks down, fainting, stupefied, 
senseless. Therefore, I think >S'cA^7Zer is right, when he says: 

* No pang is permanent with man. From the highest, as 
from the vilest things of every day, he learns to wean himself; 
for the strong hours conquer him.' And so I think Boling- 
broke wrong. Schiller was a poet, and saw truer than the ma- 
terial, pantheistic Stoics ; but both Bolingbroke, Boethius, in 
his Consolations of Philosophy, Seneca, or any of those authors, 
may be used as weak anodynes for a suffering human heart, 
Mike dull narcotics numbing pain;' but reaction or insensi- 
bihty must come after a certain amount of suffering." 

"But if Love and Memory are immortal, why not grief and 
pain also ?" 

" We are speaking of Love and Memory in connection wdth 

* the goocP in a better Life ; of grief and pain, in connection 
only with mortality. As to the condition of the irredeemably 
wicked in the next life, Scripture seems to speak decidedly, 
though Origen thought they w^ere all eventually redeemed and 
purified ; but w^e don't know what destructive, disorganizing 
effects, what we call s^7^, may have upon the soul. It is ' death'' 
that is dissolution, change, reduction into elementary prin- 
ciples in our nomenclature. But we know so little — so little — ■ 
about all these things. It is all speculation and reasonings 
from our limited analogies. The more I study, the less I feel 
inclined to assert or dogmatize. You have been accustomed 
to a school of Theology which seems to define and assert so 
positively on all points. I, to one 'vhich simnly receives with 



314: RECOLLE(?TIOXS OF 

humility, acknowledging the mysteries everywhere around us. 
To all your questionings on these points, I can only say, 1 
don't know. We don't know. I can only offer speculation ; 
but v^e will knoio — that I believe hereafter, to an extent in- 
conceivable to us now." 

* ;Jc ♦ * * :}c * 

" Then you think all human relations cease with life ?" 
" So fjir as they are merely animal, springing from mortal 
necessities, I should think tliey must perish or be changed with 
the body ; but human relations are not necessarily limited to 
animal wants. Upon every human or animal tie may be su- 
peradded this higher, more beautiful spiritual affinity, that we 
are speaking of as undying. We call it ''friendship.^ Scrip- 
tr.re and the ancient philosophers call it 'Love.' Tiiis may 
exist between parent and child, husband and wife, sister and 
brother, persons of the same or different sexes. Such affec- 
tions, it seems to me, become parts of the very soul, identified 
in it and with it. They must last, if it does." 

" I like such thoughts. They are truly consoling." 
" You'll find such ideas beautifully rendered in Emerson, 
v>ho, if he is a Yankee, and hates us, is a seer and a poet, whom 
I do not hate. He says : 

" ' But only that soul can bo my friend which I encounter on 
the line of my own march, that soul to which I do not decline, 
and which does not decline to me, but, native of the same ce- 
lestial latitude, repeats in its own all my experiences.' 

" To return to BoUngbroke. What comfort can he give to 
you or Judge Perkins, who both leave behind you, as I know, 
such friendships as these we speak of. You may, by chance, 
form such, elsewhere, bat it is not likely. Instead of ' indif- 
ference^^ or depreciation of the good you leave, take hope with 
you — hope of return. My fiivorite Emerson says also : ' Let 
the soul be assured, that somewhere in the universe it should 
rejoin its friend, and it would be content and cheerful alone for 
a thousand years.' Both of you have such friends here, I be- 
lieve. Take, too, the assurance of constant remembrance on 



HENRY WATKmS ALLEN. 315 

the part of those who love you at liome ; and then, with the 

Christian sense of Unity in God, you will not need the Stoics. 

I shall persistently believe tliat you will all be restored to us 

again — that shall be my comfort." 

******* 

" What do you think was the ruling principle of the Stoics ?" 

" Pride !" 

" And of your favorite Plato ?" 

"Love of the beautiful, the holy, the pure! Now it seems 
to me, whatever consolation might be found in any of the Phi- 
losophical sects, under the ills of Life, can be more largely re- 
ceived in Christianity — simply regarding it as a system of j^hi- 
losophy, without consideration of its claims as a revelation to 
man, or discussing the extent of insj^iration. Christianity 
teaches contempt of worldly goods, with the Stoics— love of 
the beautiful, with the Platonists — desire of pleasure, in a 
higher sense than the Epicureans, — and teaches all this from a 
nobler motive than ancient philosophy. Li all three sects, self 
was the object and end of all effort, even towards good. In 
Christianity it is love of others, self-denial for the sake of 
others, joy in others, and the entire abandonment of one's 
nature to the noblest, the highest of all existences, that is, the 
Creator himself, whose perfect attributes are softened to us 
in the person of Christ ! Why should one go to the heathen 
sects for solace nov/ ? But what a sermon you have led me 
into !" 

"With Bolingbroke for a text! I like your sermons — I like 
every thing you say !" 

" It is the consciousness of being understood, that encour- 
ages me to talk so. This would be idle romance to some 
persons !" 

" You know how grateful I am for your friendship. I am 
willing to adopt yours (or Plato's, or whose is it ?) theory of 
the immortality of Love and Memory, and let grief and pain 
go with mutable humanity — and the Stoics go with them !" 

" Christ was no Stoic ! nor should Christians be !" If we 



316 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

harden ourselves against suiTering, which belongs only, so far 
as we know certainly, to this educational period of our im- 
mortal natures, we will never be any better! We must 
weep, and suffer, and go up higher in spirituality. 

" Remember, that it was only on condition of the possibility 
of his ceasing to be a Christian, that Montesquieu said he 
would regret the destruction of the Stoics. The ^ if' is most 
important here : 

" ' Si je pouvois un moment, cesser de penser que je suis 
Chretien, je ne pourrois m'empecher de mettre la destruction 
de la secte de Zenon au nombre des malhem'S du genre hu- 
raain.' 

S}« ^ J|S ^ * 5JS * 

*' Again, Bolingbroke, after bidding you to test and discover 
the falseness and selfishness of your * hosts of friends,' ac- 
knowledges you may discover a few, true and faithful, worthy 
of the name, for whom he does not ' forbid you to grieve.' 
Now, as the value of all things is enhanced by their rarity, it 
seems to me a queer sort of consolation to prove the quality 
of what you lose, at the expense of quantity. Won't you 
grieve more for the single Koh-i-noor, when certainly ascer- 
tained, tlian if your affections were divided amongst a thou- 
sand false brilliants ? This does not seem good philosophy to 
me ! 

" But see how impertinently you have forced me to discuss 
one of the finest writers in the English language. We had 
better let ' St. John'' sleep^ instead of waking him up ! 

Leaving ' meaner things. 
To low ambition and the pride of kings !' " 

« Ah ! well ! 

" I am very content to think of the limitation to pain, regret, 
or sorrow, even through human weakness, as you put it ! God 
knows I don't want such emotions to endure — but I don't 
want to be forgotten. I w^ould not like that — neither in my 
life nor after death ! I cannot bear the thought ! 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 317 

" Do you remember what tlie Skald sings, in the Mud-King's 
Daughter ?" 

" N"o ! What is the Mud-King's Daughter !" 

" One of Hans Andersen's fairy tales ! that I like as much 
as the children. The Skald sings this : 

'"Fortune dies^ friends die. — one dies o?ie^s self — hut a glori- 
ous name oiever dies /' " 

*' I do not think you will be soon forgotten." 

" There are portions of my life I would like to have set clear 
before the world. Will you promise me to write my Biog- 
raphy some day ? I have been asked for it." 

'' If I live, I loill do it !'' 

This conversation occurred whilst we were returning from a 
visit to Governor Moore's flimily. I had driven over to their 
cottage in a buggy, to invite them to join us at dinner. Allen 
had accompanied me. All his words and thoughts have inter- 
est for his friends, especially such as are characterisMc at such 
a time. They aid in giving a psychological portrait, and so I 
write all I can remember of this last day, even at the risk of 
egotism. These Exiles were personal friends of mine. I suf- 
fered in parting with them : for some I suffer still — for those 
who are still absent and still living ! Every thing was very 
quiet and still, nothing audible but the low murmur of our 
voices, when suddenly arose from the prairie beyond us, one 
of the beautiful, plaintive, cattle or " salt" songs of Texas. 
These wild, simple melodies had a great attraction for me. I 
would often check my horse on the prairies, and keep him mo- 
tionless for a half-hour, listening to these sweet, melancholy strains. 
Like all cattle-calls, they were chiefly " minor.'''' I thought them 
quite as singular and beautiful as the Swiss Ranz des Yachos, or 
the Swedish cattle-calls. They consisted of a few chanted words, 
with a cadence and a long yodl. Sometimes the yodling 
was aided by what the Texan boys called " quills" — two or 
more pipes made of reed — " c«ne" (arundinaria raacrosperma). 
This made a sort of limited syrinx, which gave wonderful 
softness and flute-hke clearness to the prolonged tones of the 



318 



REGOLLECTIOXS OF 



voice, as it was breathed into them. The boy sang one of his 
saddest " calls." I looked quickly, to see if Allen had noticed 
the melancholy words and mournful air. I saw he had. He 
ceased talking, and his face was very grave. 
The boy sung — 

" Going away to leave you. 

Ah — a — a — a — 
Going' away to leave you, 

Ah — a — a — a — 
Going away to-morrow, 

All — a — a — a — 
Going away to-morrow. 

Ah— a — a — a — 
Never more to see you. 

Ah— a — a — a — 
Never more to see you. 

Ah — a — a — a — "* 



^: 



:s± 



Go-Ido: 



Go-ing a - way, Going a -way to leave you, 



a - way, 



-S3ZZ-ZT- 



Ah 



:^-:^--:^-^: 



i 



Going a-way to leave you, All - a - a. 



This had always been an afiecting strain to me ; it was doubly 
so under the existing circumstances. The song died mournfully 
away. We drove on in silence for a few moments. Allen roused 
himself, with a sigh : 

" That boy's song is very sad." 



* I write of tliis call as I used to hear it sung. This is not in a minor key, 
"but it has a very plaintive effect, eclioingover the prairies. Another, wilclei 
and more elaborate, I cannot recall now exactly — which begins, " Yonder 
comes my darling," The simple melopee is followed by a long yodl, in 
this one, that reminded me of the cadenced vowels, prolonged in the 
Ambrofnan Chants. 



I 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 819 

" Yes, but he sings it very frequently. He knows nothing about 
you. It is neither a prophecy nor intended to be sympa- 
thetic, — you need not make special application of it !" 

" No ; but it may prove a strange coincidence." 

" You sliaii't say that. I won't listen to such a thought. 
You'll only spend a pleasant summer travelling in Mexico. We'll 
see you at tlie opera in New Orleans, next winter.'' 

'* I hope so." 

Our conversation reverted, now to past years. Allen spoke of 
his early friends among my relatives ; of his whole career in 
Louisiana; of his wife, with tenderness — of her beauty and her 
love for him. His future was so uncertain — that he scarcely al- 
luded to that — never vitli any hopefulness. It was only in the 
past he seemed to find repose of spirit. The present was too 
sad, the future too shadowy for any discussion of either. 

How trifles light as air imprint themselves on the "palimp- 
sest" of our minds, almost without our consciousness I At din- 
ner that day, I remember, the servants had neglected to till the 
silver dish which was used for butter. It stood on its tripod, 
empty, in the centre of the table. During the meal Allen 
wanted some butter with his potatoes. Stretching out his hand, 
he lifted the solid cover of the dish ; it was vacant. Catching 
my eye, he asked, with a smile, " What is this?" 

" Why," rejoined Ex-Governor H , instantly, " v/hy do 

you ask her ? don't you see it is hut a dlsliV (butter-dish.) 

I laughed, and ordered the butter to be brought on. 

After dinner, we were scattered about the room — some of the 
gentlemen looking over a portfolio of rare Dusseldorf engrav- 
ings, I had thrown in my trunk for study, when I fled from 
my home on Lake St. Joseph ; some smoking their pipes tilled 
with perrique; some sipping coff'ee, — a rare luxury at that tinie^ 
for which I was indebted to a friend who got it from Mexico, 
Allen w^as sittino; on the low window-sill, chatting? with 

Mrs. ; and " Josephine^^ without any accompaniment, at 

his earnest request, sang in her full, rich, glorious voice, " Bird 
of Beauty," " Juanita,'' and others of his favorite songs. 



320 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

Later in the evening, after our guests of the day had quitted 
us, we were all grouped togetlier on the open gallery which ran 
along the front of tlie little cottage : I sat on the steps running 

down into the yard, talking with Col. , Allen's eompagnon 

de voyage. Allen sat near by, conversing with Mr. . After 

some light remarks, Col. spoke of Kenan's " Life of Jesus,'' 

which he had just read, and began to discuss the doctrine 
eliminatedin it. 

Allen exclaimed, in a tone of vexation, to Mr. , " There, now, 

listen at Col. , he has got upon religion with Mi's. !" 

Mr. smiled, as he replied : " He won't startle her, you 

need not be troubled ; she reads all the infidels and pagans !" 

Allen then ceased his conversation, and turned to listen to 
ours, wdth evident interest. 

From Renan our conversation turned on Christianity and so- 
cinianism. Col. said : 

"You see the consequence of your worship, if Christ was but 
a man ?'' 

"Yes, I see plainly as you do, if he was but a man. We 
Christians are of course idolaters — that is what you mean ! lam 
willing to take the consequence." It is useless to write here all 
the arguments pressed on both sides. Col. was able, sub- 
tle, brilliant. I simply urged the usual arguments of Theolo- 
gical authorities. But before we can decide positively as to the 
philosophical impossibility of a " GoD-man," such as Christianity 
now claims in its founder, we will have to penetrate the very 
elementary mysteries of being : Ave will have to learn the sacret 
of life, of creation, of universal generation. We will have to 
discover how loe^ human creatures, " live and move and have 
our being," in Deity — what we are, and what He is — how 
far he does, and how far he (not can) but how far he loill^ 
dwell in us, or any intelligence in this or any stage of being. 
So long as Scrii^ture is received as inspiration, no hypothesis 
can shake his claims to Divine power. Christianity will not 
be affected. But the German and English Exegists, the forced 
confessions of its defenders, the inquisitions of Lessing, Strauss, 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 821 

Coleiiso ; the attacks upon Scripture, the examination into tlie 
extent of its inspiration ; — these are tlie blows of the Titans 
against Olympus ; they strike mith at its foundations. As to the 
dreams and metaphysics of Philosophers, they are of no more 
value than the Utopia, or than Plato's dream of a Republic ; 
they amuse, and interest, but they teach us nothing but the ex- 
tent of our ignorance, Mdiich alone seems infinite as far as we 
are coiifcerned ; and ignorance with us is infinite^ because we 
do not — we never can — know much of the Infinite God. We 
know nothing about him except what he pleases to tell us ; we 
know nothing of spirit, we know almost as little of matter. 
The very forces which unite and hold together, in certam 
forms, the cellular atoms of which our body is made, are myste- 
ries to us. Life is as wonderful as Death ! " This flash between 
two seas of eternal night," — out of one, into the other, — as Mon- 
taigne calls it ! We lie, at last, worn, exhausted with our own 
inefl:ectual efforts to understand infinite things with finite 
minds, before the calm, inpenetrable vitality of this lofty, im- 
passive Sphinx, Nature, — lie wearily, 

" Like the dusty Lybian kings, 
Lie with two wide-open wings 
On our breast, as if to say. 
On these wings hoi^e flew away." 

Only " hope" comes back to us, because, though we learn so 
little of mental or spiritual truths, we learn so much of the 
Creator's beneficence and careful love for us, and all his crea- 
tion, that we revive again, and, kneeling m humble, grateful 
adoration, receive the living drops of honey— wisdom — he sees 
fit to give us here ; trusting him to feed us still, evermore, as he 
chooses fo enlarge our soul, and its vital needs. These were 
the thoughts that dwelt in my mind, and to which I gave par- 
tial expression. Allen listened to us with deep interest. Our 
conversation was suddenly interrupted by the summons to the 
supper-table. Allen turned to me, his fiice glowing, — " I like 



322 RECOLLECtlOKS OF 

to hoar you talk so. Col. says you take large and most 

sensible views on such subjects. lie likes to talk to you." 

" Governor Allen, you are better than I am ; you are a Chris- 
tian from internal, child-like faith. I am only deterinlnatdy one, 
because I have found nothing more satisfactory ! But I re- 
spect Col. . I respect honest doubt in all things !" 

These little incidents of the last days we spent together, 
lead me, perhaps, into egotism, which I should regret ; but I 
feel almost as if I was writing this biography before the bar of 
Rhadamanthus. I write down all that I think would interest 
Allen's friends to know. They will pardon the seeming vanity, 
for the sake of the friendship which, for the moment, has 
swallowed up all personal feeling. 

When I gave him his candle, as he was about to retire that 
night, in superintending the arrangement of the apartments 
of my guests (for the house was full of gentlemen), I observed 
the small size of the portmanteau he had with him, and ex- 
pressed my fear that he was not taking clothes suflicient to 
make him comfortable. lie told me that he had several suits, 
" among them, a full suit of Confederate uniform,'' which he 
hitended " to keep as long as he lived," He was dressed, for 
travelHng, in a light, loose suit of checked linen, — the coat 
made like a full hunting-shirt. He travelled partly in liis am- 
bulance, and often on horseback. His aid and two other gen- 
tlemen accompanied him, with his faithful servants — Yalery 
and Alfred. They were all armed to the teeth. They 
bivouacked during the day, and stopped at houses along the 
road at night. 

As I arranged his luncheon-basket, on the morning of his 
departure, he showed me, smiling, his tin tumblers, that he 
had made during " Confederate times," when it was nearly 
impossible to procure glass or china. I said • " No ! I don't 
want you to drink out of tin — here is one of my silver goblets, 
which belonged to my mother. You remember her. And I 
have drank out of these since I was an infant. Keep this, for 
your own personal use. It will bring back old associations — 



IIKNRY WATKINS ALLEl^. 32:3 

Natchez, Lake St. Joseph — all yom- friends to you, whenever 
you take a drink of NS'ater.'' 

lie took the goblet, and put it in his over-coat pocket, and 
used it to the hist hour of liis eartlily life. During this last 
visit, I never renewed my arguments against his quitting tlie 
country. I had already said and written all that I liad to say 
'On that subject. lie had resolved to go, and all that remained 
for a true friend to do, was to aid and sustain him in what he 
regarded as the right course for hini to pursue, though the 
most painful. 

I knew, also, that the very strenuousness with which he had 
urged the expediency of the surrender of the Trans-Mississippi 
Department, would, in itself, prove an obstacle to his remain- 
ing, to h-e included in it. His susceptible pride would take 
alarm at tiie mere suggestion that he was actuated in his care 
for the people by any thought of self-interest. 

Besides, our miris were in sucii a confused state, we scarcely 
knew what any of us had to expect from tlie victorious party, 
or what would become of our whole people. So that in urging 
him not to leave Louisiana, I argued more from instinct, wdiich 
revolted at any thing like abandonment of a post of duty, and 
from a temperament which always sought rather to advance 
to meet and defy danger, than to turn and avoid it, than from 
any well-grounded assurance or hope of security for him, or 
any one else. I felt more anxiety for his reputation, for his 
fame, than for his life and freedom. His natural instincts 
would have induced similar views; but his judgment and 
feelings were overpowered by the reasonings and entreaties of 
his friends. 

The weather was clear, — the days bright, sunshiny, charm- 
ing, in the early and later periods, but warm at noonday. On 
the morning of his departure, we stood alone, looking out in 
the gray light. The sun was just rising, and the clouds were 
beginning to blush under the spreading rays. The earliest 
birds were singing. The air was soft and fresh, still moist from 
the dewy exhalations of the green earth. The ambulance was 



32i KECOLLECfriOXS OF 

packed, and at the door. We waited only the coming of the 
other guests, to take our morning - meal together, for the last 
time ! He had come out and joined me, on the gallery, where 
I was superintending the packing of the ambulance, and the 
housewifely preparations for his comfort in travel. 

He was freshly nerved, and determinedly strong ; but his 
words of salutation, meant to be gay, only shocked and upset 
the temporary calmness every woman knows hov/ to assume 
when needful, to strengthen those dear to her : "Good-morn- 
ing, my dear friend. What a delightful day P 

I could not resist the rush of emotion, which shook me for 
an instant, as I replied, mournfully and reproachfully : 

" Hon^ could any day he delightful r 

In an instant the tears streamed from his eyes. He could 
not check the torrent. He covered his eyes with bis hands. 
But just as quickly I had regained self command, and said, ex- 
tending my hand to him : 

" You will all come back — all of you. We will have you, 
and Governor Moore, and Governor Morehead — all, all of you 
back, before twelve months is over !" 

He took my hand in silence, but shook his head doubtingly. 
The other friends now joined us. The last hurried repast was 
soon despatched, — the parting blessings breathed. He rode off 

on horseback: on one side of him Mr. , who accompanied 

him ten miles on his way ; on the other, his faithful friend and 
aid, Colonel Denis. And so, when I think of him, I see him 
still, riding off in the gray morning-light, with all the sorrowful 
undauntedness of Albert Dilrer's knight. 

In one of his addresses, he had said : " The Avays of Divine 
Providence are mysterious ; none can find them out ! In 
these times of war, of great trial and distress, there is only one 
rule of hfe that will carry us to the haven of final peace — it is, 
to be true to our country, do our duty faithfully, and leave the 
rest to God^^ 

* Oration in honor of Madame Beauregard. 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 325 

I liad letters from the Brazos; and till within a few days of 
his death, his letters were continual to me. I use them now 
to complete this history. His notes were often only hurried 
jDencil lines; but at the cities, en route^ he would write longer 
and fuller letters. He received great kindness all through 
Texas. One morning he found pinned in his hat, which he had 
thrown carelessly on a table, the words, " DonH leave us^ — Mis- 
souRiAN." At San Antonio he was feted, and his ambulance 
loaded with dainties. The people did every thing they could 
to express their admiration and grateful love towards him. 

Stopping once at a man's house, and sending to request hos- 
pitality for the night, the man said : " If it is Governor Allen, of 
Louisiana, he is welcome to my house, and any thing I ho,ve 
got in itP^ 

His companions tell me that though at first he was quiet and 
depressed in spirits, after journeying a few days he threw aside 
the burden of melancholy, and was the most cheerful of the 
whole party, long before they reached Mexico. He never re- 
sisted the inevitable m fortune; he only made the best he 
could out of it. 

A mutual friend writes me : " I met Allen on his way out to 
Mexico ; he held out his open hands to me, saying, ' Judge, 
they are clean P And they were. I thank God that it was 
permitted me to know so pure a man. We lawyers see so 
many rascals, that I believe we are able to appreciate and 
honor an honest man, more than any other class." 

Letter to Colonel Sandidge. 

San Antonio, Texas, June 15, 1865. 
Colotiel John 31. Sandidge : 

My dear Sir — We arrived safe here last evening, having 
had quite a pleasant trip, all things considered. The people 
everywhere were more than kind. I actually feel proud that 
I have been the Governor of Louisiana, for even the women 
and children had heard of me, and all vied with each other to 
do me honor. This is a city^ full of goods and strangers — full 



323 EECOLLEtTIONS OF 

of refugeeSj going further west. General Shelby will arrive 
to-day, with his command : we will all go together. If you 
are intimate with the Federal commander, give him my com- 
pliments, and say to him, that I have to ask of him but " one 
favor'''' — that he will rule our poor people mildly, and not let 
them feel the horrors of subjugation. If he will do this, all my 
feelings of hatred and antipathy will cease, and I vnll never 
again raise my hand against the United States authorities. / 
ask iiothing for myself. I am perfectly willing to remain in 

exile the rest of my life. D sends his regards. Please 

remember me kindly to Mrs. Sandidge and your gallant boys, 
and ever believe me, very truly. 

Your sincere and devoted friend, 

Henry W. Allen. 

Colonel Denis writes me of this journey: "We left San An- 
tonio on the 17th June, 18G5, literally loaded with presents of 
all sorts, made by kind friends, to the Governor : boxes of 
wines, fine liquors, preserves, cigars, coffee, etc., — good things, 
of which we had lost all but the remembrance during the war. 

" We directed our journey towards Eagle Pass, on the Rio 
Grande, having heard at San Antonio that the Federals were 
in possession of Brownsville, opposite Matamoras. AYe were 
therefore bound to go by Monterey, Saltillo, San Luis Potosi, 
Queretaro, to the city of Mexico. 

"Our train was at first very large, being composed, besides 
Governor Allen, Governor Moore, and three friends, of Generals 
Kirby Smith, Magruder, Sterling Price, Shelby, Hawes, Gor- 
don, Governor Clark, and Governor Murrah (both of Texas, 
and others), Generals Walker, Preston, etc. 

'' Subsequently we separated, and Governor Allen, Governor 
Moore, and myself remained alone of our party. 

" After passing through Castroville and Dennis, the last two 
villages of the western frontier of Texas, we arrived on the 
23d of June at Eagle Pass (or Fort Davis). We crossed the 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN". 327 

Rio Grande on barges, and set our feet for the firyt time on 
Mexican soil at the little Indian village ot^ JPledras JVegras. 

" We had been travelling, since we left Shreveport, alter- 
nately on horseback and in the Governor's ambulance, camping- 
out at night after we left San Antonio, and mounting strict 
guard, to protect our horses, mules, and ourselves from surprise 
or attack from roving marauders, which abounded at that time 
on the frontier. From Piedras Negras, we proceeded west- 
ward to Monterey, where we arrived on the 3d of July. We 
spent there five days ; at Saltillo we remained one day. AVe 
reached San Luis Potosi after five days' travel ; we spent a 
week here, and the Governor sold the horses and mules. We 
now took the stage-coach for the city of Mexico. We were six 
days on the way, and reached the capital on the 27th of July. 
TI !? is the brief account of a very long journey." 

In spite of his horror of imprisonment and his flight from his 
native land for the purpose of avoiding it, Allen had to sub- 
mit to the ignominy of being arrested. The Confederate exiles 
were most kindly treated by the people of Monterey. And 
Governor Allen was invited to breakfast with the French 
Commandant. At the hour appointed, numerous guests were 
assembled to meet him. Minute after minute elapsed- — and 
the Governor, usually so punctilious in matters of etiquette, 
was not yet arrived. At last, the host was obliged to invite 
the company to the table without Governor Allen. A half-hour 
behind the time he joined them, very much flushed and con- 
siderably discomposed, made some excuse to the host, and took 
his seat amongst the convives. His friends plied him with ques- 
tions in regard to his delay, all of which he dexterously par- 
ried ; but when they had nearly gotten through the feast, he 
burst, into a hearty laugh, and told the joke on himself He 
had mounted his horse early, and set ofl" for a ride around the 
environs of the city, alone. Getting out some distance, he saw 
some fortifications which attracted his attention ; he rode up to 
them and began to examine them, with the eye and interest of 
a connoisseur. While absorbed in this pleasant survey, he was 



828 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

suddenly tapped on the shoulder by a sentinel, forced to dis- 
mount, and march three-quarters of a mile on foot, to the 
officer in charge. In vain he protested. He knew little French 
and no Spanish ; so the sentry was inexorable. On he had to 
limp, with neither crutch nor cane, to headquarters. There was 
some delay in finding the officers, who had all been invited 
to meet him at breakfast. So there he had to stay, chafing 
in durance vile, with the aggravation of knowing he was delay- 
ing the breakfast, until after the proper officer was discovered, 
and he was released, very much annoyed and vexed ; but 
amused in spite of himself, and fully determined to exercise 
more discretion in future, in examining fortifications in a 
strange land. 

Sai^ Luis Potosi, Mexico, July 18th, 1865. 
My dear Colonel — This will inform you that we have ar- 
rived safe at this place, after a long, tiresome trip. Governors 
Moore and Denis are with me. We are all very well. Will re- 
main here a few days, and then go on to the city of Mexico, about 
300 miles. It is my intention to settle permanently in that j^lace, 
as I have no idea that I icill ever he permitted to return. My 
means are uearly exhausted, but I do not despair. I shall go to 
work, with a hearty good-will, at any thing by which I can turn 
an honest penny. I often think of you, my dear friend, as one of 
the best and truest men I ever knew. It is highly probable 
that we shall never meet again, as I see by the United States 
newspapers that all who are excepted from the proclamation 
of amnesty will be brought to trial. It is a hard fate to be cut 
off from home and all we hold dear on earth ; but, my dear 
Colonel, I think I am equal to the emergency. I shall not 
whine over my misfortunes ; but with cool head and firm purpose, 
endeavor to rise above all m^^ troubles. I sincerely trust, my dear 
friend, that the United States authorities are governing our jdco- 
ple with kindness, and that their lot may be made as easy and 
pleasant as possible. God grant that Louisiana may be wisely 
governed, and that her people may never be made to feel the 



HENRY WATKINS ALLSX. 329 

horrors which many anticipate. The citizens of Mexico have 
everywhere and on all occasions treated us with great kind- 
ness. I was invited to an elegant party, last evening, at Signor 

G 's, where were assembled many ladies and gentlemen to 

do us honor. This is a delightful place. In latitude twenty- 
four — still the climate is as cool to-day as our fall w^eather. 
Present my kindest regards to Mrs. Sandidge, and say to her 
that I have not yet seen a pretty woman in Mexico ! Even in the 
most elegant society, all smoke the cigarrita. They sing, and 
play, and dance very well. Wear no bonnets, but go bare- 
headed. Denis sends his regards. And now, my dear and 
noble friend, good-bye. God bless you. Write me often, to 



the city of Mexico. 



Ever your friend, 

Henry W. Allen. 



Iturbide Hotel, City of Mexico. 
August 7th, 1865. 

My dear Mrs. : I arrived in this great city some ten 

days ago, and have been well received by the civil and mili- 
tary authorities. I w^'ote you from Monterey and San Luis 
Potosi, and also, frequently, on the road from Crockett to 
Monterey. Governor Moore, and Generals Preston, and Smith, 
and Walker have all gone to Havana. Generals Magruder 
and Wilcox are here. I left Generals Price, and Hindraan, and 
Hardeman in Monterey. This, I believe, disposes of ail our 
distinguished exiles. 

My dear friend, I am delighted with Mexico, so far. It is 
certainly the garden-spot of this Continent, and in the hands 
of tlie Americans or the French, will make a most delightful 
country in which to live. This is the climate for all who are 
suffering with pulmonary diseases. Here are no consumptions. 
We are 8,000 feet above the level of the sea, and to-day, the 
Vth of August, is as pleasant as the month of October with us. 
On last Sunday, I went to military mass, at the grand cathe- 
dral. Tlie Marshal and his staff, brilliantly dressed, were 
present. The old church was crowded, a full band of music 



330 RECOLLI^TIONS OF 

played, and during the ceremony, the soldiers, who were 
around the altar, with their muskets in hand, knelt and saluted, 
a la miliiaire. The band played beautiful pieces from the 
Trovatore and Xorma. This is life in Mexico ! Here is great 
display of fine carriages and elegant equipages. -The houses of 
the wealthy are most luxuriously furnished. In fact, every 
thincT is in barbnric splendor. The city has a population of 
250,000, of which only 50,0uO are gentlemen or merchants. 
The rest are Indians or Leperos, who throng the streets as 
fruit-sellers, or venders of small-wares, water and Pueke carri- 
ers, &c., &c. 

I have been kindly received by the Marshal and others in 
high position. Many persons have called upon me, and made 
my stay, thus ilir, in Mexico, very agreeable. The ladies here 
are truly very handsome. At the opera, the other evening, 
X saw a great many very pretty women. They dress very 
elegantly, with a profusion of jewelry. They wear no bon- 
nets. An elegant mantilla is thrown over the head. Not- 
withstanding the Mexican ladies are pretty and splendid, I 
prefer the beauty of those of Louisiana. I could never lose my 
heart with women who seem to lack intelligence, and whose 
love for show and expensive dress and jewelry, seem to be 
their ^-uling passion. To me, intellect and gentle goodness 
alone are divine^ in your sex! I wish you were here, to join 
me in my daily rides and excursions. Your knowledge of 
Spanish, and all languages (how many is it ?) would be of 
such great assistance. I went to-day to the celebrated cypress- 
tree, known as the tree of Cortes. It is near the city, on the 
Paseo, and it really looks very old^ indeed! It was here that 
Cortes sat down and wept. It was here he spent the "triste 
noche." Everywhere around this great city, you see places 
full of historic interest. In the museum stands the huge 
sacrificial stone, covered with hieroglyphics. I regret so much, 
dear friend, that I cannot, in the short space of this letter, give 
you an account of many things I have seen here. I have 
taken a Spanish master, and am now daily engaged busily in 



HENRY Yf ATKINS ALLEN. 331 

learning tlie beautiful language. I am preparing myself to 
teach school, by giving English lessons in a few good families. 
I find I can make a support, which is all I want, thank God. 
I, at least, breathe free air, and, although I am poor and pen- 
niless, yet I am a free man ; not shut up in a dreary prison. 
JPoor 3fr. Davis! An invitation has just been handed me to 
the palace, to be presented to the Emperor and Empress, to- 
morrow, at IJ o'clock. I shall go, and write you again an 
account of my interview. Commodore Maury is here. He is 
in high favor at court. He is with me in this hotel. He is in 
fine health, and has become a citizen of Mexico. One can g-et 
the finest cofl:ee and sugar lands at |1 per acre, payable in five 

years. Write me immediately. Regards to Mr. . 

Ever your friend, 

Henry W. Allen. 
P. S. I left San Antonio on the 17th of June last. I have 
not received a line^ nor had a word from the United States 
since. You promised to lorite ! Please write by every oppor- 
tunity. We get no mails here, regularly, of any kind. Adios, 
mi cara querida senora. 

City op Mexico, August 10th. 
My dear Madam : 

Since writing you, I have been presented to their Ma- 
jesties. They received us very graciously. The Empress is 
an elegant woman, higlily cultivated, and spenks tiie Eng- 
lish language very well. She assured us that we poor Con- 
federate exiles had her heartfelt sympathy, and that we were 
welcome in Mexico. I am much pleased with both of them, 
and shall make this city my home, while an exile. It is hard 
to be exiled from home and friends, and all we hold dear 
on earth ; but I suppose it cannot be helped ! Generals 
Price and Polk, of Missouri, and Judge Perkins, arrived to-day. 
They are all well. Thank God ! we are all, at least, beyond tlie 
power of persecution, prisons and chains. Judge Perkins 
looks in fine health. He sends his Warmest regards to you and 
Mr. . He says he will write you soon. No letters yet 



332 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

from anybody! Not a line from you! Itisstrcmge! But 
your letters may be at Matamoras. I know, I told you to 
write there. I have no doubt, I blame you unjustly, in my 
impatience ; but we don't even get - newspapers from the 
States. It makes it seem so flir, far ofi"! I think sometimes 
you have forgotten me. " Les absens ont toujoiirs tortP I 
am reading a Spanish paper every morning. The carriage 
containing the Host is just passing my windows. All are on 
their knees. Even the Emperor, in passing, has stopped his 
carriage, and has gotten out, and is on his knees ! ! ! The 
French officers and soldiers, I see, do not kneel. They simply 
raise their caps. I am reading Prescott, I am ashamed to say, 
for the first time. Of course, yon, who have read every thing 
in a'll tlie languages of Babel, have read it. Don't you thmk 
it a remarkable book ? Such great research and such beau- 
tiful style ! 

I dined yesterday with a party of Englishmen. We had 
a most magnificent dinner — 7|- o'clock : returned at- 12 m. I 
am really grateful for the kindness I receive. It, in some 
measure, takes away the unpleasant parf of an exile's life. 
Write me, as often as you can I —all the political news and 
conditions, as well as the social and literary ! — every thing^ 
anything — only write. 

Adieu — yours ever, II. W. A. 

Hotel de San Caelos, ) 
City of Mexico, Sept. 5th, 1865. \ 
My dear Friend : 

Your letters of the 22d of June and 3d of July, were only 
received to-day. The others you mention are still at Mata- 
moras. I am glad to hear that there is a prospect of returning 
quiet to our distracted laud. I say our, I ought to say yom\ 
for I suppose I shall have to stay in Mexico. Permit me to 
sincerely thank you, dear, good friend, for your kind letters, 
and the interest you have ever felt in my welfare. I shall ever 
feel towards you as a beloved sister, and if the prayers of "Me 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 333 

wicked'''' avail any thing, yon, and your good and noble hus- 
band, shall have them. Since writing that long and tiresome 
Jetter (to you), I have made arrangements to publish a news- 
paper in English, in this place. Enclosed, I send you a pros- 
pectus. You can't, of course, act as agent for the paper, but 
you can appoint one for me, and correspond for the paper. I 
will be under many obligations for your letters. Make them 
general. Touch gently on politics {that is, i?i youT letters for 
the paper), as I do not icish to publish any thing offensive to 
the United States authorities, i am out of money, and must 
do sometliing to. live. I am too proud to beg, and too honest, 
I hope, to steal ; so I have therefore gone to work as editor of 
this weekly newspaper. I will send the newspaper to you 
regularly, and shall look out for C7'itiques. Don't be too 
severe ! You know it is a new vocation to me. I am de- 
lighted to hear, through your letter, from my old friend Dr. 
Martin. Thank you, my dear friend, for your kind treatment 
of him. JHe is very dear to me. Good-bye. Write often. 

Give my regards to Mrs. and the ladies of her household. 

Say to Mrs. that I heard from her father on yesterday. 

He was in Havana. Her letter to him was enclosed to me 
from- San Antonio, a week or two ago. I sent it on immedi- 
ately to Havana. 

Very truly, your friend, 

Henry W. Allen. 

The money to establish "the Times" was advanced, and the 
editorship offered to Allen, who agreed to become the pro- 
prietor of the paper, and repay the loan as soon as feasible. 
At this time he was without any means of support, except by 
teaching. But he was resolved never to entangle himself in 
political affairs, and " to die a citizen of Louisiana^ 

City of Mexico, Nov. 1st, 1865. 
My dear Friend : 

Your two letters, one dated July the l5th, and the other, 
Katchez, August 23d, have just been received. I read them 



334: RECOLLECTIONS OF 

with intense pleasure, for, my dear madam, you are the only 
living soul that has written me a line since I left Shreveport, 
ori the- 2d d:Ty of June last. I have now been absent fiuni- 
Louisinna five months, and strange to say, of all my hosts of 
f'-iciids, none have written — all have forgotten me except your- 
self! I assure you that 1 do from the bottom of my heart appre- 
ciate }'our constant, pure, disinterested friendship. Your beau- 
tiful, kind words, are invaluable, and most consolatory to me. 
Milles gracias, cara querida Senora ! I wish I knew as much 
Spanish as you do ! But I am trying to learn, so as to read 
and speak the beautiful language with you, if we should ever 
meet again, which may God grant, though I see no hope now 

of my ever being permitted to return home ! Colonel 

leU me some two Vvec ks ago. I gave him several letters for 
you, which I hope you have long since received. Well, my 
dear madam, I have turned editor, and am waiting impatiently 
for letters from you, to publish in " The Mexican Times." Do 
write me often, and give me all the political and other news. 
Send me for pubHcatiou a short history of General Lee and 
Stonewall Jackson. Write me some poetry, and send me any 
good pieces of original poetry you can get hold of! I shall send 
you the paper regularly — if possible. Please let me know how 
to send it. My whole time is taken up. I labor twelve hours 
every day, for I have to write all my editorials, and then see to 
getting up the paper. I can't afford to employ an assistant. 
My health is not good. I suffer mucli from my old wounds, 
and am sometimes so lame that I can hardly walk to my office. 
But, my dear friend, I ought not to tell you this, it will only dis- 
tress you : you can give me no relief I have long since shut out 
from r^y heart all hopes of aid or sympathy Irom any source. 
Sometimes my spirit sinks a litlle, Li;t not for long. My 
wounds make me feverish. Confinement, you know, is always 
irksome ; and when I am sick in this lonely chamber, and I 
pass hours and hours with no one but my Mexican servant to 
listen to the impatient ravings of a fevered brain, oh, then, I 
think of those dear ones I have left in Louisiana, of home, of all 



HENRY WATKIXS ALLEN. 335 

whom I love so mnch. But, my clear Irieiid, enough of this, 
though it is a relief to be able to write you so freely ! Yet I 
must not wantonly and selfishly distress you. I do not see how 
I can ever return to Louisiana ! I cannot ask a pardon. A 
parole I would gladly accept. Perhaps a gi.r.i ivl aiuiicot/ may 
come — if not, I camiot with lionor go back and ask pardon for 
v/liat 1 (.ion't consider a crime. Let my properly go to those 
who have seized it— I can make another fortune. I am very, 
very thankful to my friends for their interest in my behalf. 
If I could ever serve the people of Louisiana, in any, the 
smallest degree, I will gladly, gladly do so. I will return eagerly 
to the people who have ever been so good, so true to me. 

. I go to the opera every night — being an editor, I have free 
admittance to all the theatres and operas. Last night they 
performed my favorite, the Trovatore. It was beautifully 
rendered, and I could not keep from shedding tears. Music 
has upon me now a strange effect. It takes me back to the 
scenes of my childhood and my early manhood — to the 
pleasant days I have spent with the warm hearts from which I 
am now forever parted — and leaves me for a while sad, and 
almost broken-hearted. I have made but few acquaintances 
in Mexico, but those few are select, and very agreeable. The 
Emperor and Empress have been very kind to me. I wish you 
could see " our Carlotta." She is a noble woman, the fast and 
good friend of all unfortunates, such as we poor Confederates ! 
She is so charitable ! — a real woman! This is xVll faints- Day. 
The whole of Mexico is in a ferment of pleasure and pleasure- 
seeking. High Mass at 8, bull-fights at 4 p. m., operas at 
night. I go to all, as much as I can, and have become quite a 

good Mexican. Give Mr. S , General Wm. T. Martin, and 

J. S , my kind regards ; they have ever been my good 

friends. Good-bye. Pardon this melancholy letter. Write me 
often — your letters are inexpressibly comforting to me. That 

loas a lovely extract from in the last! How thankful I 

should be for such a friend — indeed^ I am. 

Ever yours, IIenky TT; Allen. 



336 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

City of Mexico, Dec. 25, 1865. 
R. C. CuMMixGS, Esq., Shreveport^ Louisiana : 

My dear Friend — Your letter of the 9th ultimo is just re- 
ceived, under cover of letter from Messrs. R. C. Cummings & 
Co., of New Orleans, and accompanied by a draft on London, 
in my favor, for the sum of one hundred and seventy-nine 
pounds sterling, the rcceij^^t of which has been duly acknowl- 
edged. 

This is Christmas Day, and it does seem as if a kind Provi- 
dence had so arranged it, that I should receive this material 
testimonial of regard from my devoted friends in Louisiana, as 
a Christmas present. Be pleased to express to those kind 
friends, who have joined you in this act of liberality, my sin- 
cere, my heartfelt thanks. But few men have had the good 
fortune to be blessed with so many good, true, and devoted 
friends, as have fallen to my lot. That Heaven would bless 
you, the State of Louisiana, and bring her citizens safe through 
their many trials and troubles, has been my constant prayer 
ever since I left her borders. I can never, never forget her ! 
As for yourself, sir, this is not the first time that I have been 
placed under obligations to you. Accept the grateful thanks 
of an exile, with the hope that some day he may be able 
to repay, in part at least, the many acts of kindness ren- 
dered him by you. My friend, it is true, beyond the possibil- 
ity of a doubt, that there is such a thing as friendship beyond 
the grave. If, therefore, we should never meet again— if it 
should be denied me to see my friends in Louisiana again on 
this earth — oh ! I have the assurance that we shall meet again 
" beyond the skies." When it shall please God to consign this 
mutilated body to its last resting-place — be it among strangers 
in Mexico, or friends in Louisiana — I will want no better epi- 
taph inscribed on my tomb than the sentiment contained in the 
closing part ot your letter : 

" Your friends are proud to know that Louisiana had a Gov- 
ernor who had an opportunity of securing a million of dollars 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 337 

in gold, and yet preferred being honest in a foreign land, with- 
out a cent." 

My conscience tells me that I did ony duty ^ — that I pro- 
tected the people, anxl remained faithful, to the last, to the high 
trust confided to me. I have always believed, and now I 
know, that the good people of Louisiana have not forgotten — 
no, never will forget — him who was ever true to them. 

With grateful feelings of undying friendship, I am, dear sir, 
Yours truly and faithfully, 

Henhy Watkins Allen. 

The following editorial greeting appeared in Allen's paper, 
Dec. 25th, 1866 : 

" CHRISTMAS COMES BUT ONCE A YEAPw." 

Before this issue of our paper readies most of our readers, tlie anniver- 
sary of our Lord and Saviour will have arrived. It is a day of rejoicing 
for the rich and tlie poor, the bond and the free, in all Christian lands, 
and even tlie captive in his lonely cell, if not permitted to participate in 
the festivities of this sacred and joyous occasion, will have pleasure in the 
recollections of the past. 

Christmas day ! On this day how many young hearts wiU leap with 
joy ! how many mothers and fathers will call round them their children, 
and, kneeling before the throne of the great Jehovah, thank Him for His 
continued blessings ! how many %vidows, clad in weeds of mourning, will 
gather their little ones close to them, and in humble supplication com- 
mune with the God of the fatherless ! how many exiles in foreign lands 
wiU kneel in prayer and ask their Heavenly Father to protect their wives 
and children, and their dear, dear friends far away ! 

On last Christmas we were seated in our executive chair, the chief mag- 
istrate of the great State of Louisiana — the Governor of a noble constitu- 
ency of lovely women and brave men. The Christmas before that we 
were a Brigadier-General in the field. On the next previous Christmas 
we were confined to our bed, given up to die, and suffering all the agonies 
of terrible wounds. 

To-day we are in this great city, editing this humble paper, and coining 
our brain into daily bread ; but, thank God, in good health — as it were 
rejuvenated — and now enjoying the hospitalities of the good and gene- 
rous people of Mexico. 

15 



838 eecolleCtions of . 

God bless the exiles, wlierever tliey may be, in this wide world of sor- 
row ; and may they, on the coming Christmas day, with grateful hearts 
thank all who have been kind to them in the land of the stranger. That 
heaven may bless our native land, and bind up the bruised and broken 
hearts, and dry every mourner's tear — is our sincere, our fervent prayer. 

City of Mexico, Jan. 1st, 1865. 
My dear Madam : 

I send to-day by a friend three packages of , and 

slips that you asked for, and a long letter for you. My 
friend will mail them in Havana. In the mean time, I 
send you this line by mail. Do you get Avearied of my fre- 
quent epistles ? I am afraid sometimes you may ; but I 
hope not. I write not only to gratify my own selfish 
heart, but to provoke your replies, which are so valuable to 
me. How good you are to write so often and so frankly ! I 
am so grateful to you ! I laughed heartily over your descrip- 
tion of . The political position is rather lugu- 
brious ! It is well that you are amiable, with such a sense of 
humor, such power of satire, and so much learning as you have 
crammed in that little head of yours ! This has been a great 
day in Mexico ; for I, like all others, have spent the day 
visiting, and am now (8 o'clock at night) very tired. I have 
been to the British Minister's, to Marshal Bazaine's, to Count 
De Nones,' and other places, till my poor wounded limbs ache 
terribly. Please send me a letter every month for publication. 
Don't be too severe in your criticisms on my poor versis to 
the Empress. You know I am afraid of your laughing satire! 
The Mexicans liked my poetry ; they say it " is good f but as 
they are not finished English scholars, I have some misgivings. 
I doiiH know. My dear friend, I am writing for breads and am 
happy to inform you that I am making a living, a good, respect- 
able living. I think I have obtained the respect and confidence 
of the people of this great city. The Empress has been very kind ; 
and I felt every line of the verses, ''Hf they do limp.'''' She is a 
great woman ; every one loves her. * * * I am keeping 
house ; my printers are living with me. We have Mexican 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 339 

servants, and I am learning to speak the language. I give 
English lessons, which helps me to get along. Yes ; I have 
" lived for iceeJcs on 25 cents — one meal — per diem." Who told 
you ? But that is all over now ; don't fret about it. How could 
I complain, "and tell you of it .^" how could you aid me ? As 
to what Buckner says about the climate, I can understand ; it 
is delightful, though ! I mn going away — going to Paris in 
May. My wounds trouble me greatly. 

If you should ever meet Miss • again, please say to her 

that I. have no matrimonial engagement with the lady she 
mentioned, nor with any other. My dear friend, what would 
I do with a wife ? I can hardly support myself in my exile. I 
always thought that marriage a mistake, ill-judged. I am 
sorry about it : I liked them both. But it is all a lottery, and 
who draws a prize is lucky indeed. This is the carnival season 
in Mexico ; the city is lilled with maskers, and music of all 
kinds. I send you a flower, and a piece of Cortes' " Tree of 
weeping /" it is a huge cypress-tree. What lovely paintings 
you would make of these flowers! You would make a book 
superior to your Louisiana one. I am very impatient to get 
" The Illumination," that song of Moore's. I like it so much ! 
and, illustrated by your skilful pencil, how valuable it will be ! 
Last evening, I went to hear the opera of Martha, when, at tlie 
close, "The Last Rose of Summer" was sung. I had to quit 
the theatre, almost in tears ; associations were too strong for 
me. It carried me back to Louisiana. * * * * 

If you should see " Vallery," tell him " howdy' " for me. He 
is a faithful and good servant, honest and true. 

Ever yours, 

H. W. A. 

" I have just had a letter from Sandidge. What a friend he 

is ! Give Governor H my regards. I am delighted to see 

him a director of the Citizens' Bank. The right man in the 
right place. If there ever was an honest man^ Governor H 



340 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

is one. I have made the acquaintance of but few ladies — I 
have no time : with me, it is work, work, work ; my daily 
bread depends on it. My paper is a success, but does not 
bring in much money yet ; but my wants are few, and I am 
comparatively happy. Don't worry about me — you can't help 
me. They say I will get relief m Paris. I am going to try it. 
Yes ! the Vv'omen are " like the Havanese^^ they are many of 
them " very fit," but at the same time pretty. " Don't I remem- 
ber old Mrs. Commonfort ?" Of course I do, and the pretty girl 
with the dark eyes, and fire-flies. How little I dreamed, in 
those days of sunshine, I should be here an exile in their native 
land ! The British Minister (Mr. Scarlett), has been very kind 
to me. I have received many courtesies at his hands. Thanks 
for the clippings from the iDCipers. How considerate you are I 
My regards to your good husband. 

Ever your friend, 

Henry W. Allen, 

Vera Cruz, March loth, 1880. 
My dear Friend : 

Your letters of February 16th, 18th, and 22d, with enclosed 
clippings from the New Orleans press, and letters for friends 
at Carlotta, all came safely to hand to-day. Many thanko for 
the same. I have already forwarded the extracts to the city 
of Mexico, to my paper. By the way, I regret so much you 
don't get the Mexican Times regularly. I know it would 
please you to have it. * * * * 

I return to the city of Mexico to-morrow, — in a few days will 
start for Europe. I go to consult a surgeon about my wounds, 
for I suffer a great deal, and there seems no remedy. I do not 
know how long I shall be gone. It will depend on circum- 
stances ; but after the surgeon gets through with me, I am 
determined to visit Jerusalem and the Holy Land, if possible, 
before I return. You shall receive letters from me written on 
the banks of the "Jordan flood." 

" Sweet fields beyond tlie swelling flood, 
Stand dressed in living green." 



HENRY TV ATKINS ALLEN. Bil 

Don't you remember the hymn ? 

I have a strange, romantic longing to bathe in the waters of 
that river, and to stand where Moses stood, and " view the 
promised Land." 

I always had this desire. Do you think it is superstitious? I 
am pretty certain you sympathize with me ; so I don't fear 
your laughing. I am- anticipating great pleasure in writing 
you the longest letters from all the interesting places. My 
paper will go on as usual. I will correspond w^ith it, and also 

with the . My signature is . By this means I get 

the money to travel. Mr. pays me so much per letter. 

This is a secret. Under this pay^ I hope to be able to travel 
twelve months, after getting through with tlie surgeon. I 
have received the letters you wrote about, but for a long time 

have had none from . When you write to Dr. Martin 

again, say to him that I have written him often since I left, and 
that I write him again to-day. There is an opera here at pre- 
sent — last night we had the Trovatore. There are so many 
pleasant recollections connected Avith it, tliat I enjoyed it very 
much. May Heaven bless and preserve you, my dear friend, 
is the prayer of 

Yours truly, 

H. W. A. 

P. S. — I shall send you a wooden cross made out of cedar of 
Lebanon, for your mantel-piece. You will like that. 

Vera Cruz, March 16th, 1860. 
Immigration is setting in fast to Mexico, in earnest. Every 
vessel brings many passengers as emigrants, from Tennessee, 
Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Missouri. 
There is land enougli for all the South, but they are slow in 
surveyiPig it ; and all those w^ho come here should bring some 
money. I fear there will be much misery among those colo- 
nists who come here without money. They had better stay at 
home. I am here for a few days on business. I find this a 
very agreeable place. Fish and oysters very good. I write 



342 RECOLLECTIONS OF 



this sitting in the window of my hotel, which looks out upon 
the sea. The view is beautiful. Old ocean roaring at my feet, 
and the great castle in front, keeping " watch and ward" in the 
deep blue sea. I shall be in Havana very shortly — shall expect 
letters there. We had Lucia di Lammermoor last night, and 
the melancholy music still rings in my ears, " Fra poco— me, ri- 
covero." How sad it is ! * * * 

I have just received a package of books from New York ; 
among them Poe's works. I opened it at the Raven. I find 
myself continually repeating this verse, — its melancholy senti- 
ment is most agreeable to me at times : 

" Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend, I shrieked, upstarting — 
Get thee back into the Tempest and the Night's Plutonian shore ! 
Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken ! 
Leave my loneliness unbroken. Quit the bust above my door — 
Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door ! 
Quoth the Raven, Never more." 

What a strange thing it is ! You can get my book of Travels 

from and , if you want it. Adios. 

H. W. A. 

Vera Cruz, March 17th. 

" I leave to-morrow, for my home in the grand old city of 
the Montezumas : will write you from thence. Adieu — God pre- 
serve you. I read 's letter you enclosed, with m.uch plea- 
sure, and no little amusement — it is so like Am, and he is so 
unlike anyoodif else. Oh ! dulce, dulce Domum ! But I re- 
ceive much kindness here : I ought to be very grateful. I am. 
My sanctum in Mexico is the headquarters of all Americans. 
I do not expect to be permitted to return, but I shall live and 
die an American citizen^ 

Whilst in Europe, in 1859, Allen purchased some valuable 
jewels — sleeve-buttons and studs, each composed of a single soli- 
taire diamond. He told me of them, in Paris, laughing at himself 
for being guilty of the folly of spending three thousand dollars 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 3i3 

in such " vai)i trifles y" but it proved a very wise investment 
for him. In the early part of the Confederate War — ^just be- 
fore he was going into a figlit — a friend called at his tent, who 
was^o quit tlie country and go to Cuba. As they were about 
to part, Allen suddenly recollected his set of diamonds, — took 
them out of his sleeves and shirt-bosom, and gave them, with 
his watch and some other valuables, to this friend, saying : " I 
am going into a fight, — I may be killed. I don't want the 
Yankees to get these. Take care of them for me ; and if I 
am killed, keep them for my sake." The friend took them. 
After Allen reached Mexico, and could communicate with Cuba, 
of course hisjewels were restored to him. These jewels, with 
the contributions from his friends in Louisiana, and I suppose 
something realized in Mexico by his paper, or in speculation, 
gave him a small fund to begin life with anew. But for some 
time he suffered a great deal from privation and want of means, 
immediately after his arrival in Mexico. He wrote me fre- 
quently, that there was abundant opportunity to make money, 
in almost any way, in Mexico, ''^ if one had a small capital to 
begin with.^'' 

" There is scarcely any thing that a skilful, ingenious man 
cannot accumulate means rapidly in, here." 

" Tell Mr. , with a very small capital he can make a for- 
tune in a few years." 

" Don't let anybody come without a little money ; but, with 
a little, one can soon make a great deal," 

He had some idea of investing a portion of his small capital 
in a vineyard near the city of Mexico, a share of which was 
offered him on very low terms, by a Confederate soldier turned 
vine-grower. I think he did so. All the Americans in Mexico 
were eager to aid him, in any way in their power. They saw 
how gallantly and unweariedly he breasted with his weak frame 
the adverse tide of fortune ; how indefatigably he labored ; 
how frugal and self-denying and liberal he was. Everybody 
was wiliii'.g 1<> oive him a helping baud. His paper was a suc- 
cess. It had been attempted several times before Allen under- 



344 EE COLLECTIONS OF 

took it ; but an English paper liad never been permanently 
established in Mexico. Few persons anticipated success for 
Allen, when, in the necessities of his condition, he agreed to 
conduct such a journal. 

He had excellent judgment in investments and all the mys- 
teries of trade and financiering, — qualities which, with his ex- 
aggerated sense of honor and his incorruptible integrity, made 
him a rarely efficient and valuable political economist. Had 
his physical strength been equal to the demands his resolute 
will iiau eiiercy exacted of it, laere is little doubt, had his 
life been prolonged, tiiac he wuuid have fulfilled the promise 
he calmly, and, as I wrote him, "so boastfully''' made in one of 
his letters to me : " Let them take my fortune^ 1 can onake 
another.^'' 

In November, 18C5, he wrote to his friend, Colonel D , 

very cheerfully, though, at this time, he was struggling with 

both pain and poverty. Colonel D , who was much troubled 

about him, had proposed to make a collection in the State for 
his benefit. Allen remonstrates with him : " Don't trouble 
yourself about raising a fund for me. I can work. I can live. 
I know there are many who would desire to help me that are 
not able, — the country is so ruined. I now labor twelve hours 
a-day over this newspaper, and am a happier man for it !" 

In a postscript to the same letter, he says : " The leys are 
giviiig loay. I suffer a good deal from the reopening of my 
old wounds. I think I will be compelled to have one ampu- 
tated:' 

I took one of his letters, in which he described the state 
of his v.-Qi^nus, and placed it in the Ir^nds of iJr. Vv'arren 
Stone, the famous Southern surgeon. Dr. Stone wrote a very 
kind letter to Allen, advising against amputation, and recom- 
mending him to consult a surgeon, a friend of Dr. Stone's, then 
in Mexico. Allen was very grateful to Dr. Stone for his 
friendly interest in him ; spoke of it several times, in his letters 
to me, with much feeling. He wrote veiy carefully of politics, 
either American or Mexican. He believed that Maximilian 



HE:N'Ky WATKINS ALLEN. 345 

, would be able to maintain himself. He thought a strong gov- 
"ernment best for Mexico. He considered Maximilian a very 
able man. As far as my personal knowledge goes, these were 
the opinions of nearly all the Southern people. Being an agri- 
cultural people, it is our interest to avoid disquiet and fanaticism 
in every way. It has always been our interest. Therefore, we 
are a patient people, contrary to the generally accepted belief 
of the Southern '•'• fire-eating T We do net like change. Our 
modes of life and thought are slow and old-fashioned. We 
have in our best circles much of the stately Spanish and French 
ceremony — none of the Puritan restlessness. If our men are 
sensitive and full of " vain chivalry, ^^ it is always, with them, a 
blow or defence according to the fixed rules of the Code of 
Honor. 

We therefore think any government, even despotism, better 
than anarchy or lawlessness ; so we approved of an empire for 
Mexico, if the 3fexicans desired one. Besides, Maximilian 
alone had ever shown towards ns the slightest sympathy. He 
did but little for our exiles; but he spoke to them kindly, and 
allowed them to attempt to make a living in Mexico. They 
were grateful, and so are we — their friends at home. 

Writing to him of my fears of a war with Mexico, on ac- 
count of the Monroe doctrine, on the part of the United States, 
and the consequent overthrow of the empire, which interested 
me only so far as it concerned the exiles, Allen replied, " that 
he did not anticipate war. The empire was probably secure 
against that, so long as France and Austria sustained it. He 
anticipated rather internal trouble from want of money, the 
finances were in such a low state. If any thing produced a 
failure, it would be want of money on the part of Maximilian." 

" Solon disait qu'il n'avait pas decrete aux Atheniens les meil- 
leures lois possibles, mais seulement celles qui leur convenaient 
le mieux. II y a tel peuple auquel il faut de mauvaises lois. 
Au reste, celles-ci ne sont mauvaises que par rapport a de meil- 
leures nations : c'est Texacte convenance des lois avec les ca- 
racteres^d'un peuple qui les rend utiles. Ainsi le despotisme 

15^ 



346 RECOLLECTIO^^S OF 

pent paraitre fort bon aiix Indes, mais uii gouvernement re- 
publicain y causerait peut-etre le coiuble des bouleverseiuens.'' 
One can readily apply these words to the condition of Mex- 
ico. A strong government appears almost necessary there. 
If Maximilian can't govern it, the United States will have to ; 
for it is and must remain a most wretched country in its per- 
petual anarchy of attempted self or partisan government. 

In October, 1865, there was an attempt made to elect Allen 
again to the gubernatorial office. As may be seen, from his 
own letters, he had no cognizance of this effort, as he had not^ 
until after that tlme^ received a single line from the United 
/States, except in iny letters I was in Maryland at the time, 
and knew nothing of the movement until after my return South, 
in November. His friends quashed the effort determinately, 
regarding it as disastrous to the reorganization of the State, 
and injurious to iVllen, being calculated to increase prejudice 
against him in Vv^ashington city. Allen thanked his friends for 
putting down the movement ; though now I think, perhaps, we 
made a mistake both for the State and our friend, who would 
have returned instantly, if elected, which he undoubtedly would 
have been, and would have been reconciled, as Governor 
Humphries and others have been. It would have been better 
lor Louisiana under his wise and efficient administration, and 
he would not have been killed by over-work, suffering, and an 
iingenial climate. 

To THE People of Louisiana. 

New Orleans, October 19, 1865. 

Fellow-Citizens— The friends of Ex-Governor Henry Watkins Allen, 
at an informal meeting, held in this city, with the full conviction that 
their course will be absolutely approved and endorsed not only by him- 
self, but by the people at larije, have announced him as a candidate 
for Governor of the State of Louisiana at the ensuing November elec- 
tion. 

You, our fellow-citizens, are well acquainted with Henry Watkins 
Allen. You know liis dignity of soul, his talents, his services, his sacri- 



HENEY WATKINS ALLEN". 347 

fices, the pure manhood and lofty chivalry that has governed every act 
of his past career, whether on the tented field or in an administrative 
capacity. You know him to be as true as steel, able, faithful, patriotic, 
and accomplished. Knowing these facts, we do not see that a lengthy 
recapitulation of his services is at all necessary. The mere statement 
that he is a candidate for Governor, is not only its own argument and il- 
lustration, but it will, we are firmly convinced, be deemed amply sufficient 
to induce a large majority of the voters of this State to cast their suffrages 
in his favor. 

Fellow-citizens ! Governor Allen is now an exile from home, kindred, 
and friends — from the State he has served so long and faithfully, and 
loved so well — although his return is anticipated within a few weeks. 
Ruined in his private fortunes, crippled in his limbs, but with a heart as 
proud, as noble, as unsullied, as ever beat within the breast of a human 
being, what a compliment, what a testimonial of gratitude it would be to 
elect him to the first office in the commonwealth ! The people of Louis- 
iana owe this to themselves, to him, to the country. The debt of grati- 
tude they are under could not be as well discharged in any other way. 

The idea that Governor Allen is ineligible, on account of the various 
positions he has held, wdiich will be sedulously circulated among you, is 
entirely erroneous. Henry W. Allen labors vmder no disabilities which 
will prevent him from filling the office of Governor. The taking of the 
oath of allegiance will qualify him to occupy any State office. He re- 
quires neither Presidential pardon nor amnesty. In illustration of this, 
in order to dissipate all doubts in the premises, we will simply mention 
that the Governor-elect of Mississippi, the brave and gallant General 
Benjamin G. Humphreys, will be inaugurated into office before this 
reaches you, although, at the latest dates, the official documents, con- 
taining his pardon, had not been received at the capital of our sister 
State. 

These being the facts of the case, we invoke our fellow-citizens, without 
reference to parties, nominees, or nominations, tt rally round the stand- 
ard of Henry W. Allen, and elect him to the Chief Magistracy of Louis- 
iana. It can be done, should be done, and must be done. 

In a few days, his friends in New Orleans expect to address you fur- 
ther on this subject; and, in conclusion, all they have to say is, that 
Henry Watkins Allen will serve as Governor of Louisiana if elected, all 
reports circulated by interested parties to the contrary notwithstanding. 

T. A. BARTLETTE, President. 

Vice-Preddents—3. G. Clarke, J. T. Baldwin, E. A. Rossy, M. D., H. 
W, Reynolds, J. C. Wingard, George M. Beamau, C. W. White, Henry 



348 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

Crean, W. IL Wells, Benj. R. Coleman, of Claiborne, A. J. Wagner, W. 
S. Grayson, of Ouacliita. 

Secretary — Jolin W. Overall. 

Corresponding Secretaries — Charles Deranco, J. H. Turner, F. Lance Du 
Free. 



Hexry Watkixs Allex. 

We regret exceedingly, at this time, that some of the friends of this 
distinguished gentleman have thought proper to place him before the 
people for Governor, at the ensuing election. ^V'e allovr no man living 
to hold Henry W. Allen in any higher esteem than we do. We knew 
him intimately, both in the field and the executive chamber — as a soldier 
and a statesman. We knew him as the friend of the soldier, and the 
protector of the citizen. As a man of noble impulses and high intellect- 
ual attainments, together with his indomitable energy, one might search 
the country over to find his peer. Yet, with this high appreciation of 
his character, we are utterly opposed to his election at this crisis. We 
oppose it on the ground that it is impolitic, and that it would jeopardize 
the rehabilitation of this State, by giving the Radicals an axe to chop our 
own heads off. To a reasonable mind, there can be no doubt, that if he 
were elected G overnor at this time, that the radical press of the north 
would raise a great hue-and-cry about the disloyalty of Louisiana, she 
having elected an exiled ex-rebel Governor. We oppose his election, 
again, on the grounds that it would be doing our present executive great 
injustice, and through him. President Johnson. We all know in what 
high esteem the Frer-idout holds Governor Wells, and what he has done 
for us through him, and what he expects us to do in return, without 
placing any vexatious diflSculties in his way. We do not go so far as to 
say, that we think the President would not pardon Mr. Allen, if elected ; 
but we do think this, that it is asking too much of him at this time. No 
doubt exists in our mind but what the President would pardon Henry W. 
Allen as a private citizen, and would take pleasure in doing it, provided 
he was in this country at the time of making the application. As it is, 
the President has his hands full, and it is ill-timed and ill-advised to ask 
him to strain another point. Primary meetings have been held all over 
the State, in which Governor Wells' course has been highly approved, 
and resolutions passed, pledged to his support. For the above reasons, 
we shall not vote for Henry W. Allen. We have no means of knowing 
who his particular friends are, who placed his name before the people, 
but we have good reasons for knowing that some of his most intimato 



HEN'EY WATKINS ALLEN. 3:1-9 

friends have witlidrawn it, as v/ill be seen by tlie following extracts from 
the New Orleans Star. The first is from E, W. Halsey, well known to 
our citizens as Governor Allen's private Secretary, when Governor of this 
State : 

New Orleans, October 17, 1865. 

Editoh Southern Star — Sir: I observe that some person or persoli^5 unknown 
have published an unsigned announcement of Henry W. Allen, as a candidate 
for the office of Governor, at tlie ensuing election. 

Tliis has been done without the Icnowledge of the very worthy and distin- 
guished nominee, who is now in the city of Mexico, whither he went some 
months ago in search of rest, for his shattered limbs, of respite from the burden- 
some toil of public service, and of restoration of his liealth, which care, and 
wounds, and hard work, in camp and in council, had greatly impaired. A-t the 
time of his departure, he neither wished nor intended to return to Louisiana 
until after the lapse of a considerable period, nor until the objects of his journey 
had been accomplished. He will he surprised at the sudden, spas.T.odio, and 
very unaccountable nomination, made in a manner so obscure and peculiar. 
After two conventions, representing parties, have assembled and adjourned 
without nominating him, the anonymous call of the writer of the advertisement 
referred to, will seem a little strange to the heroic exile. 

My past relations with Governor Allen, and my knowledge of his views and 
wishes, will warrant me in saying that the nomination so made will meet with 
liis decided disapproval. A fitting time will come to put forth that honored 
name for the suffrages of his admiring countrymen. In awaiting that time, his 
true friends will restrain their impatience, sensible as they are of his certain 
election to any position for which he may be offered. But on the other hand, it 
is very doubtful whether the unanimous votes of the adiuiring people of Louis- 
iana would induce liim to accept the Governorship under the so-called constitu- 
tion of 1864. 

With great respect, your obedient servant, 

E. \V. Halsey. 

The names signed to the following card are among the most intimate 
and warmest friends of Mr. Allen : 

New Orleans, October 17, 1865. 

The undersigned, intimate, personal, and political friends of Governor Henry 
"VV. Allen, believing that his announcement as a candidate for the gubernatorial 
office is made without his knowledge and consent, and that the same, under 
the present aspect of affairs, is extretnely ill-timed, impolitic, and injudicious, 
take the responsibility of doing what they are confident Governor Allen would 
do, if personally present, and hereby declare the use of his name, in this con- 
nection, to be unauthorized, and withdraw it. 

W. D. Winter, J. V. Duralde, J. M. Taylor, E. Mcllhenny, Wm. A. Austin, 
M. D., Richard Nugent, John H. New, Edwin L. Jewell, B. Haralson, J. M. 
Bradford, Duncan S. Cage, B. Chinn, Alexander Barrow, M. Favrot. 



350 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

The New Orleans Crescent, of the 24th ult., in speaking of Henry W. 
Allen, in connection with the Governorship of this State, says : 

*' For our own part, we yield to none in our respect, and esteem, and ad- 
miration for Henry W. Allen; and precisely because we entertain those 
sentiments we should be unwilling to see liis name and his fame sacrificed to 
the unreasonable impulses of inconsiderate, even if sincere, friends. We be- 
lieve that our people ought to vote for Governor Wells, because, from the pecu- 
liar circumstances in which he is placed. Governor Wells is the man by far the 
best qualified, in connection with President Johnson, to solve the problem of 
tlie political rehabilitation of Louisiana. That is by far the most important 
question before us. Lideed, it is the only question at this moment. To elect 
Ex-Governor Allen would so seriously complicate this problem, it would throw 
so many and so perplexing obstacles in the way, that its favorable solution 
might be indefinitely postponed. No one can see this result more clearly than 
Henry W. Allen himself; and no one would more profoundly and heartily de- 
precate it than he would. So far, then, from its being an evidence of friend- 
ship towards him to vote for him, such a course, we are sure, would incur his 
most decided reprobation. His worst enemy could not do him a greater injury 
now than to thrust him into the gubernatorial office, and thereby to identify 
this loved and admired son of Louisiana with a movement which, if it is not 
intentionally factious and disorganizing, is, at least, imprudent and mis- 
chievous." 



General II. W. Allen. 

The Young Men's National Democratic Association adopted the follow- 
ing preamble and resolutions at their meeting on Tuesday night : 

Whereas, The Young Men's National Democratic Association is convinced 
that the honored name of Henry W. Allen, in connection with the candidacy 
for Governor of this State in the present election, is being used without his 
knowledge, authority, or consent ; and 

Whereas, We believe that his name has been so brought forward by his ene- 
mies, and by the enemies of the National Democratic party, for the purpose of 
distracting and dividing its counsels, without any hope or desire of his election, 
but for the sole purpose of perpetrating a fraud upon the people of the State, 
by putting his name at the head of the Conservative Union ticket, and thereby 
obtaining votes for said ticket in remote parts of the State where its sinister 
ends and aims are not properly understood : 

Resolved, That while we yield to none in admiration of the character of Henry 
W. Allen, and look forward with pride and hope to the day when he will re- 
turn from his exile, and receive at the hands of a grateful people whatever of 
honor they may have to bestow ; yet we reprobate the use of his name, under 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 



351 



the present circumstances, as unwise, unjust, and unautliorized, and as hostile 
in intent and etfect to the true interests of the Deniocrutic party of the State' of 
Louisiana, and, above all, of Henry W. Allen himself. 

Resolved, That we warn all true friends of Henry W. Allen— among whom we 
are proud to be ranked — not to be entrapped by this " weak invention of the 
enemy,*' but to follow the counsel of Beauregard and Hays, and every other 
man in the State who might be supposed to have the interests of Henry \V. 
Allen at heart, and stand by the whole Democratic ticket. 

Resolved, That we await with impatience the time, not far distant, when we 
shall hear the voice of Henry W. Allen himself reprobating this insidious at- 
tempt to use him in his absence as a tool to further the ends of a selfish clique, 
with whose object he woald be the last to sympathize. 



Fred. N. Ogden, Pres. 

C. E. Fenner, Vice-Pres. 
J. E. Austin, Sec'y. 

H. M. Isaacson, Treas. 
N. T. N. Eobinson, 
L. L. Conrad, 
F. C. Zacharie, 
H. Bonnabel, 
Charles J. Howell, 
Wra. H. Cook, Jr., 
James K. Currell, 
E. S. Drew, M. D. 
Jos. Murphy, 
A. P. Simpson, 
Walter H. Rogers, 

D. C. Byerly, 
John F. Gruber 



James G. Gernon, 
Gabriel Correjolles, 
Thomas S. Maxwell, 
Frank Clarke, 
George H. Law, 
H. S. Cary, 
Richard C. Bond, 
James McCloskey, 
F. A. Earhart, 
Cartrigiit Eustice, 
W. J. Kelley, 
L. R. Simmons, 
Paul B. Leeds, 
George W. Simpson, 
Jeff. D. Van Benthuyseu, 
P. G. Mohan, 
B. F. Jonas, 



W. C. D. Vaught, 
W. P. Harper? 
S. S. Batchelor, 
L. L. Levy, 
T. L. Macon, 
Charles N. Morse, 
Francis Rawle, 
E. G. Gottschalk, 
John Wood, 
J. Wood Breedlove, 
Anthony Sambola, 
A. P. Beers, 
C. W. Culbertson, 
James Purviance, 
Thomas J. Dnggan, 
John C. Sinnott. 



City op Mexico, March 26, 1866. 

My dear Colonel — Your letter, enclosing the copy of one 
directed by you to President Johnson, has just been received 
on my return from Vera Cruz. The sentiments of true friend- 
ship therein contained are not only very refreshing, but truly 
grateful to my feelings in this land of the exile. I have never 
in my life met one to whom I have formed a greater attach- 
ment. Your friendships, I see, are as lasting as the grave and 



S52 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

as pure and disinterested as were ever implanted in mortal 
breast. My severest pang was in parting with you. Permit 
me, my dear friend, to thank you most sincerely for the deep 
interest you have taken in my welfare, and for the letter writ- 
ten to President Johnson. It is certainly my wish to return 
to the United States, and I would do so to-morrow, if I could 
with honor and safety, for I am still devoted to Louisiana and 
lier people; but I have long since given up all hopes of return- 
ing, as I have been advised that in my case the matter had 
been decided against me ; therefore I am making my arrange- 
ments to live permanently abroad, without any hope of ever 
seeing' my old and beloved friends again. It is my present in- 
tention to go to Paris in May, to have an operation performed 
on my wounds, which give me great pain. I am promised a 
permanent cure by going to a Paris surgeon. Write me to this 
city till 20th April, and afterwards to Paris. Please remember 
me kindly to Mr. Spyker, also to your family. With the hope 
that you may succeed in your new enterprise, and that God 
may bless you and yours, I am. Colonel, 
Yery truly your friend, 

Hexry W. Allen. 

P. S. — You are at liberty to say this to my friends, " That 
loherer.er I may be, in Europe, Asia, or Africa, Mexico or South 
America, and your letter should reach me, permitting my hon- 
orable and safe return, I will turn my steps homeward, and 
obey with a cheerful and a joyous heart the call of the good 
people of Louisiana." H, W. A. 



Letter from Governor Allen to a Colored Servant. 

The following touching and characteristic letter will be read with 
interest : 
To Vallery : City of Mexico, April 4, 1866. 

I have just received a letter from Mr. Texada, in Avhich he mentions 
your name, informing me that you were working at the State-House, and 
doing well. I am very glad to hear it, for you deserve to do well. I am 
also glad to hear that you have not forgotten me, for I think of you very 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEX. 353 

often, not only as my faithful sei-vant in former days, but as my compan. 
ion in arms, and on the battle-field. God bless you, Vallery. I don't 
know that I shall ever see you again, for it is possible I may never return. 
I am now just about starting on a long and painful journey to Paris, to 
see if I can't get well. I would like so much to have you along to assist 
me and cheer me up in my exile, but I have not the means to pay your 
expenses. You must be temperate, and prudent, and industrious, and 
save your money. If I am ever a rich man again, I will help you and 
make you comfortable for life. If you should see any of our people again, 
tell them that I send them all my love. I hope in God that I shall meet 
them all once more. 

Good-bye, Vallery. Remember my advice. You were ever true to me, 
and I will never, never forget your services. God bless you. 

Truly your friend Henry W. Allex. 

City of Mexico, April 2d, 186G. 
My dear Friend — I avail myself of the departure of Col- 
onel , of New Orleans, to write you this. He has been to 

Mexico to look about for land for himself and relatives, and re- 
turns without accomplishing his purpose. This I much regret, 
for he would have been a great accession to our colony. Many 
come out here, and return dissatisfied. I don't blame them, for 
with all your drawbacks, there are a thousand more comforts 
in the States than here. Those who have comfortable homes 
in Louisiana, should never leave them. Since I wrote you last, 
nothing of interest has transpired. We have just got through 
with Holy Week, and, my dear friend, such mummery you nev- 
er saw or heard of! For two days no carriage nor horse could 
appear in the streets ; no amusements of ;uiy kind could be 
indulged in : this was on Holy Thursday and Friday. But on 
Sunday we had bull-fights, and operas, and theatres in full 
blast ! ! ! I have, however, gotten used to all these things. 
Mexico is, I believe, the only country where living representa- 
tions of the Crucifixion are given. On Friday we had a naked 
Indian on the cross, as Jesus Christ ! The Indian was tied be- 
tween two others, representing the thieves ! This tableau 
was surrounded by others representing the Roman centurion 
and soldiers, with Pontius Pilate, dressed up, on his throne. 



354: RECOLLECTIONS OF 

All this mummery pleases the people very much, but the burn- 
ing of Judas seemed to delight them much more. 

I took a trip to Vera Cruz and Cordova a week or two 
since, but did not enjoy the trip much, as I became sick, and 
sullered very much ; am still quite unwell, and suffering ter- 
ribly from dyspepsia. I hope to get off during this month, 
and will write you from Havana. Judge P. is well, and push- 
ing finely ahead with his coffee-farm : he blacks his own shoes, 
and feeds and curries his own horse. He expects his wife and 

daughter in the fall. My regards to Mr. . Believe me. 

Very truly, your sincere friend, 

Hexry "W. Allen. 

P. S. The only recreation here is to go to the theatre or 
opera, or some show at night. The semi-barbarous people 
have no higher conception of social amusement : when I am 
able, I go too, but it grows wearisome. I would give the world, 
if I had it, to listen an hour to intellectual conversation ! ! 

City of Mexico, April 7th, 1866. 

My dear Mrs. Your letters of 1st and 6th March, with 

their enclosures, letters for Judge , etc., have been duly r& 

ceived. I am glad you like that little poem, " The Beggar's Pe 
tition," which was published in my paper. It was well re- 
ceived here, and complimented by her Majesty^ the Empress. 
And now that it receives your approbation, I am satisfied. 

I read the letters to , as you requested, and forwarded them 

to him to-day. My health has become wretched; I do not 
Jcnoio tchat a loell day is. The cUinate is too cool In this 
high altitude no one perspires without most violent exercise. 
Then the air is so rarefied that I cannot get my breath easily, 
at night, which disturbs my sleeping. As I wrote you, I am 
promised a permanent cure for my w^ounds, and all other ills, by 
going to a celebrated Doctor in Paris. I will leave this city dur- 
ing this month. Write me no more letters to Mexico. I will 
write you from Paris. I regret that my time has been so occu- 
pied that I could not prosecute my Spanish studies as I desired. 



HENRY WATKTNS ALLEN. 355 

I have, however, made some progress, and now speak the lan- 
guage a little, and read it much better. 

***** */r * 

I am now finishing Buckle's " Civilization of England." It is 
a wonderful book. If you have not already read it (and what 
book is there that you have not read ?) I recommend it to you. 
A good Catholic Priest from Louisiana — a chaplain in our old 
C. S. army — comes to see me very often, and we discuss jt9o^e?n- 
ics very freely. I gather much information from this learned 
and good man. 

A newspaper, however, is a jealous spouse, and exacts every 
attention to itself. I have labored faithfully and zealously as an 
Editor for eight months, and look forward with great pleasure 
to the time when I shall have a good holiday. In relation to 
my returning, it is useless for you, my dear friend, or any one 
else, to press this matter on Mr. Johnson. A parole I will gladly 
accept, but I would not beg for pardon at the hands of any mor- 
tal power. I bend the knee only to God. I don't think I have 
done wrong. I would like to return home, and would be a 
law-abiding citizen, if I could; but I hear the matter has been 
decided against me. My friend. Colonel Sandidge, of Shreve- 
port, sent me, a few days since, a copy of a letter which he had 
written to the President in my behalf. I replied, that when- 
ever I could return with honor and safety, I would do so most 
cheerfully ; and so I will / I am more than anxious to see the 
good people of Louisiana, who have honored me so much. At 
the same time, my dear friend, I must live, I nucst xGorh ! and 
make my arrangements for the future, without waiting any 

longer. Good-bye : my regards to Mr. , and to your Uncle 

John, when you write him ; he is a noble specimen of humanity. 
— I hope we may meet again. Truly your friend, 

Henry W. Allen. 

We have some American celebrities here. General has a 

most accomplished daughter. Slie is just out from England. 
She has the very finest voice out of Italy. She is a prodigy, and 
sings better than any Prima Donna I ever heard. Mr. Gray- 



856 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

son, frcm Louisiana, is here, painting the Birds of Mexico. Ho 
is equal to Audubon. The Empress patronizes him, and will, at 
her own expense, publish his work. Young Chapman, the son 
of the American painter, now in Rome, is here, busily engaged 
in sketching the ruins of Mexico. He bids fair to rival his 
gifted father. H. W. A. 

I shall positively be in Paris on the 1st of June. Write me 
there, care of 

I have written you a long, long letter, and no doubt annoyed 
you excesi^ively, by its scrambling style ; you will pardon it, as 
it is the last for many weeks ! 

Truly yours, H. W. A. 

This was the last letter from his hand. The last, not only 
" for weeks," but for Eternity. The higher and truer life was 
fast approaching, to lift the poor suffering exile far above all 
human ills ; to free him from his arduous struggles for daily 
bread — from the burning of fever — and the melancholy toss- 
ings upon his couch of jDain. His overw^orked, maimed, 
weary, halting step, was drawing near to its place of deep re- 
pose. Time, and its petty interests, were soon to fade upon his 
tired, closing eyes. Not upon the banks of the earthly Jor- 
dan, not in its holy floods, would he bathe his pilgrim-frame. 
But in the resplendent city, the heavenly Salem, he would 
shortly find glorious rest, and peace, and joy ; and be reunited 
with the spirits who had loved him dearest, in the changeful 
earth-life. 

In November, 18G5, as Governor Welles had shown great 
magnanimity and kindness of feeling towards Governor Moore, 
who had been his personal enemy for many years (political 
feuds run high in Rapides), — being throwm in social intercourse 
with Governor Welles, I took an opportunity to ask him to 
extend the same assurances to Allen, and to another friend of 
mine at Carlotta, an exile from Louisiana, that he had so gen- 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 357 

eroiislj done to Moore. After some delay, lie sent me a very 

courteous note, urging the return of , but concluding : "As 

for Governor H. W. Allen, I cannot advise his immediate re- 
turn, for reaso7is that I am not at liberty to communicate to 
any one in direct communication vnth liimr 

I forwarded this letter to Allen. It prevented his making any 
application for parole. I endeavored, in vain, to discover the 
peculiar circumstances connected with the case of Ex-Governor 
Allen, which could render him more obnoxious than any other 
Confederate leader in the South, to the Government. Becom- 
ing convinced that if the truth was fully known to President 
Johnson, and to the people, this prejudice, which I was sure 
was founded solely on political enmities and personal jealous- 
ies, would be done away, I yielded to the solicitations of 
Governor Allen's friends, seconded by his own expressed de- 
sire, and began to draw up a brief sketch of his life, and his 
career as a man, a citizen, a soldier, and a politician, which I 
knew could only redound to his honor and good fame, — 
though, in the frankness of a truthful biography, I feared I 
would necessarily be obliged to say many things that might 
perhaps vex and annoy my friend, who was by no means [»er- 
fect. Yet I was willing to trust the nobleness of his soul, and 
v/rite what would benefit him, even while it might wound his 
extreme susceptibility. Such was the origin of this biogra- 
phical sketch ; which I have had to re-write and amplify since 
his death. 

City of Mexico, February 10th, 18G6. 
My DEA.R H. : Your letter of the 20th January is just re- 
ceived, enclosing a memoir of Stonewall Jackson, by Mrs. . 

I shall publish it in the Mexican Times with the greatest plea- 
sure. What a wonderful woman she is ! How learned, how 
gentle, and kind, and warm-hearted ! Well, ray dear friend, I 
have read, with tears of gratitude, your entreaty for me to re- 
turn to Louisiana. I would cheerfully do so, for I know that 
my friends are true and sincere but I cannot until I am as- 



358 EECOLLECTIONS OF 

sured of a pardon, or a guarantee is given that I shall not be 
cast into prison, or otherwise persecuted. As much as I love 
Louisiana and her people, I would not voluntarily go into a 
loathsome prison, and be compelled to get on my knees and 
ask for pardon, for the privilege of seeing my old friends again 

31 rs. D writes me that there is no hope of my heing per- 

initted to return. I therefore shall make my arrangements to 
reside permanently abroad : still, I shall never expatriate myself, 
but shall live and die an American citizen. On the 8th of 
April, I will be in Havana on my way to Paris, in order to 
have an operation performed on my wounded limbs, for I am 

suffering tortures every day. I have written to Colonel 

to meet me with a few friends on that day in Havana. My 
paper will go on, under the charge of an able and discreet 
editor. I have sent you many copies of the Times, and hope 

they have gone safe to hand. My dear H , I often feel sad 

and depressed, although I have such a buoyant disposition ; you 
will say, " as the hart pants for the water-brook," so must I 
earnestly long for the land of devoted friends. I have, how- 
ever, so much to do, my time is so thoroughly occupied, that 
the " melancholy mood" soon passes ofll I send you several 
copies of my paper to-day. * * * * 

Our good friend, Mrs. D , writes me that she proposes to 

write my life. Now, my dear friend, I must ask the favor that 
you will review and correct the work before publication. Mrs. 

D will be delighted to have your assistance ; you have 

known me so intimately, so well, that I feel that my reputation, 
which must now go down to posterity, will be safer in your 
hands than in those of any other. Our friends in exile here 
are all making a living. Some farming, some employed on 
the railroad, some in counting-houses, stores, &c., &c. All, I 
am glad to say, are conducting themselves very properly, and 
are highly esteemed by the Mexicans. The colony at Cordova 
bids fair to do well. Judge is the agent of'the Govern- 
ment there, and is well satisfied with his prospects for a fortune. 
I consider this empire perfectly secure, France, and Spain, 



HENEY W ATKINS ALLEN. 359 

and Austria can't back out. Their honor is at stake. Your 
people are not prepared to go to war at present ; for the 
South, although overwhelmed, is not conquered. The spirit of 
the people cannot be subdued, although they willingly accept the 
new order of things, and will act in good faith. However, it 
is useless to disguise the fact, there is no good feeling between 
the two sections of the country. They can never again love 
one another, unless the persecuting spirit of the Radicals should 
give way to better feelings on their part. Adieu : may God 
bless you. 

Your sincere friend, 

Henry W. Allen. 

The request made of this friend, by Governor Allen (at my 
instance^) will be scrupulously complied with. This manuscript 
will be placed in his hands, and will, doubtlessly, be honestly su- 
pervised. Whenever Governor Allen speaks, in his letters, of 
accepting " a pardon," he means an amnesty^ or parole, not a 
special pardon, which he never asked for — nor I, for him. It 
can be seen from this letter, what influences prevailed, at this 
time, to prevent Governor Allen's return to Louisiana. The 
impression was made upon me that he could not return^ with- 
out danger of arrest, and I wrote him so. He relied the more 
upon this information from me, because I had so resolutely 
opposed his quitting the State in the beginning, and, he knew, 
was very desirous that he, and all our exiles, should return, as 
soon as possible, to their "homes. I can only acknowledge, with 
bitter regret, this false impression produced upon my mind by 
the words of Governor Welles, and others, I believed sincere 
friends of ex-Governor Allen. 

EX-GOVERNOR ALLEN TO HORACE GREELEY. 

[From the Augusta Sentinel, 25th.] 

To Horace Greeley, Esq., Editor of the Neio York Tribune : 

Sir : In your valuable paper of the 22d ult., and in subsequent num- 
bers, we are pained to see several articles written against the unfortunate 
exiles from the United States. We think it a very unfair, ongenerous 



360 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

and unkind spirit. The men of whom you have spoken so flippantly and 
so lightl}^ are many of them of your age, and deserve, to say the least, a 
respectful notice at your hands. We regret this the more, Mr. Greeley, 
because we always believed you to be honest in your political views, and 
above the miserable prejudices of the hour. That, while differing in 
political opinions from your brethren of the South, you had manliness 
enough to attribute to them equal sincerity of purpose. You upbraid us 
and abuse us for quitting our native land and coming to Mexico, when 
you knew very well that there was full many a Federal prison "gaping 
to receive us." When we left our country, all the Governors of the se- 
ceded States had either been arrested, or orders to that effect had been 
issued. It was also generally believed that every Confederate general 
and statesman would be arrested and turned over to the tender mercies 
of a court-martial. We can safely say that if a guarantee had been held 
out that we would not have been disturbed, none of us would have expa- 
triated ourselves. You, Sir, would have done just as we did, unless you 
had been desirous of wearing the martyr's crown. You first abuse us 
for being rebels, and then denounce us for settling in Mexico. Where 
else, in the name of Heaven, could we go? AYe could not go North, nor 
East, nor "West ; we were compelled to come South, as the only outlet 
for those who would seek refuge in a foreign land. When the Irish, 
Canadian and Cuban patriots — when the Hungarian, Polish, and Italian 
exiles fled to your shores, you. Sir, have opened you heart, and with true 
Christian philanthropy, you have extended to them your warmest sym- 
pathy ; but when your own countrymen, stripped of all their earthly 
goods, are expatriated, and laboring with their own hands for an hum- 
ble li\dng — for bread with which to keep life afloat — strange to say, you 
can find in your heart no sympathy, no word of encouragement — but 
rather the cold sarcasm and the ribald jest. 

We have been very kindly received by the Emperor Maximilian and 
the Empress Carlotta. They have permitted us, poor and penniless, to 
remain in this Empire, and to breathe the fresh, pure air of the lovely 
climate. They have exhibited to us the same generous sympathy which 
you and your government have ever shown to all «xiles from foreign 
lands. For this we are deeply sensible, and will ever feel grateful to 
their Majesties. Still, none of us have entered into the military service 
of the Empire. To our personal knowledge, many have applied for service, 
but the Emperor has invariably declined. Out of the large number of 
Confederates now in this Empire none are heard to denounce their native 
land. There are no juntas or secret gatherings to plot against the land 
of their birth. You have never seen, nor never will see in this paper — 
the Mexican Times — an editorial denouncing the United States Govern- 



HENRY WATKIITS ALLEK. 861 

ment. Now, Mr. Greeley, wliy can't you let us alone ? Sir, Christian 
charity, common decency and fair play would say, " Let tliem alone : wa 
are free of them : let them live and die in peace." We have never in 
jured you ; we don't know you ; we have no desire even to form your ac- 
quaintance ; but we hegyou to let us alone. We know that you hate us, 
and that if you had the power, you would not only persecute us to death 
in this world, but consign us to that lake in the next, " which burneth 
with fire and brimstone forever!" 

The man who has once been a slaveholder, and a rebel, can never enter 
" your heaven." In this very charitable judgment of yours, we believe 
that the Christian world will beg leave to respectfally differ ; for in their 
opinion George Washington and Stonewall Jackson stand to-day as well 
justified in the sight of Almighty God, as George the III. or Abraham 
Lincoln. We believe that the soldiers of the Federal and Confederate 
armies, who fell in battle or died of disease, will stand at the bar of God 
and be judged alike, irrespective of their political tenets. You, sir, havo 
arrived at the age allotted by the Psalmist, and must, in the general order 
of things, be soon gathered to your fathers. You will die rich — rolling 
in wealth, while the unfortunate men^ whom you daily abuee, Vv^ill leave 
behind them scarcely enough to secure a decent burial. 

We say that the time will soon come when you shall die and be bu- 
ried. We will meet, for each must appear before the Great Judge, to an- 
swer for the sins committed on this earth. You will stand forth as the 
wealthy Mr. Greeley, with a copy of the late Tribune — the work of your 
long life — and you will thank God that you are not like the rebel slave- 
holder, at whom you will point with scorn and contempt. We will ap- 
pear with our broken sword in hand, and kneel for pardon at the mercy- 
seat. God will judge us both. 

Now, Mr. Greeley, we must part tiU that great day — the day of wrath 
— when we shall meet face to face. There was once in the classic land 
of the East, a prophetess who foretold the downfall of her native land, 
but her countrymen refused to believe her until too late, when her proph- 
ecy was accomplished. She said 

" The day shall come — that great avenging day— 
"When Troy's proud glory in the dust shall lay : 
When Priam'.s power and Priam's self shall fall, 
And one prodigious ruin swallow all." 

The text is in Homer ; you can make your own commentary. We 
have Been the aged grandsire, not like Belisarius, begging in the streets, 
but working with his own hands for his daily broad ; we havo seen the 

16 



382 EECOLLECTIONS OF' 

noble, middle-aged soldier, -svlxo had faced death on a hundred battle- 
fields, toiling- from " early morn to dewy eve," to earn a few dollars to 
send back to his yomig wife and babes. We have seen men who had 
filled high political stations and been aa honor to their country, submit, 
without a murmur, to all the discomforts of cruel poverty and exile. 
We have seen the brave exile stretched upon his dying bed, and as his 
hour of dissolution approached, we have witnessed his tears of affection, 
and heard his farewell words and messages sent to kindred and friends in 
fatherland. But for all this you have no sympathy. You will answer 
with a ribald sneer, or a " fool-born jest." You may have been right in 
suppressing the Revolution, but no man or woman who has one particle 
of C'hristian charity left in his or her bosom, will sustain you in persecu- 
ting the conquered South, or pursuing with such vindictive hate the pa- 
triot exiles. 

We have the honor to subscribe ourselves, respectfully, your obedient 
servant, 

Henry Watkins x\llp:n. 

Alarmed at his increasing sufifering and ill-health, and know- 
ing the desire of the people of Louisiana that he should re- 
turn to them, and his longing love for his own country, — which 
evidently grew deeper and deeper as the sorrows of sickness 
and exile pressed more and more upon him, — I determined to 
take some of his letters and have them placed in the hands of 
President Johnson, in order to relieve Governor Allen from 
the reproach of contumacy and violent personal antagonism, 
which I was aware had been brought against him, and preju- 
diced the authorities in regard to him. I took some of his 
letters, which are included among those published in this col- 
lection, and had them given to my friend, Mr. Reverdy 
Johnson, of Maryland, who promised to place them in the 
hands of the President of the United States, asking at the 
same time a parole for Ex-Governor Allen. I received the 
kindest assurance from Mr. Johnson, to whom I now desire to 
express my own obligations, and those of the friends of Ex- 
Governor Allen, for his sympathy and interest in this matter. 
My letters, enclosing these hopeful assurances of a speedy per- 
mission to return home, never reached my friend — he died 
before they could arrive at their destination. L'homme se 



HENRY WATKINS ALI^N. 863 

propose, mais Dieu dispose! Perhaps it was better so! His 
life, had it been continued, might have been complicated, and 
more troubled. He could scarcely have kept out of political 
life had he returned to Louisiana, and that career is very sad 
now for Southern patriots ! 

Allen said once : " Death is not a welcome messenger at 
any time, or in any shape. The Arabs have a parting bene- 
diction : 'May you die at home among your friends!' It is 
hard even thus to die ; but, oh ! how much more painful it is 
while those we love the dearest are widely removed from us !" 

It was his own fate he so sadly prefigured. But he did not 
die alone y he had kind men about him — exiles like himself — 
to minister to his simple wants, and to smooth, with trembling 
hands, the hard pillow of Death. 

When sick in London, in 1859, Allen wrote of his illness 
there: 

"In a strange land, far away from home, from kindred, and 
from friends, the heart yearns for even one familiar, kind face. 
If ever friendship's hand is w\anted, it is then. If ever affec- 
tion's smile is needed, then, oh, then, is the time." 

The Confederate Exiles gathered around his couch. An 
aged Louisiana planter, Mr. Le Blanc, nursed him with all the 
tenderness of a father. Major Edwards tells the rest : 

" City of Mexico, July 18th, 1866. 
*' My dear Madam : 

" Your letter, dated May 30th, is just received, and I hasten 
to reply to it. I can assure you nothing could give me more 
pleasure than to answer the questions you have asked, and to 
gratify one of whom Governor Allen always spoke in the 
highest and warmest terms. 

" Governor Allen named me his executor — that is, he desired 
that I should continue the publication of the paper, and fulfil 
his obligations with the Government. This I am doing to the 
best of my ability. * * h^ * * 

" I think he knew he was going to die, although he never al- 



36i . EECOLLECTIOKS OF 

Indcd to it. For nearly a month, he became gradually weaker 
and weaker, suffering all tlie pain and all the irritation of acute 
gastritis. I was witli him when he died — had been with him 
during liis entire residence in Mexico. He was perfectly calm 
duiing his wliole illness; talked very little about himself, and 
very little about any thing. He left no particular messages 
to any one but to mo. Many and many times, before his death, 
he would speak of you, Madam, with warm interest and affec- 
tion. He spoke of Louisiana, his many friends, and took the 
greatest interest in hearing of their prosj^erity and success. 

" His lungs were not affected, nor did he complain much of 
his wounds. His physicians think it Avas a breaking down of 
the whole system, which culminated at last in a severe inflam- 
mation of the stomach. His death was very unexpected to 
every one, but his natm-ally vigorous constitution had been 
destroyed almost completely by exposure and terrible wounds. 
* * * « ^ ^ ^. 

"Captain Thompson, of Louisiana, Colonel Broadwell, of 
New Orleans, Major Laurence, of Missouri, and myself, waited 
upon him night and day. One of us was in his room all the 
time — we never left him alone. 

" All that the devotion of friends, the science of medicine, 
and the influence of money could do, was done — but done in 
vain. One bright, mild, tropical Sunday morning, with the 
soft whisperings of the breeze, and the chiming of the cathe- 
dral bells coming in through the half-opened window, he 
breathed his last. One short, sharp struggle, and all was over. 
% ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 

"The stars of his rank, a silver goblet, and one or two other 
little remembrances I have given to Judge Perkins, at Cordova, 
M'ho, before I had received your letter, asked me for them, 
that he might send them to you." 

Henry W. Allen died in the City of Mexico, on Sunday, 
April 22d, at 11 o'clock, a. si. 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. . 865 

PTe -'.vns biiiiocl in his gray iinilbrm. He roqiiestcd Mfijoi* 
Edwards to use tlie little means he had in Mexico to carry out 
the oblio-.'itions he Imd contracted in establishing his paper, 
considering liiniself bound to meet these responsibilities as far 
as lay in his power. There was about ten thousand dollars, 
which all belonged to the paper. Governor Allen died poor. 

One of the wisest of modern poets has beautifully said: 

" Om* birtli is but a sleep and a forgetting. 

TIae soul that rises with us, our life's star, 
Ha'tli liad elsewhere its setting. 

And Cometh from a&r ; 
Not in entire forgetfulness, 
And not in utter nakedness, 
But trailing clouds of glory, do we come 
From God, who is our home : 

Heaven lies about us in our infancy ! 
Shades of the prison-house begin to close 

Upon the growing boy, 
But he beholds the light, and whence it flows — 

He sees it in his joy : 
The youth, who daily from the East 
Must travel still, is Nature's priest. 
And by the vision splendid 
Is on his way attended : 
At length the man perceives it die away. 
And fade into the light of common clay." 

This is very true of most men, but with Allen it was not so. 
The " vision splendid" never faded or died out with him ! In 
all the struggles of his chequered career, in all the trials of 
prosperity and wealth, in all the hardening strife of human 
vanity and ambition, in all the heavy responsibilities which 
were devolved upon him, in all liis intercourse with men, in 
which he so often experienced envy, and coldness, and ingrati- 
tude, in all the ve,xations of poverty, in all the sadness of ban- 
ishment and exile in a foreign land, in all the sorrow of 
a patriot weeping over a ruined country and a destroyed 
people, — he never lost his faith in man and in God ! Trusting, 



see RECOLLECTIONS OP 

believing, hoping to the Inst, in humanity, in truth, in goodness, 
in Divine love, he passed without bitterness, with resigna- 
tion, though with regret, from an earth that was ever dear to 
him, loving still, and still beloved, to the realization of the 
truth of "the splendid vision," the only, the real ///e, "the 
consciousli/ eternal /" To ayacpov ! To KaXov I 

In an old military note-book, which he seems to have kept 
in 1862, marked with his name and that of his regiment, I find 
a few leaves scored with bits of prose and verse, which give 
some idea of the coloring of his solitary musings, when in the 
midst of the bustle of camp. 

There are several copious extracts from the Liturgy of the 
Episcopal Church, such as the Confession of Sins, the Lord's 
Prayer, followed by the pleading words of the Prodigal Son, 
"I will arise and goto my Fatiier, and will say unto Him, 
Father, I have sinned against heaven, and before thee, and 
am no more worthy to be called thy son." This sentiment 
he repeated in one of the last letters I received from him, al- 
luding to a little poem of his, that T liked— a slight thing, only 
•worthy of remark from the tenderness of the sentiment ex- 
pressed in it, which I insert here, not to be criticized, but 
simply as being characteristic. 

The Beggar's Petitioit. 
The night was dark — the ^vind was cold. 
As up Francisco's street we went. 
A beggar, shiv'ring in his rags, 
On us a piteous look lie bent ; 
He spoke in moaning, whining phrase, 
And begged for alms, so very sad. 
He said, oh ! Seiior, pity me — 
" Seiloj' ds me caridad." 

Still en we went, and next we saw 
A woman with her little child ; 
And as the mother begged for bread. 
The little thing upon us smiled ; 



i 

i 

HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 367 ,; 

:i 

It seemed to us, as if 'twould say, i 

" My motlicr slie is almost dead. 

Oh, Seiior, pity, pity her — 

" SeFior, de me caridad." i 

Our hearts were softened at the sight — 

The heggar-mother and her child — : 

She seemed so wan, so thin, so white, I 

And still the infant on us smiled. 

We -pwi, our hands into our j^urse. 

We gave the woman all we had, 

And as we passed away, she said, I 

" lie hendito sea su caridad." \ 

Reader, you and I some day ; 

Must rest beneath the grassy sod ; I 
Our spirits will ascend above. 

To meet, perhaps, an angry God ; ■ 

And when the Book of Life is ope'd, i 

That shows our acts both good and bad, 1 

Oh, then in anguish we will say, < 

" SeTior, de me caridad." \ 
City op Mexico, Jan. 20, 1866. 

I 
On the pnges of tins note-book, there are one or two verses 

from Mrs. Hemnns' Casabianca, several mournfal ones from 
Gray's Elegy, and the following lines : 

J 

" The glories of our birth and state ] 

Are shadows, not substantial things ; : 

There is no armor against Fate, 1 

Death lays his icy hands on kings. I 

Sceptre and crown ] 

Must tumble down, j 

And in the dust be equal made < 

With the poor crooked scythe and spade. j 

Some men with sword may reap the field, ] 

And plant fresh laurels Avhere they kill ; \ 

But their strong nerves at last must yield — 

They tame but one another still ; ! 

Early or late i 

They stoop to Fate, ; 



S68 EECOLLECTIONS OP 

And must give up tlieir murmtiring breath 
When they, pale captives, creep to death. 

The garlands wither on your brows. 
Then boast no more your mighty dust : 

Upon Death's purple altar now, 
See where the victim-victor bleeds. 
All hands must come 
To the cold tomb. 
Only the actions of the just 
Smell sweet and blossom in the dust." 

** Teach me to feel another's woe. 
To hide the fault I see : 
That mercy I to others show. 
That mercy show to me." 

Allen's sense of religion was so high, that he proposed to 
Colonel Sandiclge, when he formed his Gubernatorial house- 
hold, to have iamily prayers, — offering to read the service him- 
self every day. But thinking it might be irksome to some of 
his household, he abandoned the idea. He had profoundest 
respect for all the prescribed aids to leading a moral and Chris- 
tian life. 

A lady writing me from New Orleans, who had recently 
come from Texas, where, in our refugee life, she had grown 
familiar with Governor Allen and his universal charities, gives 
me the following anecdote, which I permit her to narrate in her 
own words : 

" Could I see you, I would give you an interesting anecdota 
illustrative of the goodness of your friend, Governor Allen ; but 
perhaps I can write it, without, however, conveying the effect 
of the gesticulations and grief which accompanied the words of 
the actor. Last week, walking down the street, I met a poor 
woman with a basket containing about a quart of plums. She 
stopped me and entreated me to buy them of her. I did not 
want them, and was passing on, when she entreated me so 
pitifully to take them, that I stopped again irresolute. The 
woman now went on to say that she had a sick husband, and 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 369 

she v\MS very anxious to buy a little tea and bread to take him. 
She was so enger, and, apparently, honest, tliat I hesitated, 
tliougli not in tlie habit of listening to street-beggars, I did 
not want the plums, but I gave her a small piece of money. 
Slie thanked me most warmly, and then said : ' If you please, 
perhaps, ma'am, you could tell me some way to get a letter 
sent to Governor Allen, in 3Iexico P ' Governor Allen ! Wliy, 
poor woman, he is dead ! — been dead some time !' * Oh, Lord ! 
Lord !' she cried, and fell on her knees in sudden grief, tears 
streaming down her cheeks, wringing her hands, 'then I don't 
know what to do ! My last friend is gone. Unless he prays 
to God in heaven to send us help, I don't know what to do !' 

" Then she went on to say, ' Oh, madam, he was the saviour 
often of us poor women, in my neighborhood, while our hus- 
bands were in the army. Every one of theirs was killed, and 
mine was brought home a cripple, and is confined to his bed 
for life, because he was shot in tlie back, and his spine is hurt. 
Before Governor Allen went to Mexico, he had supplies sent 
us all, and gave us some money, and now he is dead — gone to 
heaven ! Oh, Lord ! Lord !' She rocked herself on her knees ; 
her lamentations were most piteous. I need not tell you, who 
know ray high admiration of the noble man whose death she 
wept, that my own tears were falling as fast as hers, by this 
time. I gave her some more money. Her grief was so great, 
she was going home without the necessaries for her hushand, 
until I reminded her of it. She told me she and her husband 
were both members of the English Church. I advised her to 
apply for aid to one of the rectors in the city, giving an ad- 
dress. She went off weeping." 

In an oration upon Governor Allen's death, Judge Land re- 
lated the following anecdote : 

"I was in the p]xecutive office, in company with two or three 
other gentlemen, when a large, fleshy, uninteresting looking 
female made her appearance. She was, she said, the wife of a 
a Confederate soldier, Avhom she had not seen for a long time, 
as he was on duty in Virginia, or some other distant point ; 



370 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

had several young children, ^vho, with herself, were in deep 
distress for want of the necessaries of life. She closed by ask- 
ing the Governor to give her an order n[)on the State Commis- 
sary and State store for such articles as she most needed. The 
Governor stated, in reply, that lier husband was not in* State 
service, and that he could not give her relief, at least in his offi- 
cial capacity ; that a great many similar cases came before him 
every day, and that it was impossible for liim to relieve the 
wants of all. He advised her to get work, and she would soon 
have the means of support, etc. On this refusal the woman 
burst into tears, got up, and left the office. The Governor sat 
perfectly silent for a short time, seeming to have something on 
his mind that was not very agreeable. We all endeavored to 
engage him in conversation, but our effi)rts were in vain, he 
■was still silent. At length, addressing one of the young men 
acting as page, he said: 'Follow that woman, and request her 
to walk back to the office.' In a iew moments the young man 
appeared with the woman. She wore a sorrowful countenance, 
and there were signs of deep distress. ' Make out,' said he, to 
one of the secretaries, ' an order upon the State Commissary 
for six months' rations for this woman and her family,' at the 
same time, with great tenderness and delicacy, asking the 
woman her name. The rations included bacon, flour, corn- 
meal, rice, sugar, molasses, etc. At the same time he directed 
an order to be made out for such drygoods as she might at 
the time require ; to finish the good work, he pulled out fifty 
dollars and gave her. And in order that the woman should 
get the articles as soon as possible, and without trouble, he 
ordered one of the young men to go with her, and see that she 
was promptly attended to. The woman was very thankful, 
and the Governor resumed his usual cheerful and agreeable 
manner, but he made no remark whatever about the woman. 
It is well known to every one that was much about the Execu- 
tive offices, that the Governor had a severe trial of his patience 
and good temper, as he was beset from morning until night 
by all sorts of characters, asking all sorts of favors. I used to 



np:>:RY watkixs allen. 871 

hear one of the young men in tl»e office say that no one sliort 
of the })atience of Job could endure the trials of tlie Governoi'. 
He would liave to sit for hours, and listen to the tale of some 
uninteresting old woman ; he was importuned for cotton and 
wool cards ; he was asked for this favor and that favor, and in 
all sorts of ways and in every variety of manner he was an- 
noyed and troubled by every variety of character." 

Two days and a half after the death of Governor Allen, Mr. 
Le Blanc, who had nursed hini so faithfully in his last moments, 
exhausted by grief and fatigue, died, and was buried by tlie 
side of the friend he liad loved, and followed so soon to "the 
better land." 

On the receipt of the intelligence of Allen's death, the people 
of Louisiana expressed much feeling of grief and disappointment. 
Meetings were held in New Orleans, and a committee organ- 
ized to request his remains to be restored to his sorrowing State. 
Every mark of respect that affection could prompt was eagerly 
offered to his memory in all parts of the State. The following 
correspondence explains itself; 

New Orleans, La., May 18, 1866. 
General J. Banhhead Mngruder : 

Sir — The death of Henry Watkins Allen, late Confederate Governor 
of Louisiana, being annou^ced here, a meeting was held at the St. Charles 
Hotel, last evening, to provide for the removal of his remains to Louis- 
iana. A copy of the proceedings is enclosed. Being requested by the 
meeting to correspond with some friend of Governor Allen in the city of 
Mexico, I write to you for the information which his friends desire to 
obtain. They wish to know when the municipal authorities and clergy 
of the city will permit the body to be disinterred and removed, and the 
proper steps to be taken in order to obtain such permission, with the 
view of sending an agent or committee at the proper time. 

It is the universal desire of the people of Louisiana to pay some fitting- 
tribute to the memory of him who, when living, was loved and honored 
by them for his generosity, his spotless integrity, his bravery, and for 
his untiring efforts to relieve the distress of the people. 

They admired in him the general and hospitable citizen, the honest 
and pains-taking legislator, the chivairic and efficient soldier, and the 
energetic, pure, magnanimous, and most capable cliief magistrate. Dia- 



873 EECOLLECTIONS OP 

appointed in their clierislied hope of his speedy return, and deeply 
pained by the news of his death, they now earnestly desire that his hattle- 
Ecarred corpse may be brought home, and buried where his mourning 
countrywomen may strew their flowers, and where his brother heroes 
may raise his monument. Your aid and counsel in this matter will be 
duly appreciated and gratefully remembered. 
Yours very respectfully, 

E. W. Halset, Secretary, etc. 

Mexico, May 29, 1866. 
To Mr. E. W. Halsey, New Orleans, La. : 

Sir — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of tho 
18th inst., informing me of the universal desire of the people of Louis- 
iana to pay some fitting tribute to the memory of our friend, the gallant 
and noble Allen, ex-Confederate Governor of that State, and requesting 
me to obtain and forward all the information necessary for the disinter- 
ment and safe removal by his friends of the sacred remains to New 
Orleans. 

I am much gratified that yon, representing, as secretary of the meet- 
ing, the sentiment of those who assembled at the St. Charles, to do honor 
to the gallant dead, should have addressed yourself to me, as none loved 
him more warmly during life, or mourned him more sincerely in death 
than myself. 

I feel a melancholy pleasure, therefore, in participating, though from 
a distance, with my beloved countrymen of Louisiana and New Orleans, 
in assisting, however slightly, in doing honor to the memory of one who 
so sincerely loved, so heroically defended, and so sadly sufiered for his 
country. 

The moment I received your communication, I called in person upon tho 
proper officer, tho Prefecto Politico, of this city, and delivered the letters of 
his excellency the Governor of Louisiana, and his honor the Mayor of 
New Orleans. An extraordinary mail leaves in an hour for the British 
steamer at Vera Cruz, and I hasten to enclose his answer in Spanish, not 
having time to translate it. 

It will be seen that after taking certain precautions, which are de- 
Bcribed, and which are of easy execution, there will be no difficulty or 
obstacle to the removal of the remains. 

A metallic coffin can be procured here. If one be sent from New Orleans 
there will be much delay, uncertainty, and expense of transporting it 
from Vera Cruz to this city, particularly during the rainy season. The 
body can be sent down by a wagon-train, escorted by whomsoever may 
be sent from New Orleans ; or I might procure from Marshal Bazaine, to 



HENRY WATKINS ALLEN. 8T3 

wliora our deceased friend was well known personally, an escort of 
lionor, taking advantage of the first convoy wliicli may go from here to 
Vera Cruz, after the arrival of whomsoever may be sent to Mexico to rc- 
cslvo and attend to the remains. If no one be sent, I will transact the 
whole business, and send a trustworthy person with the body to New 
Orleans, if it be desired. 

I would offer to pay all the expenses, but I am sorry to say that it is 
far beyond my means, or any which I can command. Should the friends 
of the deceased desire that I should carry out their wishes here, it will 
be necessary that funds to enable me to do it be placed to my credit. 

The Prefecto Politico of the city of Mexico requests me to say that he 
will avail himself of an early occasion to acknowledge properly the com- 
munications with which he has been honored by his excellency the Gov- 
ernor 01 Louisiana, and his honor the Mayor of New Orleans. 

Begging that you will offer my sympathy in their bereavement, to the 
friends who are thus manifesting their respect for the memory of a sin- 
cere patriot, who died, though in poverty and exile, esteemed by all, I 
have the honor to remain, with respect and regard. 
Your obedient servant, 

J. Bankhead Magrxjder, 

P. S. — Governor Allen's remains are enclosed in a wooden cofiin, and 
repose in the American burying-ground near this city. Since writing the 
above, I have been officially informed that they cannot be removed until 
October next, for sanitary reasons. 

It would be well, however, to have all things in readiness on the ar- 
rival of the committee, if one be sent. 

It will cost, as I am just informed, about $300 to disinter the body, dis- 
infect it by official physicians, and put it into a zinc or copper coffin. 

In order that the removal may take place soon, which I think better, I 
will apply to the ministry and let you know by next mail. 

J. B. M. 

[Translation.] 

Mexico, 28th of May, 1866. 
Sir — Pressure of time will not allow of my replying by this opporttmity 
to the communications of the Governor of Louisiana, which you were 
pleased to forward to me yesterday, the 27th inst., with your attentive 
letter of that date. I shall with pleasure take the first opportunity of 
doing so. In the mean time I have to assure you that there will be no 
difficulty whatever about the exhumation of the body of the late Henry 
W. Allen, formerly Governor of Louisiana, always provided that the con- 
ditions prescribed in the permit which I have the honor herewith to send. 



374 RECOLLECTIONS OF 

be observed, as those directed by tlie Board of Ilealtli, whom, as was my 

duty, I consulted upon tlie subject. 

I have the honor to subscribe myself. General, your obedient servant, 

M. A. CAMPErvO. 
Gen. J. Eankhejid MagruJer. 

[Translation. 1 
No. 4492.] 

The Political Prefect, in conformity with the decision of the Central 
Board of Healtli, has been pleased to grant the necessary permit for the 
exhumation of the body of the late Henry W. Allen, the following con- 
ditions being observed : 

1st. Under the direction of a proper ofTicer employed by those interested, 
and provided always that the body shculd be in a coffin and zinc case, 
two holes shall bo made in the top of the tomb, one above, and one 
belovv' ; additional care being taken if the body should be in a wooden 
case. 

2d. Through the upper hole shall be passed a tube for the introduc- 
tion of chlorine, which shall be at once evolved by the process of Guyton 
de Morveau, under the direction of the said officer. 

3d. After this famigation shall have been carried on for some time, 
the top of the tomb shall be removed and the coffin shall be taken up, a 
new one being in readiness to receive it, without its being opened. 

4th. The coffins being thus disposed of, they shall be covered with tar- 
paulin closely adhering to the wood, so that not the smallest space of the 
joints shall be uncovered, 

In virtue whereof, carrying out the present order of the Political Pre- 
fect, for the purposes desired, at the same time giving the requisite author- 
ity to the officer employed for the exhumation, after this shall have been 
concluded he shall give to the said Board of Health an account of the re- 
sult of the act. 

Charles Zayala, 

General of the Prefecture. 

The line of steamers from Vera Cruz to Xew Orleans offered 
the use of any of their vessels to transport the honored remains 
to New Orleans free of charge. An appropriate place of burial 
will be selected, and the a.shes of Henry W. Allen will rest in 
the land he loved, suffered, and died for in exile and poverty ! 

I have followed with tireless hand the life-history of my noble 
friend from his cradle to his grave. My task of affection and 
patriotism is now ended. 



HENRY W ATKINS ALLEN. 375 

With a sorrowful but not hopeless henrt, I breathe the three- 
fold vale, sighed only over graves — the farewell for all Time — 
but, God be praised, «o^ /or Eternity ! For tlie iaiih of the 
Christian sends forward bright gleams, piercing even the daik 
gloom of mortal dust and decay; and still, with constant love 
and grateful remembrance, we may pray lor our friend, com- 
mending his soul to Him who is the " God of the Living, not 
the dead." 

*' Eternal rest grant mito him, O Lord, and let thy per- 
petual light shine upon him!" 

Amen ! 



FINIS, 



APPENDIX. 



MESSAGE OF GOV. HENRY W. ALLEN, 

TO THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF L0UI3LVXA. — DELIVERED AT 
SHREVEPORT, JANUARY 2GtH, 1864. 

Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Bepresentdthes : 

The Constitution requires that the Governor shall, from time to time, 
give to the General Assembly information respecting the situation of the 
State, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he may 
deem expedient. I now proceed to comply with that duty. 

MILITARY. 

I recommend that the Executive be authorized immediately to call into 
the field, and to officer, a regiment to consist of five hundred jnounted 
men (to be increased to one thousand, if necessary), to be called " The 
State Guard." In many of the border Parishes of this State, there is 
neither military nor civil law, and crimes are daily committed with im- 
punity. The Confederate authorities cannot correct these evils, and the 
Executive is at present powerless. It would be the especial duty of this 
force to arrest all offenders against the laws, and generally to act as con- 
servators of the peace. In times like these, the Executive should always 
liave in hand a strong equadron to protect the citizens against bands of 
lawless men, and follow up crime with certain punishment. With five 
hundred mounted men, well officered, armed and equipped, more good 
service can be rendered the State than with the entire militia. 

The present militia law is a nullity, there being no method provided 
for its enforcement. It is certainly the duty of every citizen, rich or 
poor, old or young, when his country is invaded, to rally in the defence of 
that country. Our people are all ready and willing to do this ; but they 
have a natural aversion to going into camps of instruction. Besides, the 



378 APPENbix. 

policy of the country evidently demands that they should stay at home 
and raise crops, and prepare clothing for the army. 

No la^v in any Government can he well executed, unless it meets pop- 
ular approbation. I submit to your superior intelligence the synopsis of 
a bill, the details of wliich shall be cheerfully communicated to your 
Military Committees ; 

1st. Enroll every able-bodied white male in the State, between the ages 
of fifteen and fifty-five. 

2d. Arm and equip every enrolled man ; and until arms can be had, 
repair those now in the hands of the people. 

8d. Give the Executive full power to call out the militia or any part 
thereof — provided they shall not be kept in the field longer than sixty 
days at a time. 

4th. Adopt the Army Regulations and Articles of War of the Confede- 
racy, as far as practicable, for the government of the militia. 

It is not intended by this bill, that the militia shall ever be called to 
the field as regular troops. They are to be kept at home, and held in 
readiness for the purpose of checking the raids and incursions of the 
enemy, by land or water. The repeal of the substitute law by Congress 
will greatly reduce the militia of the State : still, that militia, by the bill 
proposed, can be rendered very efiicient, at little cost to the State. 

INTOXICATING LIQXJOES. 

The General Assembly, at its last session, very wisely enacted a law 
prohibiting the distillation of intoxicating liquors, except from fruit. 
This had a most salutary efiect. There is still a crying evil in our midst. 
We are importing daily from neighboring States large quantities of alco- 
holic poison. The efiect of this poison upon the community is most lam- 
entable. I need go no further than this capital, or show you the long 
record of crime brought on by intoxication. In the army it is worse — 
nine-tenths of the arrests and punishments are caused from intoxicating 
liquors. I therefore urgently recommend that you enact a law prohibit- 
ing, under severe penalties, the importation or sale of intoxicating liquors 
in this State, except for medicinal purposes. The fathers and moth- 
ers of this State will " rise up and call you blessed," for such a law ; and 
the good people generally will hail it with delight : for it will save many 
a gallant young soldier from punishment and disgrace, and, in these reck- 
less times, give peace and quiet and security to all. " Lead us not into 
temptation," is the Saviour's prayer. Then, take this tempting poison 
from before our young men. . The use of ardent spirits is a luxury — 
nothing more, nothing less ; and our patriotic people will most cheerfully 
dispense with that luxury during the war. Besides, the trade now car- 



APPENDIX. 379 

ricd on in liquors is diverting a large capital into improper cliannels, 
wliicl), instead of Leing used for the good of tlie country, is flooding 
the laud witL poison, and death, and crime in all its horrid shapes. 
It may be urged that such a law will be a dead-letter on the statute- 
book. To this I will simply reply, that if you should, in your wisdom, 
see proper to enact such a law as here suggested, it shall be executed. 

soldiers' wives and soldiehs' families. 

Liberal appropriations should be made for the soldiers' wives, and the 
widows of those gallant men who have fallen in our service. In my In- 
augural Address, I fully set forth their claims to your protecting care. 

The Executive should be authorized to make an arrangement with the 
commanding General of this Department, for the purchase of government 
corn ; which should be distributed from the several depots of the State, in 
such quantities as will supply the wants of these deserving ladies, and 
their children. Their husbands are either in the army, or have died as 
brave soldiers for us. It is, therefore, the sacred duty of the State to pro- 
vide for their families. 

IMPRESSMENT ACT. 

In every portion of the State, the people are complaining most bitterly 
of the manner in which the Act of Congress, known as the " Impressment 
Act," is executed. The duty of the officer who impresses private prop- 
erty is plainly laid down, and a severe penalty is denounced against all 
who do not comply with the provisions of the law. In numerous instan- 
ces, no appraisement whatever has been made — no facts legally ascer- 
tained, in regard to the necessities of the family ; but, uotAvithstanding 
the protests of the injured parties, the Confederate officers have, in a per- 
emptory and insolent manner, taken the property, simply leaving their 
receipts for the same. This must be stopped. It shall be stopped. It 
has ia a great measure estranged many good citizens, who have ever 
looked upon our army as the protectors of the country, and the conserva- 
tors of the laws, and not as an armed mob, who daily break the very laws 
they are specially ordered to execute. The Executive is naturally looked 
to for protection. You should therefore enact a law, punishing by im- 
prisonment in the State Penitentiary, any oflicer, non-commissioned offi- 
cer or private, or other person acting or purporting to act under author- 
ity from the Confederate States, who shall seize, take, or impress i)roperty 
in this State, contrary to the laws made and provided by Congress. In 
order that the people may know their rights and redress their wrongs, 
five hundred copies of the " Impressment Act" should be published and 
distributed among the parochial authorities of the State, 



380 APPENinx. 

WOUNDED AND DISABLED SOLDIERS. 

As yet tlie Congress of tlie Confederacy lias not passed a " pension act." 
"SVc have many wounded and disabled soldiers, who have been discharged 
from the army, and are now wandering from parish to parish, living up 
on the charities of the public. It is our sacred duty to take care of these 
disabled veterans. They have given to their country health, youth, and 
manhood — all but life itself. Many have left their limbs upon the field, 
and are now unable to earn a living for themselves. They are emphat- 
ically the children of the State, and must be protected and provided for 
in this their hour of need. I recommend that you enact a law giving to 
each soldier who enlisted from this State, and who has been wounded or 
disabled in the service of the State or Confederacy, the sum of eleven 
dollars per month, to be paid every two months. In order to carry out 
the provisions of this act, a Commissioner should be appointed — a 
bonded officer — whose duty it should be to make a record of all the 
wounded and disabled soldiers of the State — to draw, upon his own war- 
rant, the several amounts that may be due each one, and remit or pay 
over the same without any expense to the recipients of this act. 

COTTON-CARDS AND MEDICHTES. 

One million of dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, should 
be appropriated for the purchase of cotton-cards, by a commissioner. And 
when purchased, they should be distributed by him among the ladies of 
the State for personal use — in order that every white female in Louisi- 
ana, above the age of eighteen, shall receive a pair of cotton-cards free of 
cost and charges. We have no power-looms or spinning-machines in the 
State. The raw material is carded and spun, and warped and woven all 
by hand. This immense labor is cheerfully performed by our fair coun- 
trywomen. Their cards wear out in course of time, and must be re 
placed. They cost sixty dollars a pair. I appeal to you, gentlemen of the 
Legislature, as the guardians of the people, to come to the relief of your 
mothers and sisters, who toil unceasingly to clothe the soldier and the 
citizen. With grateful hearts they will accept this donation, and it will 
cheer them on amid all their trials, to more patriotic exertions, if pos- 
sible, in behalf of our holy cause. 

An appropriation of five hundred thousand dollars should be made for 
the purchase of medicines, by a commissioner appointed by the Governor 
— and when purchased, they should be distributed to the practising phy- 
Eicians of the State, who shall, under bonds, be required to administer 
the same at cost and charges to their patients, I am receiving letters 
continually from the most respectable physicians, informing me that their 



APPEin)IX. 38 1 

patients are suffering for medicines. I cannot urge upon you too strongly 
tills appropriation. The physicians ask it — all classes in the community 
call for it — humanity itself demands it. 

JUDICIARY. 

Wherever the enemy has not taken possession of our territory, tho 
Cour'iS are regularly held and justice dispensed to all. There have been 
but few conflicts with the military authorities, and whenever they have 
occurred, I am happy to state that the Courts have been respected and 
their decisions cheerfully acquiesced in by the Commanding Generals. 
In some parishes of the State no Courts are held, and crime is frequently 
committed with impunity. I recommend that you enact a law authoriz- 
ing the removal of all persons arrested for any crime or misdemeanor, 
from these parishes to any parish in tho State, for trial, where the 
Courts are held regularly. 

CURIIENCT OF THE STATE. 

I recommend that you enact a law that all persons holding the State 
Treasury Notes shall be permitted, in a given time, to come forward and 
receive State bonds for the same, payable in twenty years after peace is 
declared, and drawing sis per cent, per annum interest — interest payable 
annually in Confederate Treasury Notes. I further recommend that 
whenever the State shall require funds to meet its ordinary expenses or 
your appropriations, the Executive shall be auihorized to cause to be is- 
sued the bonds of the State, conditioned as you may prescribe, which 
bonds shall be negotiated with the authorities of the Confederate Govern- 
ment, or other parties, for their Treasury Notes. My object is to with- 
draw entirely from circulation State notes, and in lieu thereof substitute 
those of the Confederacy. I further recommend that all corporations bo 
compelled to call in their issues of notes, and redeem the same within 
ninety days, and that the Treasurer of the State be required to issue five 
hundred thousand dollars in change notes, from ten cents up to one dol- 
lar. At present the merchants and shopkeepers, bakers and butchers, 
have on hand a large amount of uncurrent parish paper, and the citizen 
who takes a journey through the State returns home with his pockets 
filled with this ununiform currency. This should not be the case. It 
can be easily remedied by the. passage of the above Acts. The change 
notes can be made redeemable at the Treasurer's oflice, in Confederate 
notes, when the sum of ten dollars is presented. 

During the continuance of the war, I do not deem it advisable that the 
State taxes should bo collected by compulsory process. Many persona 



383 APPENDIX. 

havo not tlic means of paying their taxes, particularly the refugees from 
home and those who reside in tlie border parishes. The sheriffs will find 
it difficult, in some of the parishes, to give bond, and, in the unsettled 
condition of the country, it will be unsafe to deposit the taxes with irre- 
sponsible parties. For this reason the State Treasurer should be author- 
ized and required to receive and receipt for all taxes that may be volun- 
tarily paid in by any person who may have been legally assessed. 

FREE PERSOXS OP COLOR. 

I fully endorse most of the recommendations made to the General As- 
sembly by my worthy predecessor ; but doubt the propriety of touching 
the laws of the State, giving to free persons of color the privilege of tes- 
tifying as witnesses in our courts of justice. They are mostly natives 
of the State — were raised in our midst — and are entitled to our protec- 
tion. They are generally a quiet, peaceable, and industrious population. 
Many have acquired wealth and respectability, and are good and loyal 
citizens in every respect. They have suffered heavily in this war, and, 
in many instances, have been made the special objects of brutal treat- 
ment by the enemy. I know of no case on record wherein the cause of 
justice has suffered, or the public has in any manner received detriment, 
by the observance of these laws. Instead of disturbing them, they should 
be protected in all their legal and constitutional rights, and be required 
to bear the burdens of this war equally with our fellow-citizens. I there- 
fore recommend that every able-bodied, free, colored male, in this State, 
between the ages of fifteen and fifty-five, be enrolled and held subject to 
the orders of the Executive, to be employed by the State in shops and 
manufacturing establishments, and to perform such other duties as may 
be assigned them by the Executive. 

INTERNAL RESOURCES. 
There never has been a geological survey of the State, and conse- 
quently no one knows its hidden wealth. I am credibly infonned that 
large quantities of lignite, iron, lead, and the sulphates are to be found in 
the northern parishes. The iron ore is said to be very rich, containing, 
it is reported, sixty per cent. I respectfully call these facts to your atten- 
tion, and recommend that the Executive be authorized to send competent 
and experienced persons to examine thoroughly into these matters. If it 
should be found that we have these valuable minerals in abundance, then 
the Executive should be clothed with discretionary powers to give to the 
people their immediate benefit. Our noble sister State, Texas, has done 
much towards developing her resources. Her Legislature has made the 



APPENDIX. 383 

most liberal appropriations, and her citizens are now mining Avitli great 
success. To her alone we must lock now for all the iron we use. Of all 
tlic metals, it is the most important. Both the civil and military depart- 
ments require it in large quantities, and without it our fields cannot be 
cultivated, nor our armies put in motion. I shall take great pleasure in 
meeting your joint Committees, who may be intrusted with this impor- 
tant subject, and give them much valuable information. 

•WHAT DEPRECIATES CONFEDERATE MONEY ?-HOW 13 THE MATTER TO BE 
REMEDIED ? 

When we reflect and look carefully into this grave subject, we will find 
that Confederate Treasury Notes are not so much depreciated as many 
seem to think. Confederate money was never intended to be used in 
foreign countries. It was issued as a cui-rency — a circulating medium for 
this Confederacy alone — as such, it has answered its purposes, under all 
the circumstances, very well. So long as we have an army of three hun- 
dred thousand men to pay, and feed, and clothe, and arm, and equip — so 
long as every State is a military encampment, and every village a barrack 
for soldiers — so long as we make war upon the immense scale that we 
are now compelled to adopt, there must be a very large circulation of 
some kind of money. This cannot be prevented. Contraction of that 
circulation at present will not reduce the price of any one article now 
most needed in the community. To-day, in Louisiana, land and corn are 
just as cheap as they were before the war. Why ? Because there is 
plenty in the market. Negroes, and horses, and cattle are about three 
times as high. Why ? Because the market is not so well supplied as 
heretofore. Nails, and axes, and cooking utensils are almost worth their 
weight in gold. Why ? Because there are none for sale. If it were 
possible to reduce the currency to one hundred Confederate dollars in this 
Department, a pound of nails could not be bought for that sum of money. 
Why ? Because they are not to be had at any price. Let us carry this 
argument out a little further. A bushel of corn is worth to-day, in the 
market, two dollars. It will make one gallon of whiskey, and that gal- 
lon of whiskey is worth one hundred dollars ! Why ? Not because the 
Confederate money is so bad, but because the bad whiskey is so scarce. 
A pound of cotton can be purchased for twenty cents — in the same mar- 
ket a yard of calico will bring ten dollars ! Not because Confederate 
money is worthless, for it buys the cotton, but simply because we have no 
manufactories of cotton cloth in the State. My belief is, that, all things 
considered, we have carried on this great struggle for three years very 
well with Confederate money. I shall not inflict upon you a long essay 
upon the currency, nor advise that Confederate notes shidl or shall not 



384: APPEl^DIX. 

bs made a legal tender. This is not the panacea for our troubles. Tins 
will not reduce liig-li prices in articles of prime necessity. The only 
method, in my judgment, to benefit the currency, is to follow the exam- 
ple that has been set us by Texas. Encourage manufactories of all kinds. 
Bend all your energies to the manufacturing of every article needed at 
home or in the field. 

If zeal and activity and sleepless energy will aid yoiv, you shall havo 
my hearty support. Call into requisition every idle man and woman in 
the State, who wants work. If necessary, take every fifth negro woman, 
and put her at the loom, and take every fifth negro man and put him into 
the shop, and, in a few short months, you will find a far difierent state 
of things. Ploughs and hoes and axes and cooking utensils, shoes and 
boots, and hats and clothing of every kind, will all be as cheap as they 
were before the war began. Stock the market well with these necessary 
articles, and then Confederate money will buy as much as gold and silver 
did in former days. 

I am fully aware that too much Confederate money is now in circula- 
tion. The taxes will absorb a large amount, and it is hoped that Con- 
gress will, at its present session, make provision for a further curtailment. 
But whatever action Congress shall take in the premises, let us do our 
duty. You are the guardians of the currency of this State. Call in every 
dollar of State money ; that will be so much good done in the right di- 
rection. Let the currency be uniform. Let there be no invidious com- 
parisons between State and Confederate notes. Then turn your earnest 
attention to manufactories of every kind. Start the hammer and the 
loom. Let the furnace smoke and anvil ring. Stimulate capitalists to 
embark in these industrial pursuits at home ; for while the blockade 
stands you cannot get such articles as you now need so much, unless you 
make them yourselves. If one-half of the capital that has been sent to 
foreign lands, in running the blockade, had been invested in manufacto- 
ries at home, our country would be this day in a far better condition. I, 
therefore, finally, recommend that you establish " a Mining and Manu- 
facturing Bureau" (to which may be attached a Laboratory for preparing 
indigenous medicines), and place at its head men of intelligence, of en- 
ergy, and undoubted honesty. This is a great undertaking ; but we are 
a great people, and should be equal to any emergency. On the field wo 
are the equals of any in the world. Let us learn a lesson from the enemy, 
and profit by their example. They manufacture every thing at home. 
It is not too late for us to begin. We have immense resources. We can 
save the currency and the country. We will. It rests with you to say it 
shall be done. 

It is my sincere desire that your deliberations may be harmonious, and 



APPENDIX. 385 

that all your actions in behalf of the State of Louisiana shall be guided 
by wisdom from on High. Henry W. Allen, 

Governor of the State of Louisiana. 
SnREVEPOKT, La., January 26, 18G4. 



GOVERXOR AlLEX AND MISSOURI. 

Marshall, Texas, 22d Feb., 1865. 
Editor of the Caddo Gazette : 

Sm— At the suggestion of several Missourians, I ask you to publish 

the subjoined correspondence. Confident of the ultimate redemption of 

our State, we exiles of Missouri will not forget kindness shown us by our 

Confederate brethren ; and the name of Henry Watkins Allen will be as 

a household word througliout her limits. 

I am, sir, very respectfully yours, 

Thos. C. Reynolds. 

Marshall, Texas, 1st Feb., 1S65. 
To Bis Excellency II. W. Allen., Governor of the State of Louisiana: 

Sir— I embraced an early opportunity on my return from Missouri last De- 
cember, to thank you in person for the generous contributions of the noble 
people of Louisiana, at your invitation, during the last summer and fall, in aid 
of the gallant Missourians in the Confederate armies. 

It is again my pleasant duty to thank you for the language, as eloquent as it 
is terf^e, in which you allude to them in your late annual message to the legisla- 
ture of your State. As the constitutional Executive of the oppressed people of 
Missouri, I beg leave to assure you, and through you your constituents, that 
the munificent aid and liberal hospitality of Louisiana to Missouri's soldiers 
are as gleams of the brightest sunshine amid the gloom of their long and weary 
exile from their cherished homes. From personal intercourse with them I 
know that they fully appreciate the many kindnesses shown them by Louis- 
ianians, and especially by yourself, their warm-hearted and public-spirited 
Governor. 

You generously assure those patriotic soldiers that ".the citizens of Louisiana 
Lave adopted them." They could have no nobler or better fosterage ; of its 
excellence you yourself, once a ^Missourian, are an illustrious example. But 
Missouri does not surrender her interest in you : she claims, with pride, that 
the qualities which developed in the genial atmosphere of the sunny South, 
have given you an enviable national reputation for foresight, ability, energy, 
and patriotism, received their earliest culture in her own clime. 

\Yith Beritiments of the highest esteem, I have the honor to be, sir, 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

Thos. C. Rey>'old3, 
Governor of the State of Missouri. 

17 



886 APPENDIX. 



Executive Office, ) 

Shreveport, La., Feb. Dth, 1865.) 
His Excellency Thomas C. Eej/nolds^ 

G(rcernor of Missouri : 
Dear Siu — Your very kind letter of tlie 1st instant, tendering me your 
thanks, in the name of your State, for my humble efforts in behalf of the gal- 
lant and patriotic Missourian.'?, is received. It is, sir, my only regret that I 
have not had it in my power to do more for those who have done so much for 
our sacred cause. Whenever I find a Missourian, he is my brother. I shall 
extend to him the right hand of friendship, and stand by him with all the as- 
sistance at my command. 

With assurance of my highest regard, I am. Governor, very respectfully, 
your obedient servant, 

Henry W. Allen, 
Governor of Louisiana. 

Letter of instruction to Colonel , who was engaged to go to Louis- 
iana for State service. 

Colonel .* 

Sir— To carry out the idea and purpose of your return to Louisiana, I have 
to suggest that you make yourself fully acquainted with such branches of me- 
chanical business as may, under your superintendence, and with our means, be 
established and carried on in Louisiana. 

Of things that may be useful I will mention : the construciion of furnaces and 
rolUng-mills for the reducimi of scrap-i?'on mto bars ; of pig-iron into malleahU 
or icrought-iron ; rf irorii brass, and copper into wire ; of machines fur making 
nails and tacks ; spinning-machines, reducing the raw seed-cotton into spun-yarn ; 
machines for making cotton-rolls i turning canteens of wood ; making and turn- 
ing %oood.en water-buckets ; machines for rifling cannon. 

The turning of canteens and water-buckets has been carried on in Columbus, 

Georgia, by Colonel N , who will give you any assistance or information. 

In the same town you will find machines for making nails, making spades, 
shovels, fry-pans, buttons, knitting socks, etc., etc. If you are in Mobile, it might 

be well to see a small machine invented by G. S , living on F street, 

between M and N. H streets (the machine was at Campbell's Cotton 

Press), and made lieads to spikes for boat and ship building. E. B , of 

Manchester (near Eichmond), has a foundry and machine-shop, and has made 
nail-machines for the " Old Dominion Iron Works." 

We are anxious to have machines to make cotton-cards, but unless we can 
make the wire for them, don't see how they conld be made very useful, but think 
there will be no difficulty in our putting up the spinning-machine alluded to — 
if no wire-cloth is used in their construction : with enough of them, cotton- 
cards would not be used. In Louisiana we have a few of such spinning-ma- 
chines. I have seen excellent ones made by Peirce, of Cincinnati, Ohio. To 
do all this, expenses necessarily incurred will be paid by the State, and I 



APPENDIX. 387 

leave in your hands one thousand dollars in interest-bcarinsr notes, and will 
place, either m Montgomery or Mobile, of which you will be informed, an ad- 
ditional sum of four thousand dollars, to be used in defraying expenses, and 
buying outfit to carry yourself and family to Louisiana, next fall or winter, 
wdien you may be ready,— your travelling outfit becoming the property of the 
State on arrival there, Avhen you will be employed at the rate of pay you are 
now receiving from the State of South Carolina. And, in the mean time, 
should your present compensation be reduced by such time as may be required 
to carry out the object herein stated, it will be made good by the Governor of 
Louisiana. 



New Okleans, Marcli 1st, 1864. 
j[7ie Ladies of Neio Orleans, to Ms Excellency H. W. Allen, Governor of 
Louisiana : 

With beating hearts have v7q read your greeting to the citizens and 
ladies of New Orleans. Its manly and independent tone, sends a glad 
thrill through every vein, and all eyes will watch eagerly for the spring- 
time, which shall shed light and joy, after this "winter of our discon- 
tent." It is almost happiness to know, that outside of this iron thraldom, 
" wherewith v/e are darkly hound," there are brave hearts, and stalwart 
arms, to battle for our glorious cause, not as a desperate, and hopeless one, 
but with strong and earnest confidence in its success, and stern determina- 
tion to be a free and independent people, upon whose proud escutcheon 
shall rest no spot, no blemish, to mar its purity. God in his mercy grant 
us no long-deferred heart-sickening hope, but a speedy sight of the gray- 
coats, which, though coarse and threadbare, are more precious to lis than 
the gorgeous purple and fine linen of tlie East. But if distant the day, 
still will we strive to be patient and cheerful under our trials, and with 
God's help will do our part, praying with fervent heart for " the time 
when the singing-birds shall come, and the voice of the turtle be heard 
in our land ;" for then " shall break forth with joy, and sing together," the 
waste places of Louisiana, for the Lord sliall have comforted and redeem- 
ed his people. 

Office Vice-Consul of France, 
Baton Rouge, La., May 28th, 1862. ! 
Commodore Farragiit, Commanding U. S. Navy, off Baton Rouge : 

Sir — In temporary absence of the Mayor of Baton Rouge, and in the 
recess of the Council of the same City, I am rquested and authorized by 
the citizens to say, the attack which was made on one of your small boats 
this morning, and the subsequent firing on one of your vessels, were 
made by a troop of mounted men from the country. 

Tlie citizens, therefore, wish that the city may not be held responsible, 



388 APPElfDIX. 

and thousands of unprotected women and children exposed to the dan- 
gers of a cannonade and bombardment, and driven from their homes, in 
consequence of proceedings which they could not control. As early as 
possible, no doubt, the authorities, or the citizens, will send a communi- 
cation to the Rangers, urging them to avoid compromising the safety 
of the women and children, and the security of the property of the city, 
by skirmishing with your forces within the city limits. In the mean- 
while it is hoped and expected, that hereafter, should you deem it proper 
to cannonade or bombard the city, you will give timely notice for the 
withdrawal of the women and children, and all non-combatants." 
With high respect, 

I remain sir, your obedient servant, 

L. BONKECAGE, 

Vice-Consul de France. 



The following reply was sent to the Consul by Commodore Farragut : 

I 



U. S. Flag-Ship Hartford, 

AT ANCHOR OFF BATON EODGE. ■ 



To the Vice-Consul of France, Baton Rouge : 

Sir— In reply to your communication of this morning, I have to state, 
that no one could have been more surprised than myself at the wanton 
attack made upon my small unarmed boat, with an officer and four boys, 
while attempting to land at the foot of one of your streets. I felt assured, 
at the time, that it must be the act of some lawless band, as I had re- 
ceived assurance from the Mayor and Council, and even from many of the 
citizens of Baton Rouge, that every effort would be made by them to pre- 
serve order, and prevent any overt act that might in any way compro- 
mise their town. Hence you may easily imagine my surprise at the salu- 
tation we received this morning. Notwithstanding the provocation, how- 
ever, I did every thing in my power to avoid the destruction of either life 
or property, of the citizens of Baton Rouge. I endeavored, as far as prac- 
ticable, to inflict the punishment Avhere it was due. 

Should there be no further attack upon us, there will bo no necessity 
for my firing upon the town ; but I cannot promise that when attacked I 
will not return the fire ; but you may be assured that if time and opportu- 
nity is given, you shall have due notice for the removal of the women 

and children. 

I am, very respectfully, sir, 

Your obedient servant, 

D. G. Farragut, 
Flag-officer Western Gulf Blockading Squadron. 



APPENDIX. 389 

[Copy.] 
You will deliver to Mr. James E. Terrell, U. S. Treasury Agent, all 
books, papers, and records in j'our hands, of tlie Confederate Treasury De- 
partment, or affecting in any way tlie State cotton. Mr. Terrell will re- 
ceipt you for tlie same. 

(Signed) F. J. Heekok, 

Major-General. 

Shbeveport, June 7th, 18G5. 
Received of J. M. Sandidge, one box, said to contain all the papers ap- 
pertaining to purchase of cotton in the State of Louisiana, by the agents 
of theso-called Confederate States Government. 

(Signed) J. E. Terrell. 

The papers referred to by Mr. Belknap are in my possession, as they 
were received by Governor Allen. It was supposed that these evidences 
of indebtedness would be turned over to any party representing the 
State authorities succeeding Governor Allen ; but if such course is inad- 
missible, an order from the proper military authorities of the U. S. wiU 
direct what disposition shall be made of them. 

(Signed) 3 no. M. Sandidge. 



THE MEXICAN TII>IES. 

We find in the Mexican Times of the 10th February a very interesting 
article from the pen of Governor Allen, entitled " The Ptomance of War." 
The Governor says, that after the capture of New Orleans a brigade of 
Federal troops was sent up to Baton Rouge, and thence to his excellency's^ 
plantation, Allendale, to quarter upon the country. He describes the 
colonel commanding this brigade as a good soldier, who controlled his 
troops as well as volunteer troops could be controlled, and permitted no 
such acts as Butler encouraged to be performed within his jurisdiction. 
But the Governor complains that the Federal colonel, on leaving his 
premises, took away with him a very fine white saddle-horse, and a new 
English double-barrel gun. The brigade was sent up to assist in the at- 
tack on Vicksburg, under the command of General Williams. Failing 
in this, it was sent back to Baton Rouge, where, a few weeks afterwards, 
it was engaged in one of the bloodiest battles of the war — the battle of 
Baton Rouge, fought August 5, ISGo. General Williams was killed here, 
and the chivalrous Allen pays his memory a glowing tribute. The Gov- 
ernor must describe the colonel and the white horse in his own words : 

" During the fight we met this same colonel, commanding Ms brigade, 
mounted on his (our) white horse. 



890 APPENDIX. 

" We charged liim with our command, captured Lis guns, and swept 
the field before us. We fell, unfortunately, as we thought, and as both 
armies thought, mortally wounded. Our brigade halted with victory in 
their own hands, and fell back without a leader. This Federal officer saw 
it all, rallied his men, and returned and carried off his abandoned guns 
— Nims' battery. 

" A few weeks afterwards a kind friend visited us, several miles back 
from Baton Rouge, where we were lingering between life and death, and 
said that he was going to New Orleans, and asked if he could serve us. 
We told him all we wanted was ajar of prunes, and a little tea and loaf- 
sagar. 

" On his arrival in New Orleans he was immediately surrounded by 
Federal officers, to learn the news from Baton Rouge, and, among other 
things, they did us the honor of inquiring whether we could possibly live 
with both legs shot away. 

" Our friend told them that it was a very bad case, but that our sur- 
geons had some little hope for our recovery. Among the party was the 
colonel. He asked if he could serve us in any manner. Our friend 
handed him our memorandum, and told him that he was going then to 
fill it. The colonel very generously insisted on taking charge of this mat- 
ter, and did not only send us the articles so much needed, but at the same 
time sent us the following message : 

" ' Tell Colonel Allen that I admire him for his bravery ; that I saw 
him fall at the battle of Baton Rouge while leading his brigade gallantly 
in the fight, and would have gone to his assistance, but it was rather too 
hot just then. Say to him that I took his horse from his plantation as a 
military necessity, but that, as God is my judge, when the war is over, I 
will return him his horse, or one equally as good.' " 

Grovernor Allen now addresses a letter to this officer, and asks him, if 
entirely convenient, to return the horse and gun. He says he has lost 
two hundred thousand dollars in the war, which he cheerfully offers up 
as a sacrifice towards paying off the nati(ma. debt. 

The remainder of this letter is so vivacious and feeling, so characteristic 
of the noble, lion-hearted Allen, that we give it in extenso : 

" We, poor Confederate exiles, are very forgiving. We have long since 
forgiven every man in the United States of America, Horace Greeley and 
all, except Beast Butler, and, since Grant has killed him off, we are try- 
ing hard to forgive him, too. We fear we never will, for he is such a 
black-hearted, cowardly villain. Now, colonel, send me the horse and 
gun ; I am not going to fight anybody any more ; my fighting days are 
past and gone glimmering and (you know the rest). I have lost all taste 
for such sport. The only fights I assist at now are the bull-fights. 



APPENDIX. 391 

Tliey are very exciting, and my sympathies are always with the bull. 
When I get my little ranche, it will be so pleasant to ride my own horse 
that I once was accustomed to ride in former days over my beautiful 
plantation, now ruined and gone. As to the gun, I will promise you that 
it shall never be used except against the parrots and the monkeys, the 
lions and the tigers, that infest the jungles near my little ranche. 

" The emperor and empress have been very kind to all Americans, 
whether from the North or South. If any thing, the Northern men have 
received the preference", for they have gotten all the fat contracts, and 
many of them will make large fortunes. The Confederates are settling 
down on ranches, and have gone to hard work. Old men, who once gov- 
erned great States, or commanded large armies, can be daily seen clear- 
ing away the briers and the brakes, preparing the land for the coffee, 
sugar, and tobacco-plants. 

" Some of them who had an annual income of thousands of dollars, 
are now working in this city at fifty dollars per month. And still Horace 
Greeley abuses them ! Colonel, don't you think this is unkind in Hor- 
ace ? Poor, demented old man ! We never did him any harm. We 
have no desire to injure him in any way whatever. Why, if he were to 
marry with a black woman, and become the father of a goodly number 
of black (no, yellow) children, we would not say one word against him — 
de gustibusnon est cUspntandum. 

"And now, colonel, adieu. We shall never meet again on this earth ; 
but we shall meet in the courts above. When I reflect upon the great 
number of human beings who were slain on both sides in the late civil 
war, in which you and I took an humble part — when I think of the 
privates lying in their cold and bloody graves by the side of their com- 
manders, all feelings of hatred and revenge die within me, and I invol- 
untarily turn my thoughts to that great day when we shall appear be- 
fore the Great Judge of the universe. Let no mortal man say who was 
right or who was wrong. Bury that question forever, and leave it to 
God. There were great and good men engaged in that unfortunate 
strife, the latchets of whose shoes neither you nor I are worthy to un- 
loose. 

" If an exile, robbed of all his property and maimed terribly by Fed- 
eral cannon, could advise, he would say, bury forever your ancient quar- 
rels, let there be mutual concessions, mutual forbearance — the North and 
thi3 South can never separate. It has been effectually tried. Cease your 
bickerings. Let not the North look with suspicion upon her conquered 
brethren. Give them back, at once, without reservation, all their liber- 
ties, all their constitutional rights, and let both parties bury in the deep- 
est sea of oblivion all envy, all hate, all revenge. Dry the mourner's 



392 APPENDIX. 

tears — bind up the bruised hearts, and assist each, other in repairing their 
fortunes. In this noble and holy work my heart wiU be with you, and 
not only mine, but the heart of every Confederate who is now a wanderer 
in foreign lands. 

'•' Yours is a great country — the greatest on the earth. God grant that 
it may continue to prosper. 

" As for myself, I will say I have no favors to ask at the hands of mor- 
tal man. I wiU never kneel to human power and beg for pardon. It 
is to one Being alone, the great God who rules the universe, that I will 
beg for mercy, through which at last I hope to enter the Celestial City. 

" I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

" Henry W. Allen, 
•' Late Brigadier-General C. S. A." 



A TEIBUTE 

TO THE MEMORY OF HENRV VT. ALLEN. 

Fair Southland ! once more from the shadows of gloom- 
Which around and above thee yet silently loom, 
Let the voice of thy anguish, sepulchral and dread, 
Ee-echo a dirge for thy glorious dead 1 

Another bright gem has been torn from thy crown, 
And a luminous star from thy sky has gone down; 
For lier slumbering exile his country will mourn, 
For one of her bravest and noblest is gone. 

Let the land of his love twine his chaplet of fame, 
And the harp of the minstrel vibrate to his name ; 
While the South shall emblazon it deep on the scroll 
Where the future the deeds of the past must unroll. 

Unfurl our lost banner to droop o'er his grave, 
One hour o'er his breast let the crimson cross wave ; 
He fought for it — died for it— oh ! let iL be 
Still the dead hero's emblem of " sv/eot liberty." 

We have laid it aside with tlie hopes of the past, 
And we furled it for aye, when we furled it at last : 
Then may we not sadly its torn fragments rear 
To fold them around our loved warrior's bier ? 



APPENDIX. 393 

Ye breezes that sigh througli each tropical grove 
Which circles the beautiful home of his love, 
Breathe boftly and low, in yoar happiest tone, 
The name of the Exile we gloried to own. 

Oil ! Allen-, thy virtues will live in our hearts, 
While thy noble example fresh courage imparts 
To hope for the best though the darkest night reign, 
And rise from the midnight to noontide again. 

And shall not our dead still look down to approve 
Tiie laurels which we for their brows have enwove ? 
And their memory awaken new life and new birth 
In the land to us dearest of realms of the earth. 

Then adieu to thee, Allkn ! the bravest and best ! 

May the clods of the valley lie light on thy breast ! 

When the Spring shall return with her brightness and bloom, 

"We'll strew o'er thee flowers of the richest perfume. 

Louisiana laments thee, her favorite son, 
Mississippi will mourn thee as one of her own ; 
Our sons and our daughters, the rich and tlie poor, 
Shall grieve for the lost, we may welcome no more. 

Essie. 



TO THE MEMORY 

Of the lamejifed Gov. Henry Watkiiis Allen. Inscribed to the noble 
icomen of Louisiana. By Col. A. M. HoWy. 

As sinks the sun along the Arctic skies. 

And his last ray in purple twilight dies, 

A sadness deepens o'er the lonely soul 

Of those dark dwellers round the icy pole ; 

Eyes brim with tears, the heart with sorrow thrills, 

As night descends upon their frozen hills. 

So wept, and felt we, when the saddened breeze 

Sighed from the Exile's home beyond the seas, 

And murmuring whispered to his native shore 

That her bright sun had set, to rise no jnore. 

Why weeps that maiden ? why in gloom she roves ? 
Nor heeds the fragrance of her orange groves I 
Why rests a sadness on that iron brow ? 
A tear— that eye had never known till now. 



394 APPEXJDIX. 



Why stops the child at play ? tliree Aprils old, | 

And earth and air a solemn stillness hold ? j 

And why does grief extend its darkened pall i 

And universal sorrow sadden all ? i 

— What ! weep not for him ! whose deeds sublime i 

Are rolled with grand music on tlie breeze of time^ i 
A Sun in Glory's firmament hath set, 
But in its dying rays we linger yet. 

(That splendid sun that lit the Southern sky, ' 
Warmed every heart, and kindled every eye ; 
No spot appeared upon its golden zone, 
No borrowed light — its radiance all its own : 

Spread to the distant worlds its piercing beam, j 

Or touched the modest violet on the stream ; j 

Kissed every tear-drop from the tender flower, •' 

That bent its leaves beneath the storm's rude power : * 

Unclasped the ice-bands from tlie snowy hills, | 

Called the hushed music from the voiceless rills, j 

Awak'd the spring-buds from their sleep of death, I 

To breathe the fragrance of their spicy breath ; I 
To paint the cheerless fields and faded bowers, 

In all the loveliness of summer hours.) '1 

Who would not feel, when such a sun had set, '^ 

The deepest sorrows of a long regret ? j 



Oh, Allen ! if within your lonely grave — 

Where summer's tropic blooms forever wave — 

The sounds of Southern woe that now we hear. 

Could pierce its portals to thy spirit car. 

In one broad, deep Confederate voice 'twould rise. 

And half repay thee for thy sacrifice. 

If solemn griefs be ours, how doubly great 

Thy grief shall be, our mourning sister State ! 

He was thy son, whose purity and fame ■ 

Gave splendid lustre to your owai bright name. 

But glorious deeds like his, not thine alone. 

Fame proudly spread them with her trumpet tone. 

Till every pulse was fired, and heart was stirred. 

When Allen's great and glorious name was heard. 

Oh ! for some mighty hand that would aspire 

To sweep the golden chords of Southern lyre ; 

To breathe her own great names in martial song. 

And point the brave and true in Fame's proud throng. 

Oh ! who shall estimate the greatness lost. 

Or tell the virtues that adorned him most: 



APPENDIX. 895 

The civic Chieftiiin of a mined Stale — 

Once proudly prosperous and truly great — , 

Now echoed but to hostile armies' tread, 
A boundless waste where desolation spread 
One cheerless shadow o'er the land, and there 
Starvation's cries were mingled with despair. 
The trembling ship that fiercely storms assail, 
And helpless staggers to the rushing gale, 
Turns boldly to the waves that would o'erwhelm, 
When the undaunted pilot takes the helm. 
So with tremendous might this master's hand 
Stayed dread destruction's march upon the land, 
Touched the State corpse of credit, and it rose 
In sinewed strength, a giant on his foes. 
The barren fields again were decked in bloom, 
The anvil echoed to the whirring loom ; 
Ilis sails of commerce whitened in the breeze. 
Despite the watchful sentries of the seas, — 
Keturned through dangers witii their smiling store, 
To clothe the naked and to feed the poor ; 
And grateful tears in sorrowing eyes were born. 
As golden plenty filled her crescent horn. 
When hearts grew faint, in danger's darkest hour, 
A new demand was made on Ai.len's power. 
His wondrous eloquence was deeply breathed, 
And Hope, with confidence, her brow enwreathed; 
He swept with mighty hand on passion's lyre. 
His words were edged with patriot ic fire ; 
Though sunk in cowardice, or ribbed in steel, 
Ko heart but answered to his great appeal ; 
His willijig car heard tales of deep distress. 
His ready hand gave to the wronged, redress. 
True to the last— did all that man could dare — 
To shield the helpless was his latest care ! 
True to the last — from heaven's meridian height 
Saw Glory's Southern Sun sink down in night I 
True to the last— as sorrow's tear-drop fell, 
To broken hearts he bade a last farewell ! 
True to the last — he saw the last act close. 
And sought in foreign lands a long repose. 



In foreign lands that lonely Exile sleeps — 

No eye of love its faithful vigil keeps. 

By strangers' hands alone his eyes were closed. 

By strangers' hands his mangled limbs composed. 



396 APPENDIX. 

By strangers' hands liis shroud or martial gray — 
That shone resj^lendent in the Soiithern fray — 
Was wrapped, oh ! warmly o'er his noble breast ; — 
"Within its folds. more calmly will he rest — 
Meet type, to clothe in gray, his manly form. 
Alike undaunted they had met the storm, 
Alike their stainless purity had kept, 
Alike will bo remembered, loved, and wept, 
Alike in tears and silence laid away. 
Alike immortal in their mouldering clay. 

Bat, noble Louisiana, on thy breast 

Thy Hero's ashes shall at last find rest ; 

Thy hands, in love, are reached beyond the wave ; 

That thy proud city shall contain his grave. 

Oh ! let thy noble daughters' tender care 

A fitting burial for their Chief prepare. 

And bear him lovingly with pensive tread, 

To the dim city of the silent dead, 

"Where vines shall clasp, and fragrant flowers bloom, 

In sweet profusion o'er great Allen's tomb ; 

"While raised on high the marble pyramid 

Shall tell, beneath the hero's dust is hid, 

And on its polished snrfoce richly spread 

These God-like virtues of the noble dead : 

Oh ! Death, within thy halls of rest, 
Keceive this great and noble guest 1 
By broken hearts was ne'er conveyed, 
To hands of thine, a nobler shade. 
AflFoction's hands have reared this trust, — 
To guard a hero's sacred dust — 
Memorial of as pure a man 
As blessed the earth since time began. 
His laurels bright, the honors claim 
Of Christian, Statesman, "Warrior's name ; 
In halls of wisdom wisely great, 
A master in the grave debate ; 
In battle-field the first to lead— 
A tower of strength in day of need. 
On him did justice never frown, 
His brow wore Duty's iron crown, 
And Honor gave him, from bis birth, 
A mountain- majesty of worth ; 
While mercy smiles, recounting o'er 
His boundless blessings to the poor. 
Bleep, Hero, sleep ! rest. Patriot, rest ! 
Among the hearts that loved thee beat 



APPENDIX. 397 



Long as the sun on high shall burn 
"We'll bend -with reverence o'er thy urn, 
And tears of love, till Time's last day, 
Bball consecrate thy hallowed clay I 
Galveston, Texas, June 5, 1S6G. 



LEAVES 

FROM THE JOUBNAL OF A LADY, NEAR PORT GIBSON, MISSISSIPPI, KEPT 
DURING grant's MARCH UPON VICKSBURG, Xia GRAND GULF AND 
PORT GIBSON. 

This journal was kept by a lady who lived near Grand Gulf. Slie was 
an intimate friend of the writer of this work, and of Ex-Governor Allen — 
one of the most distinguished women of the South, both in intellect, 
education, and social position. At the time of the advance of General 
Grant down Lake Saint Joseph, she sent her three young daughters (one 
of them widowed during the war) out of the way of the army, feeling 
that she and their aged father [they were both over three-score years 
of age] were unable to protect, in their secluded home, these young, 
beautiful, helpless women. This diary was kept for their gratification. 
As a favor, I was permitted to extract these pages, which I append here, 
thinking the simple, artless story of the sorrow and privation so nobly 
endured by this patriotic lady, may not be without interest and value to 
the future historian of this terrible war. 

FiLIA. 

May 7th, 1863. — I ought to have commenced this long since, but I 
have been in such a whirl and excitement it has been out of the question 
to write. You know, my dear children, that on Friday, the 1st of INIay, 
there was a battle fought at Parkenson's Hill, and one, the night before, 
at " Magnolia Church," being, in fact, one long and continued fight — 
Poor Bowen trying his best to keep oflf the Yankees with his few troops. 
You also know General Tracy was killed. You all left me on Saturday, 
May 2d, at 11 o'clock, a. m. It was very desolate and forlorn after yow 
left, but I was thankful you got away, and both your father and myself 
have great reasons to bless God Almighty for his great mercy in i)ex- 
mitting you to leave as you did. Just as we were going to dinner. 
Captain Simmons made his appearance, ate very heartily, and left imme- 
diately. He had had nothing to eat for thirty-six hours, was then on tlie 
wing with the wagons and the few men left at " Camp Devereux," to join 
his command. He bade me good-bye, and remarked, that he hoped I 



S98 APPENDIX. 

miglit not Lave a Yankee Captain to dinner the next day. To wliicTi I 
replied, lie miglit dine here, but not with me. Dirty and soiled as he 
was, he looked very handsome — he had not heard of the Colonel for three 
days. Just at sundown, up drove an ambulance, and out got Mrs. 
General Bowen, baby, and servant, escorted by stuttering, squinting, 

Captain N , in spite of his very extraordinary mode of speech — 

never heard any thing like it — except the man in New Orleans father 
describes, and he is different. Well, we supped, talked, and went to 

bed. I liked Mrs. Bowen very much — she wanted to go on, but N 

would not, but proposed to start early. Just at daybreak I awoke your 
father, there was a strange voice on tlie gallery. It proved to be Mr. 

McQ- for his horse. It roused us all, and well it did. In less than 

half an hour, madam, baby, and all, were skedaddling up the Jackson 
road, and no doubt got off. The Vv^hole Yankee force v/as coming up, 
and we were getting across Big Black. The Yankees, not less than 
20,000 men to 100,000, well appointed in every particular. Elsie and I 
determined to tie up bars and bedclothes, and try to save them if we 
could ; and v/hiist thus employed we heard a noise, and all at once the 
whole lot Avas filled with Confederate soldiers — they sprung up like bees. 
" Get behind the hedge," was the order, " and be ready to fire." I walked 
out on the front gallery, and said, "Who are you?" "Rebels, madam, 
real honest rebels." "All right, go ahead, and God help you." Just 
then the Captain called to your father, and said : " Take your family out 
of the house, we must fight right here." It was a very large skirmish- 
ing party, protecting Bowen and the brave Missourians who ^vere getting 
over Big Black. The Yankees planted cannon just inside of our " Vicks- 
burg gate," and it is a miracle we were not used up. Well, father gave 
the word, and we " skedaddled," 'way back into the hollow, down by the 
branch that goes into Kinmason's Creek. After staying there one and a 
half hours, we were sent for. The General commanding, McPherson, 
an Ohio man, ordered us up. Dave came for us. I did not want to go, 
but father said there was no help, and Jack and Elsie, who were along, 
ad\T.sed policy. " Master," said Jack, " true, I'm nothing but a nigger, 
but take my advice and don't anger them, they are as thick as black- 
berries, and ugly looking customers." Home we came. General 
McPherson's Division had possession of the premises, not by hundreds, 
but by thousands. It has since proved that General Smith's Division 
had the skirmish, then went on to Grand Gulf. General McPherson 

honored us by making his headquarters. They must open every door, 

pillaged every place. Found the whiskey, two five-gallon demijohns, 

and two gallons old F , and the box the girls packed. The demijohn 

of old F we saw taken in to the General! Ordered dinner, which 



appendix'. 399 

Elsie refused to cook, but eventually aided their cooks. They had had 
nothing to eat for thirty-six hours, and were as ravenous as wolves. 
They opened the dining-room closet with a hatchet, stole all the table- 
linen there — not much, I'm happy to say. General McPherson disclaimed 
the whole proceeding, so I went into the parlor myself, and asked him to 
protect the cellars ; there was no food or liquor there now, it had all been 
stolen, simply the wearing apparel of the family, and especially ladies 
and children. He went and cleared the cellar, but by the time he 
reached the parlor the thieves were all in again. He did not care to 
protect it, or he would have placed a guard there. The officers may say 
what they please, but they wink at and authorize this plundering and 
thieving. Every thing stolen out of Ed's trunk — cleaned out, except 
his scarf and gloves — papers, books, every thing. Sidney's also cleaned 
out. At last George Carpenter said : " Missus, let the boys save some," 
and of course I acquiesced. So Jndge, Hays, Elsie, and George went to 
work. They filled the large new clothes-basket. I sat at my front 
dressing-room window and hauled it in, emptying it right on the floor, 
receiving, what it took Randal and Jack to lift upon the window — how 
my arms did ache ! but in that way I secured most of the clotlies. 

The room was a sight — elegant silks, lace shawls, chemises, baby 
clothes, etc. The Doctor's linseys safe, but all my black dresses are 
gone, including my splendid black watered silk. I complaiaed aloud of 
the vandalism of destroying the clothing and keepsakes and little knick- 
nacks of women and children. An officer, who was coolly washing his 
hands at my washstand and using my towel, observed, " Why, my dear 
madam, your own servants were the first in the cellar, and piloted the 
men there ; and that very woman who is so attentive, and so assiduously 
fanning you, made up a large bundle, and I saw her carry it off myself.' ' 
The " woman," being Mary, replied, '"' she did try to save some things, 
but they were for her old mistress ;" but the mistress has not seen them. 
** You were not the only one. There were several others, among them a 
very tall, big woman," whom you may recognize ! I had no difficulty in 
recognizing the honest Martha. All your mementoes of bygone days are 
stolen — every thing, nearly, gone. Jane's desk was taken right before 
my eyes. The man, an Illinbisian, tried to buy it, but I declined. 
*' Well, suppose I choose to take it ?" " Do so ; I can't prevent your 
stealing. If God's command is not obeyed, I can't expect you to mind 
me." " But I don't want to take it that way ; please sell it." " I can't ; 
it is not mine ; it belongs to one of my daughters." " Where are they ?" 
" That is none of your business — far away from here, thank God !" He 
went away, but presently he came back, looked round, did not see me, 
and carried off the desk. It v/as, apparently, empty. I burned every 



400 APPENDIX. 

paper I could lay my hands on. They were thrown into my window 
with the clothing — mine as well as yours, a few of the Doctor's, none of 

A. 's, very few of. A . I have her desk safe. I cried over my dear E.'s 

and R.'s letters. I hated to burn them, but father advised it, for I could 
not carry them about me, and they would be stolen. I have saved the 
Waverleys, A.'s commonplace-book, a miniature (glass all broken), many 
Bibles — there are enough in the house to make us better people. The 
Shakespeares are safe, so far. Well, General McPherson and staff dined 
comfortably at my table, Jjut not with me, and about five o'clock P. M. left, 
and at sundown the place was pretty clear. They watered and fed their 
beasts right in the lot, several hundreds, and the whole division camped 
and fed in and around the yard. They tore up and destroyed all the 
paj)ers in the office, cut a part out of the large map, tore up the sheets, 
stole every blanket they could find, carried away nearly all the books, 
even the Dictionary, left the Encyclopedias — nothing came amiss — the 
house was literally gutted, up stairs and down. My room alone un- 
touched, and here they rifled the wardrobes before I got up from the 
woods. Strange to say, left father's assortment of boots and shoes. 

Tell A we worked hard for the Yanks, for they took all the lint 

and bandages, went to the medicine closet, stole the morphine, quinine, 
Dovers-powder, opium, etc., but never saw the old basket behind the 
door, as good luck would have it. I had a long talk with them ; all 
deny fighting for the negro, but all tamper with them, and h^ld out 
inducements for the negro to leave. The garden is stripped — this was 
Sunday's performance. These had not discovered the front cellar — it 
was still safe, with its store of salt, molasses, peas, and rice. We 
passed a quiet night, but not an easy one, certainly. 

Monday, May 4th. — Osterhaus' Division, scum of St. Louis, camped 
in the big field. " All the corn ruined in the field, and nearly all con- 
sumed in the granaries. They tramped through the house everywhere, 
all hungry as wolves. Came to father and asked for molasses. He told 
them he had none, that he was stripped, and had not been in the 
cellars. They said he had molasses, that the negroes told them so. Iv^r. 

J told them he did not know what he had, or had not, they held 

the place themselves. Presently a loud crash, and whoop and hurrahs. 
Stove in the door, the heads, and away went molasses and sugar. They 
took every pan, pitcher, cup, bucket, to carry it off. Brought a wagon 
and loaded it up. . I here sat by dear old father, looking on. They 
finished the meal. Wc had none to eat. Nancy sent me a little. Elsie, 
faithful and true, and Jack and Emma very attentive. Eddeus, about 
11 o'clock, left as waiter to a Dutch Colonel. General Osterhaus' Di- 
vision still there, and Hovev's Division of Illinois, Indiana, and Oliio 



APPENDIX. 401 

men come — bad enoiigli, but much more decent than the Dutch. They 
told Elsie " I was a Northern woman, and that had saved the house and 
my room." Well, this rummaging went on all day, and stealing, we 
depending on the servants for food, and they providing comfortably for 
us, even Harriet bringing me up a chicken. All day you could hear the 
rifles, shooting hogs. To-day they report four left ; don't know if any 
sheep. Buggies, carts, wagons, every horse, even Flirt, leaving the colt, 
except old Fanny, who would not move, and who is nearly foaling — she 
is wandering round the yard. In the afternoon I saw a man with the 
English saddle, and Edward's cavalry saddle. I went up to him and 
said, " By what authority do you take away those saddles, as we are 
under General Hovey's protection, and have been under General Mc- 
Pherson's ?" " I have an order." " Show it to me." I read it, put it in 
my pocket, and said: "Take the saddles." "I want the order," "I 
won't give it to you — this is my receipt that your Colonel has taken my 
saddles." He ripped and ranted; he would have that order if I was 
not a woman, and he would be d — r-d if he would not set fire to the 
house. " Do so, it will only be in keeping with the rest of your v/ork." 
He went off cursing. About dark, General E. B. Carr, whose head- 
quarters were at Mclntyre's, arrived. Your father told him Ed. had felt 
hurt about some transactions about horses. Carr said : " Let me go uj) 
and talk to him." He explained the matter, left his orderly to protect 
the house, took the saddle order. Next morning he sent a guard of four 
men, which protected my room and the dressing-room — but powerless to 
restrain these vandals. Still, we were less anxious on account of fire. 
Hogs and sheep still being killed and cleaned right here by the cistern, 
on the house-lot. Emma discovers " Priscilla" in the Carpenter shop. 
Bayonet through the picture ! Watches a chance and brings it in. Face 
not touched. We hang it up and bring in mother's and hang in spare 
■ room. 

This is Tuesday, 5th May. Major-Gen. McClernand asks leave to make 

" A " his headquarters. Graciously granted, for the protection is very 

desirable. Came, took possession, much surprised and delighted at the 
comfortable prospect ; sorry they did not know of it before ; been at 
Jones' and poor Johnny's, who is also cleaned out. Bring their servants, 
food, etc. ; well they did ; much more considerate and decent than ]Mc- 
Pherson ; had Edden's table put on the gallery, eat there ; had a turkey 
they had stolen somewhere for supper ; all in less than an hour. Com- 
ing and going and fussing generally; but we keep on one end of the 
gallery. Introduced to a young fellow by name Rigley ; comes from 
Philadelphia ; inquired about Col. Bache, knows him well and knov/s 
Mrs. Bache and her friend Mrs. L ; find out a good deal ; he and a Mr. 



402 APPEXMX. 

Mason made a reconnoissance at Thompson's Hill ; told liim lie was seen 
lie was surprised, I know ; had a good deal of pleasant and agreeable 
talk ; learned particulars of the battle of Port Gibson. Mr. Mason intro-^ 
duced, but presently disappeared ; told Rigley he was ashamed " to look 
that old lady in the face ; she bore it so well, was so independent, he re- 
spected her." These people came Sunday night, stayed Wednesday, left 
Thursday ; all the troops went, leaving a couple of tents with commis- 
sary stores. I told father I had listened till midnight trying to hear 
what was going on; something in the wind; some lingered here a 
while after the rest had gone ; presently Messrs. Mason and Rigley re- 
turned, and asked permission to stay all night ; which we were glad of. 
They had their own provisions, would my woman cook it ? 1 told Mr. 

R if he had asked me that question before 10 A. m. Sunday, I could 

have answered ; now he must negotiate his own business. But the wo- 
man Elsie was a good-natured, laithful creature, and I dare say she 
would, if she thought it would protect us. About 9 o'clock P. M. a great 
light in the direction of Watson's ; thought the house and gin were on 
fire. I went to the corner of the gallery and spoke pretty plainly of 
their destroying them — whose wife has had a strange Yankee woman 
there for several years, nursing her tenderly, in consumption. Sent for 
her sister, paying her salary besides. Such doings won't stop this unholy 
war ; whilst there is a man, woman, or child, we will fight. Mason went 
into the dining-room, and Rigley came towards me, " Mason can't stand 
you ;" he says, " it is all true, and he is ashamed of it." " I am glad to hear 
it ; if more of you felt so — and many of you do, but are compelled by cir- 
cumstances to go on — this unholy war would end." It proved to be Mr. 

W 's cotton, that he had set on fire himself. I do wish ours %cas 

turnt ! The two engineers are gone ; Taggart, fi-om Philadelphia, sent 
me some hard biscuit, a couple lbs. of sure enough coflfee, and a little tea- 
Father likes the crackers. The Commissary from Philadelphia used to 
know his kinsfolks ; lived at the corner of 6th and Walnut ; after they 
went I walked into the parlor, found a common sword, gave it to Taggart, 
who presently returned, and returned it, saying in an undertone, " Be 
back in a day or two, and then the fellow that owns this won't believe 
your story, but will do you some mischief." " A wink is as good as a nod." 
I said, thank you, and he went his way. I had folded and placed all the 
clothing and put it away in my bath-tub, the big Warton box, and numer- 
ous baskets. I called Elsie, and asked Avhat we should do to save this 
wearing apparel ; all those dear little children's clothes are here, and we 
can't buy more. At last I said, suppose we make them into beds ; and it 
was so resolved. They are now just sewed up in sheets, then in poor 
Sidney's carpets, and I had hardly got them oil' the lot before the Sixth 



APPENDIX. 403 

Missouri Cavalry, Colonel Wriglit, six hundred strong, rode up, having 
been pushed forward by our friend, A^'irt Adams. This brings me to 
Thursday night. Colonel Wright took the dining-room, and is tliere 
now, at the time I am penning this. 

1 P. M., Sth May. — The soldiers slept on their arms, and the white- 
folks in their clothes — bag packed and ready for a move — of course not 
very comfortable. Wright and your father talked a good deal, and he 
says, all the way from Port Gibson they skirmished, and that he camped 
on Smith's place — Adams' old camping-ground — Wednesday night, but 
his forces were very tired, and .so were Adams'. I forgot to say, that we 
burned all the bridges, after the fight, in Port Gibson, but the Yanks 
soon put them to rights, as only the woodwork was injured, but it kept 
them back and enabled our troops to get over Big Black. We had four 
or five divisions, but after the fight Generals Bowen and Green did the 
most of the fighting. Tracy's was too late, although he took part and 
was killed. 

General Grant made his headquarters at Mrs. Bagnal's. General Carr, 
first at Watson's and then at JMcIntyre's. I hear the bugle, they are 
ordered off. I expect Adams on their flank. " Well, Colonel Wright, 
who do you think I shall have for guest to-night ?" said your father. " Is 
there any chance of my old friend, "Wirt Adams ?" " I should not Tdo 
surprised, sir, such are the chances of war." He says, in Missouri it is 
the worst of civil war ; his wife and children were turned into the road, 
and the house burned before her eyes. One of the men of Hovey's 
Division, who seemed quite intelligent, had a good deal of talk ; we 
asked him about Port Gibson — he acted as Provost Marshal — but they 
ordered them there too late. The Murdochs had left, and there they had 
destroyed every thing ; all the little ornaments, beautiful, rare things 
they stole, and what they could not take they destroyed. He saw Mrs. 

• , they remained ; and Miss did some big talking. Mrs. P 

and Mary left on Thursday morning for Mobile. C and E left 

also, and no doubt their dwellings are pillaged. Poor Mrs. P sent 

her melodeon to Mr. B , and then got into the carriage, w^hich broke 

down soon after she left. I heard of her from a soldier, who mentioned 

Dr. D , w^ho remained in his house, was pleasant to all, and no ono 

hurt him. Mrs. S was seen Saturday afternoon in Port Gibson. 

They have not left the widow W any thing. Mrs. McG got a 

permit to keep her buggy and horse ; she has nothing left. I gave her a 
cotton comfort, and she went to hunt Grant to get a permit to get meal 

for her little children. Old Mr. H met Mr. W , and begged him, 

with tears, to give him a piece of meat he had in his hands, which I am 
happy to say he did ! Wc don't suffer at all ; by turns the negroes have 



401 APPEN9IX. 

given me a chicken of what is left. They said truly, " I might better 
have them than those wild beasts." The last thing Eddens did was to 
save some meat for me. He slept in the spare room Sunday night, and 
Monday at noon he had quit our service. We have three or four pieces 
of meat, hid by the servants, and that is our wealth. Parker, Sol. 
Mordt, Jim Crow, Is&iali, and Wadloo, have quit us, but the rest are 
here, and very attentive and willing. Hester and Co., George Carpenter 
and Maria, have i^roved very faithful. Kia Jane has a box of house- 
linen, and has managed to keep it. Eandal has been great help and true. 
Kate has a bed. She walked over to see General Hovey, and told him 
how they had stolen her things, and told him " they came to rob the 
negroes, not protect them." John Smith true. I can prove nothing 
against Fanny but that she was among the first to come up and be here 
when I came from the woods. I\Ionday I set Hester and Martha to pack 
up the clothes. I could not move about my room. I said to Martha, 
" you have not been over honest, but I can hardly think you could treat 
me so at such a time ;" and being weary I sat down in my room. Pres- 
ently Elsie came in with a large bundle, and said : " Don't ask any ques- 
tions." I put it under the bed ; it proved to have Jane's silk dress, two 
new shirts of father's, Ap's new linen and muslin, and some other articles. 
I put them away, and desired Mrs. Polk to make herself scarce. About 
an hour after Wright left, which was three P. M., we observed a great 
cloud of dust on the Gulf road. But before I go further let me say, that 
when McClernand arrived he had with him fifteen Confederate prisoners, 
among them Bartlett and Soursby. The former told your father, that 

C had telegraphed from Rocky Springs to the Doctor '• that you 

were coming." It was a great relief to both of us. God grant you are 
safe, though no part of the country is safe, and if we are whipped at 
Vicksburg we are pretty well done for. Here, we are in the dark, can't 
liea.r any thing, can't go anywhere — neither horse, or mule, nor wagon, 
or cart — and it is most fortunate you have teams and carriage with you, 
they are now all we have. Tell both the George's their wives have been 

good and faithful. We gave part of our breakfast to B and S , 

and father* spoke to one of McClernand's officers, who got meat and meal 
and gave it to Elsie, who cooked it and took it to the other prisoners. 
The guard said they had not seen any thing like that — they wished she 
would cook for them. This is the anniversary of our dear Ed's death — 
murdered by these very vandals ! ' We may truly now comprehend that 
portion of the Lord's Prayer, " Give us this day our daily bread." I have 
a small piece of corn-bread in the closet, and a little piece of baco^ about 
two inches thick ; but we do not suffer, for your father bears up most 
wonderfully, for it is hard to see every thing snatched away, right before 



APPENDIX. 405 

your eyes, and he over threescore years old. Both clicerful and getting 
on bravely — like Dicken's " Oli, tlie devil, never say die." Now for 
the cloud of dust. It was General Sherman's Coi'ps, composed of three 
divisions ; two went by the back road to Rocky Springs, Tuttle's came 
by us, and if ever the out-pourings of jails and every thing mean and 
low, these men certainly were the quintessence of rascality — as Elsie 
says, " Lousy, dirty beasts." 

It began about five p. m. When they came, all the best glass and china 
were safe, and a good deal of the rest. I had persuaded father to roll 
up the two pictures, Ijut mother would not roll, so I laid her flat among 
the silk comforts, in one of the beds, and sent this one to Kate's house. 
The other was put on a stick, and Kate came up to-day to say, " they 
had tried to take it from her, and had pulled the stick out, but she held 
on to the picture and^^ tliem !" The beds are all safe at the quarters. 
The box of house-linen Kia reports being opened, and Ed's tools taken 
out, and she let them have them for peace-sake, but then she sat on it, 
and said her husband was away, and it was his box, and they should 
not rob her. I have a few mean ones down there, who tell what they 
know, and implicate the faithful ones, and the servants liave had a hard 
time. They have forced them to Avork for them, though some of them 
pay prettry liberally with their old greenbacks. These men went into 
the parlor and broke up the old desk — which had stood the St. Domingo 
insurrection — aU to pieces — destroyed every thing. As soon as McCler- 
nand's troops left, Elsie and Emma and I gathered aU the best cliina 
and glass, and put it into the spare-room closet, gathered up all the books 
that were strewn about, and put in the closet, but did not attemj^t to 
clean up. These last demons burst open the places, took whatever they 
wanted to carry molasses in, with them, and broke up as much of the 
pest as they could. " Bang, bang !" Colonel Coffey's picture has a hole 
through each eye! I have not been up stairs, but am told every thing 
is gone ; even the little red cups belonging to INIary, which were in the 
top of the closet. A 's basket is safe at the quarters found in " Para- 
dise." B 's trunk, where all the letters were, opened and robbed — 

even the little old card-case is stolen. Well, the whooping and banging 
on the piano, yells and cursing, continued. Bang, at one of my doors — I 
would go to it, talk, reason, go away. Bang, at another — go to that. 
Presently the outside dressing-room door burst in. I opened my room 
door, it is full of ugly-looking customers — they have discovered a little 
meal, a few pounds of sugar Kandal saved me, and one jar of lard, and 
all the soap, which I had packed in a box — one hundred and fifty pounds 
of Castile — and every thing is turned out of jars and closet. The room 
dismal, my leghorn straw mashed down, the room full of molasses, lard, 



1-06 APPEI^IX, 

wliat not. The Avliole house just so — nothing left hut my room. Words 
cannot describe the noise and confusion, the oaths and execrations. 
Some decent ones trying to prevent and restrain them. " They are 
d d old rebels, ought all to be killed, and the house burnt !" Ser- 
vants afraid to come up. Did not see Elsie or Jack all day. Friday 
night some of them sent Jack for water, and then tried to abuse both 
Elsie and Emma — who has stayed with Elsie all along. The latter 
screamed so it brought Jack back, who called the pickets, and the devils 
skedaddled. After all the mischief was done. General Sherman sent a 
guard to protect the property, on the representation of some of his 
olBcers. Some of them talk beautifully, but the majority of them are 
all alike. It is a war of extermination, and many openly declare it, and 
are not ashamed to confess -it, but glory in it. After the arrival of the 
guard we were tolerably quiet. 

Saturday, by six o'clock, Tuttle's Di\dsion are gone, leaving the guard. 
Colonel Mudd, of McClernand's staff, drove up in Mr. Owen's carriage 
(saving it for him). Your father showed him the house. Seemed sorry. 
Told the teamsters to stay here as long as they could and keep off all 
stragglers. They did so. Thousands and thousands of men have passed, 
and they magnify their number of course — but before this Tuttle's Di- 
vision came. Old Lane, who has served in Europe, said, not more than 
20,000 had passed, but I have no doubt whatever but they have at least 
100,000 men with them. They are going up the Jackson road to Big 
Black bridge. Some think they will have a fight there. They themselves 
dread it. I have listened to their talk, and their " only hope is in num- 
bers." I have argued with them Scripturally and Constitutionally, and, 
except the rabble, they are heartily tired of the whole affair. Some of 
Sherman's told me of the robbing and thieving in Port Gibson. One of 
them said : "Ain't you a Union woman ?" "No." "What are youf 
" Why, a real old cantakerous rebel." " Good for you, I believe in hold- 
ing up to your own opinions." I repacked the medicines Sunday night. 
I was afraid to keep them in the house, so sent them to Elsie's quarter. 
They got them, and I now have no cupping instruments or cups, and all 
my best medicines are gone to comfort these Yankees — except the calomel 
and Dovers powder, every thing is gone. How I ^^'ish that cotton was 
burnt ! I hate they should get it. If I could I would fire it, and I know 
1 would rather have seen the house burnt, with all its contents, than 
witnessed what I have seen and gone through — nor are we safe yet. I 

think it doubtful if this house remains. B house is burned to ashes. 

" Routhwood" also. I talk to the men when I find a decent one, and 
find out all I can. A decent straggler has just gone, he came from Hard 
Times. Doctor quite well, he says, and his house turned into a hospital. 



APPENDIX. 407 

But tliis man repudiates the negro question. He tliinks they must re- 
main where they are, and be held in bondage, and that " the army 
woukl strike if they thought they were fighting for any thing but the 
Union." He says, " from Milliken's Bend to Hard Times there is scarcely 
a house lefr," gutted, if not burnt, and mostly burnt. 

2 r. M., Sunday. — All quiet as yet, but we see the cloud again, wagons, 
and stores, and ammunition. We have just eaten our dinner as if we were 
stealing it — a little bacon and corn-bread, and Emma found a few peas. 
It is cooked at the quarters and brought up stealthily, for they threaten 
the servants if they feed us ! and we lock all the doors whilst we eat what 
will keep body and soul together ! Wc still have some tea, not a drop of 
liquor left. I wish I had a little for father ! 

They say Isaiah and Wadloo were forced away, and I rather think it 
is true. They carried Dan up to Rocky Springs yesterday, but he was 
back this morning. They took Jim to Big Black, but he gave them the 
slip. Poor things, I pity them ! One man asked Emma to go with him 
and nurse his children. She declined. He asked her where her father 
and mother were ? She replied she never had a father, and her mother 
died when she was a baby. " Then who brought you up f " My old 
Miss." " Then stick to her !" said the man. " I mean to," said Emma, 
*' for I don't think much of you white folks." I had gathered all the 
Bibles in a box, but those vandals have stolen them all except Alice's, 
which I had in my room. I am using it ; it has given me much com- 
fort. I have also J.'s common one." The fins-covered ones are all gone. 
What such rascals want with Bibles I can't tell. The weather warmer. 
I wish it would get hot — hot, though I do suffer and have no clothes, and 
am tired of my extra garments, as I sleep in my corset ready for a run. 
The commissary's coffee was stolen out of the dressing-room. I never 

tasted it. We keep the , for what can we expect ? Well, I can't 

be thankful enough, nor father either, that you were all away — that we 
think you safe and out of harm's way. God be praised ! We would 
have been powerless to save you. One or two of the officers asked us 
if we did not have daughters. " Yes, away from home." " Very fortu- 
nate, madam ; happy they are not here. When did they leave ?" 
" Time enough to reach their destination." Hem ! no m.ore out of this 
child ! They have inquired of the servants, and boast " they will come 
up with you yet." It is very terrible ! General Smith sent one of his 
aids on Thursday v/ith two gold watches — one is O.'s, the other I do not 
know, though the seal is a griffin's head — stolen out of our cellar. 

Monday, May 11. — All continues quiet. We hear the men visit the 
quarters, and are still tampering with the negroes. No one at work ; 
there is nothing to work with — not a mule or horse left — even old Fanny 



408 APPEI^DIX. 

was ridden ofT Saturday evening. Yesterday tlie quiet was almost pain- 
ful. Every tiling looks so desolate and so very dirty ; no one to clear 
away ; and I don't know that it is e-spedient, for if more come tkey can 
see what others have done. To-day Bony Martin and Albert, accompa- 
nied by H. M., were here. They were hunting mules and stock. Mrs. 
M. was unmolested in the house. They took cattle, and robbed her of 
food, but did not make a smash of it, as here. The girls were actually 
in the carriage to go away, but got out and determined to stay with 
their mother. P.'s gutted just like ours — W.'s also — Stamp's distillery 
burned down, and his whiskey stolen — house not molested. Bony gave 
us good news—" Port Hudson not evacuated." I think father feels a 
little better. I know I do. No Feds, in Port Gibson. Wirt Adams drove 
them out, and then went on rejoicing. He could not come this way, as 
he would have been captured. The people in Port Gibson suflering for 
food. The country people can't go in, can't grind, have no mules, and 
some of them have no corn. The Martin negroes have determined to 
stay at home and work the crop — ours seem paralyzed. Eisy, particu- 
larly, is crushed, afraid to come up here ; and, if she comes, to stay. I 
have forgotten to mention the cats. " Jessie"* did not make his appear- 
ance until the Thursday after you left. That day and early Friday he 
was about and on my bed. When the fuss began, he disappeared. I 
saw him to-day, but he ran immediately into the cellar. " Martha" has 
not been home at all. Even " Dixie" was away for days, but the last 
two she has been with me. " Polly" has been a great charge. Many 
of -the Yankees wanted to biiy her, but I keep her near me. She sleeps 
in my room, and sits on the Lauriamandi-tree very silent — does not talk 
either night or day. " Jinny" also lives in my room, which may be truly 
called a menagerie. The many cats— Dixie, Jacot, Jot, Jinny, and Poll 
— they all keep close quarters, and seem secure. I can hear nothing of 
Mr. James Maury. We hear Adams fought right by their gate, but 
don't know if it is true. Father won't leave me, even if he had a horse, 
though I'm not afraid. I want him to go find out the news. The 
Yanks have Grand Gulf, and their sick and wounded are there. 

Tuesday, May 12. — " All quiet along the Potomac last night ;" lovely 
morning, father depressed, makes me very anxious, nothing to do but 
dv,'ell on our present deplorable condition, and what we must do for the 
future. What is to become of us ? He will be like Dr. Coxe, die from 
fret ; but he, poor man, had great cause — his only son against him. 
We are all united in this respect. 

Wednesday, I»Iay 13. — Yesterday Frank Blair's Division came up — 

• Pot cat. 



APPENDIX. 409 

camped at the forks of the road. Our position gives us great trouble. 
Claimed protection, at father's request, for the little that is left. All 
quiet — came late and went early — no stragglers. Sent Randcy across the 
country to P. G. People suffering for food in Port Gibson. That ia 
what the Yankees want, to starve us out. C, E., and H., all gone to Ala- 
bama. Troops that have passed said to be 50,000. Mrs. M. in town — 
her house gutted like ours. Jinny taken prisoner and sent up the river ; 
John H. same ; much damage done in town, but mail and telegraph in 
operation to Hazelhurst. Another battle at Fredericksburg. We have 
whipped them, but, alas ! not routed them. Father wants me to think 
about what I am going to do — we must work for our living — gets mad 
when I say I think we will remain here. He don't see a ray of light any- 
where. I still hopeful. If Johnson could only rout Rosecrans, then 
flank Vicksburg ! Elsy still faithful, feeds us, and does what she can ; 
Ria Jane too ; Bowlegs very attentive. More of my property at the 
quarters than I have at the house ; know where a good deal is, but am 
powerless to act. Emma beginning to tire of waiting on me, did not 
come up at noon ; Nancy not true. I do not say any thing to them one 
way or the other, take what they choose to do, and finish the rest my- 
self. Elegant lace handkerchief brought out of the dust in the cellar 
unharmed, also ten collars, all dirty. Emma says one belongs to Mr. S. ; 
knows too much for me to offend her. Martha I don't see, nor Jane or 
Fanny either. Pistols and rifles in tlie hands of the negroes at the quar- 
ters. Poor things ! I feel sorry for them. They are not to blame, and 
if we succeed they must return to their work and place, and I trust to an 
sJl-merciful God that we may, though these brutes and vandals outnum- 
ber us, I fear. I think I feel as Robinson Crusoe must have felt, and will 
have to get a stick and make notches for the days of the week. 

Thursday, May 14. — The silence and monotony is terrible, very hard 
to bear, only broken by dear father's anticipations of more trouble and 
what we are to do. As dear Ned used to say, " quien sabe ?" Two ofii- 
cers of General Ross' Division just passed through, came in at the Gulf 
gate and through the i^lace to Jackson road; wanted a drink of milk, gave 
water ; milk scarce, seldom have any. They tell us Richmond is in the 
liands of the Yankees. I did not believe it, he did not seem sure of it 
himself. We are very anxious about Frank. They have had a terribls 
battle at Fredericksburg again — God grant he is spared — and what for ? 
This General Ross is the Ft. Pemberton man of happy memory. The 
weather seems to favor them ; rainy, cloudy, and cool. Emma brought 
Ady and Hester up tx>day, and cleaned up around the house ; looks very 
much better ; the mire worried me. I hate dirt ! 

Friday, 3 p. m. — All quiet ; very bad news to-day ; Mr. Lake sent a 



410 APPEIS^filX. 

man down ; all gone from there ; every thing carried off. We are liter- 
ally wiped out. It goes very hard with me ; all my dear children's silver 
gone ; the likenesses of those who are asleep — ail, all gone ! Why is it ? 
What have we done, that we are so severely pnnished ? Very much 
troubled ; Edward's sash and six pairs of new gloves taken out of my 
wardrobe. I am afraid Emma has done this ; don't feel as if I could trust 
any one but Elsy ; she feeds and takes care of me. My children must 
never forget or desert her ; and if she should leave us, remember she has 
tried to do right, and led to do wrong. The day is very long. Father is 
depressed ; trying to put the office to rights ; been at it for three days. 

Saturday, May 1G. — Lovely day, pleasant and cool, favorable to our 
enemies. It would seem that God was on their side ; no hot weather as 
yet ; no news, for what the negroes and Yanks bring is not reliable. 
More troops passing on the back road. " Still they come ;" but the old 
feUow thinks, all told, not more than 40,000 have passed ; I think 60,000 
at least. Father gone to see the McGs. ; she is very sick, poor thing, 
with her little baby, and every thing taken from her. Jones gone to 
town to-day to gain news, letters, and papers, if he can. Oh, so quiet and 
lonesome I can't stay here alone. Zimmerman wi*ote beautifully on 
" Solitude," but it is not to my taste. Father is very much depressed ; 
neither sleep nor food nourish him. To a man of his peculiar tempera- 
ment this is a terrible blow; thinks we are God-forsaken; don't agree 
with him ; He has been merciful to spare our children, gracious to have 
spared them the sight of all I have gone through ; our household idols 
all destroyed, or stolen, which is worse. Wise John Perkins, to burn 
down his own premises, and not see them defiled ! God have mercy upon 
us, and do unto these wretches as they have done us. I have not yet 
learned to turn my cheek when I am struck. 

Sdxday, May 17. — Another lovely day. Jones returned ; papers to 5th 
instant from Richmond ; no more papers ; all stopped ; Federals at Clin' 
ton ; fighting yesterday at Jackson ; suppose they have taken it ; still 
hope they have not, but father says I can't look ahead ; several letters 
from Frank, all old, up to the 28th of April ; no news of the fight at 
Fredericksburg ; vary anxious ; letters from Joe E. to J. ; one from Sallift 
S. to A. ; one from B. R. to me. She is in Mobile ; D. at Lake City, 
Florida ; could not live in Richmond. I wish I could write to her, but 
no mails ; every thing very qiiiet ; Sunday, and quiet enough ; negroes 
off visiting ; Emma gone on a visit, and may not return before to-morrow ; 
great doings. I wish we could hear about the army, and what they are 
doing at Jackson. 

Monday, 18th. — Another lovely day ; all in the favor of the Yankees ; 
George Carpenter returned from Grand Gulf; can hear nothing of his 



APPENDIX. 411 

sons, but did hear that Je5 was on his way home on foot ; why, we can't 
imagine, it makes us anxious ; have reason to think the hands will all 
leave ; only a question of time, they are not quite ready ; Elsy still true ; 
but Jack doubtful. She is very attentive and kind, and does all she can to 
make us comfortable ; went up stairs to day ; it is terrible ; and our ne- 
groes have done the most part of it ; not a looking-glass or piece of china 
left ; every thing in confusion. 

I have oflfercd to hire the woman to clean up and give fifty cents a day ; 
she declines. Elsy will begin by herself to-morrow ; for if any thing 
should turn up, the rooms are not habitable. I think, before I would 
stand another such rout, I would fire the house myself. If we could only 
hear what the Feds are doing 1 Dear Father no hope of success ; rather 
vexed at me, because I am moro hopeful, and will eat my dinner and 
trust to a merciful Providence. He is still sorting the papers on the office 
floor, and turning the negroes all away visiting to-day, and every 
thing very quiet. I wonder will JeJBT go with his faithfal spouse, Martha. 
I have always thought Jeff and Elsy would prove true. And if not too 
much bothered, I still think she will stay, 

Thdksday, May 19th.— Guns sound at Vicksburg— What will be our 
fate ? God only knows. Oh, that He may cause us to be successful, and 
aid our arms in this terrible strife. Have been cleaning the spare room 
table from grease and molasses. Am impatient to get my things from 
the quarters, believing that our servants will all leave, and they wOl be 
safer here than down there. I am going to destroy the letters received 

by Jones. D 's address is care of Brigadier-General Finuigan, 

General Beauregard's command. Lake City. I have a long letter from 

B ; her direction, care of General Thomas P. Butler, Mobile. Frank's 

letters of April 10th, 28th to Ac, also 10th to A, & 19th to me, all burnt— it 
is safer. Our anxiety is scarcely bearable, ^^'ill the Yankees whip us at 
Vicksburg, and what will become of us ? A nice letter from Sallie ; she is 
at Miss Pegram's, Richmond. I am so glad she is at school, Helen still at 
her Avriting in the Department — must be a fine girl, so young and so in- 
dependent. The quiet nearly kills me. If we could only hear what is 
going on ! 
Wednesday, May 20th. — Made no entry. 

May 21. — Was very sorry yesterday. Elsy cleaning out the filth of 
the parlors, and Ria in the kitchen with Harriet for an assistant. Then 
I got Judge to shake the carpets, and take the dust off from the mats ; 
neither mats or carpets will be usable unless scoured. Most of my bed- 
ding brought up, but pillows and bolsters were missing. Some of the la- 
dies of color demurred at my asking for my own things. Mrs. Adams very 
loud. It all went on at the Cabins, and I was deaf ; but they have stolen 



412 APPENDIX. 

to tlieir very hearts' content ; who ^yonders, when their liberators set them 
the example ? The men are far more respectful and obliging than the 
women ; the latter refuse to come and w^ork, one and all of them, except 
Eia, Jane and Kate, whom I did not ask. This morning I had wheat 

biscuit for my breakfast. Elsy sent me a plateful, and Kate G , all 

very nice. Yesterday Father told Maria she must roast him a turkey 
for his dinner, and get him a turtle soup ; the old thing laughed, and 
went off and cooked him bacon and greens, rice and green peas. Harriet 
Bays he is not ready to leave his home and comforts — They must show 
him where to go and how to live. He says Parker, Isaiah, Wadloo, were 
all three forced away — ^he saw them go. George has been to Grand 
Gulf, but can't find his boys. I think they went with the Army to Jack- 
son. A poor wounded Confederate stayed here last night : got here about 
3 P. M. had walked from Port Gibson round by Mr. Alpin's gin — was shot 
in the thigh — he belonged to Tracy's Brigade ; we put him in the cabin 
and fed him ; last night gave him a pone of bread ; he did not want meat, 
he was very weary and sore, but rested and better at bed-time. This 
morning by day he was off, and good for us he was, for the blue-coats 
were at the gate, inquiring if we had one here. Fortunately they talked 
to Harry, who assured them that no one was here, or had been here. They 
told Harry if we harbored one, they would burn every building on the 
place. What can we do ? If a uounded " Yankee" asked for help Ithould 
give it, much more to a Confederate. She heard their talk, and yesterday 
she wanted us to send the man away, but neither your father nor I 
would consent. We are beginning to reap the fruits of misrule, or rather 
no rule at all. Last evening Jack and oldDabney had a very bad quarrel ; 
axes were used, and murder threatened, and this morning Jack still 
very angry — and Elsy says it is not over. Jim Boly flourishes a pistol ; 
and not until Hai-ry threatened to send for the pickets did they give it up. 
Jack had found a mule and a mare. Dabney had took them to grind 
with, and then took no care to secure them. They of course went off, and 
the Yankees got them — that was the cause of the quarrel. 

" Father" still, sorting papers, burning and saving what is needed, but 
all the most valuable ones are gone. Our loss at Mr. Lake's, is very sad. 
I continue to mourn for it, more for my children than myself. I think 
my poor Apo will grieve for her husband's tilings. Mrs. Pierson's things 
have escaped in the most wonderful manner. I cannot understand it. 
I wish we had packed away our own things ourselves. " Mother John- 
eon" weeping for her kittens ; this morning early, she brought three 
dead kittens to my back door— strange she cannot raise them. 

The Yanks have our Doctor, who says they die of" trismus nascentum." 
I wish I could hear about them. Sent Bob to get advice ostensibly, but 



APPENDIX. 413 

in fact to get news. The H.'s at Mrs, R 's, all cleaned out ; tlie two 

Marys still stay and help her — would corns to see me if she could. 
Father got a St. Louis paper ; Hooker has had a severe repulse. If we 
only could hear ahout Frank ! / tJiink Ids death would kill your Father, 
t1h6 last soil ! A beautiful corn season, and no one to work it — what aro 
we to do for food, if we cannot cultivate the soil ? Father beginning to 
think it is God's will that the Institution should be wiped out, for every 
thing favors them ; the weather so cool and pleasant, enabling them to 
fight and endure. 

Friday, 22d May.— All quiet, no news— very anxious and very dull. 
Elsy very attentive ; paid Emma one dollar, and desired her to stay away 
— ^very lazy and not respectful — would rather do my own work than be 
so bothered— she is going fast to destruction — sent word to Martha to 
take her in hand. 

Satubday, 23d May.— Every thing very quiet, no news that is reli- 
able ; hear we have retaken Jackson — hope so. 

Sunday, 24th May. — Lovely weather ; heavy firing in the direction of 
Vicksburg — all in the dark, and in our loneliness makes us more anxious. 

Monday, 25th May. — Heavy firing again to-day; ceased about 11 a. m. 
Warmer than it has been ; very lonely and sad. Imsh Iims with the 
children. Father so depressed. 

May 26th. — Heavy firing again until noon. Wm. McG and old 

H came over ; the former had been looking for a box buried in tho 

woods ; found the place, but no box ; how could he expect it, hid by a 
negro boy, and yet my drawer, fuU of silver, is still safe and hid by Elsy, 

They left nothing at McG 's, not even a pillow, and she was in bed. 

The Suggs people are doing their own work. Father and sons taking 
the plough, and mother and daughters the wash-tub — hurrah for them ! 
better than fretting and sitting down in the dirt. No news. 

Wednesday, May 27th. — Cannonading very heavy ; began early. Elsio 
says was going all night ; did not hear it ; now ten o'clock, and still very 
heavy. The negroes bring all manner of stories. Old Dabney been to 
Grand Gulf; sent me a loaf of bread, real mean Yankee stuff. The rheu- 
matism well, now, that _he is free and can walk to the Gulf and back ; 

had a pony, left it at Mrs. L 's, he says, and walked from there. I 

wish I had known he was going, but they do not even do that much. I 
suppose they would not think they were free if they told us where tlicy 
went. I do not care ; they do not annoy me, and I do not trouble them. I 
think, in time, we shaU lose them all, if we lose Vicksburg. Back of Mr. 
Martin Pattison's, the people are at work as usual. I think if Father 
would call them all up and tell those to go who mean to, and the rest to 
go to work, they would do it. I am told J did it, and very few left ; 



414 APrENDIX. 

they have gone to work. Negro meetings <iro being held, and the few 
whites left begin to be very anxious. Think the meetings ought to be 
stopped and the negroes put to work. We won't meddle with them, it is 
certain. Powers was burnt out by his own negroes. I fear the blacks more 
than I do the Yankees. Jack trying to pursuade Elsie to leave, though 
he comes up and goes whenever I want him. She tells him to get her 
a home and a way of earning her living, and she is ready to go, but not 
before — after a while, fool-like, she will go. I told her, if he left her, to 
move up into the wash-house with her children. I would give her $13 
a month and feed her four children. I thought it good wages, and 
Becky could nurse the little children, and Mose help her — and if Jack 
was free, I should consider her free also, and free to go whenever he found 
that home for her. God knows what she will do. 

May 27th, 11a. m. — Firing ceased. This has occurred for three days, 
but to-day more severe. How anxious we feel can never be described ; 
ice hear Johnston is in command at Vicksburg, and Bragg at Jackson ; if so, 
where is Eosecrans? Randall gone to Port Gibson, a little afraid, as the 
negroes have all kinds of stories afloat, and do not consider Port Gibson 
safe for " free people of color." Forgot to write on 24th. Bob from the 
Lake's, with the news that only the trunk had been broken open, and much 
Baved, but all and every trinket stolen. Hope the siooi^ds are safe. Mrs. 
Dorsey's basket at the G.'s, I have ascertained. But Elsie has got all 
the things, I hope, at any rate most of them. 

Thursday 28th. — Again we hear the cannon, very regular. Judge re- 
turned from Port Gibson last evening ; no news reliable — no mails to or 
from town, nor letters there yet from Yazoo. Dr. Seidlitz had arrived 
from Jackson ; said the Federals took Yazoo City last Tuesday — makes 
•us very anxious. Will they get Lieutenant Pemberton ? So much doubt 
and anxiety ! when will it all end, and how ? Mr. S says it is re- 
ported that Price has taken Helena, and Lee is in possession of Arling- 
ton Heights, after another hard battle, iu which nooker has been 
most thoroughly whipped. Oh ! if this is only true, and if we could only 
whij) them at W , how every thing would be changed ! 

The negroes are as idle as darkies only can be ; nearly four weeks since 
"their vacation began," as Elde calls it, and not a stroke of work. 
Buck gives Paul a bucket, and bids him milk two cows for him. Don't 
say a word, for I believe a good time will come, and Mr. Buck will 
not steal my milk. They have stripped the garden of every thing ; go 
when they please, and do as they please ; no one interferes. Martha ro- 
fased to tell Patsy what to do for her baby, imless she was paid for it — 
BO Patsy brought baby up " to Mistress ;" the child has a large gather- 
ing on the cheek, on a line with the ear ; sufifers a good deal ; put a poul- 



AVFE-^mx. 416 

tice of meal and laudanum, and gave oil and paregoric ; put it to sleep ; 
only tliree months old, and a fine baby. Just think of Martha ! she is a 
great rascal, and if I had my way, and we can ever get our rights again 1 
Which of them have any principle or truth ? There is a continual run of 
darkies here from other places. Austin, who says he belongs to old 
Dicky II , comes often in a buggy : says he is Grace's husband, Mar- 
tha's sister. They used to belong to Bob C . I never feel safe, and 

am always thankful, when morning comes, that the house has not been 
fired during the night. 

May oOth. — We hear all manner of stories. One is, Port Hudson is 
evacuated, and Banks is coming up the country with his negro regiment.? 
to desolate and burn. Surely God has forsaken us. No Yankee troops 
anywhere about here, except in Grand Gulf. They roam the country in 
Bmall squads, robbing and setting fire to gins and houses at their pleas- 
ure. They awoke the McAlpins in the dead of the night, and demanded 
money and watches, and threatened, if refused, to burn the premises. 
They gave their watches, but yesterday their gin was fired. They threaten 
to burn all the Humphreys' places. They have destroyed all they had. 

Sunday olst. — Have turned over two pages, so will talk in this. Poor 
Elsy ! she has a hard time between her duty to her husband and that 
to her old mistress, and I believe she would be glad if Mr. Hays would 
leave her and her children, and I know I would be, for I do not think he 
is reliable. She told me yesterday " to put no dependence on him, for he 
would go yet," no matter how he talked. He complains that she waits 
on me, and none of the others do ; that she behaves just as if she was 
not free, " coming \ip here and waiting on me and master" just as usual, 
which is not quite true, as she goes d -Avn at nine, and sometimes before, 
and cooks what little she has for us at the quarters ; brings it up ; we eat 
in a short time ; I help her wash up, and she is ofl" again. In the morning 
I do all slops ; strip the bed and wash up, while she makes the bed and 
sweeps up. She is very willing, and does not like to see me work ; bui 
he is a rascal, for all the time he tries to make me believe he is true 
and never will leave me. I want her to bring her children up with her 
in the morning, and feed them here. She says " our negroes are the 
commonest set of people she ever saw ; she would be glad to get away 
from them forever ; they are bad people ; they are only niggers." 

DsIay 31st. — Passed a terrible night ; cannonading all night, with little 
intermission ; father thinks they are shelling Vicksburg. Colonel Mudd, of 
McClemand's staff, told us tliey had batteries opposite to Vicksburg, ready 
to jwur hot shot into it. Was there ever such a barbarous war? peojjlo 
of the same country slaughtering each other ! I could not sleep ; tho 
thought of how many brave men were being sent to their last account. 



416 APPENDIX. 

and tlieir bones to lie bleacliing, uuburied, flesli food for carnivora, is too 
awfiil for contemplation. Fatlier lias gone to walk, and has taken a 
basket to gather plums, if he sees any. I persuade him to go see old 
Johnny every evening ; the old fellow is a great deal more hopeful than 
your father, and, being on the road, if any person passes he hears what 
is going on ; true, much is unreliable ; two men passed yesterday ; said 
they were from Vicksburg, and that we were giving it to them hard, 
and Dr. H. told Johnny th3 Yanks said unless they could get between 
us and our supplies they could not take Vicksburg. I hope so. Guns 
are slower now, 11 a. m. ; they usually rest from this hour until evening ; 
but here is the tenth day, and Vicksburg, glorious little city ! still in the 
hands of the rebels. " Stir up thy strength, Lord ! and come and help 
us, for thou givest not always the battle to the strong, but canst save 
by many or by few." Oh, Lord, hear and save us from our enemies. 

JuxE 1, 18G3. — The firing ceased about twelve m. The silence is worse 
than tlie terrible roar of cannon, for now we fear that poor little, brave 
Vicksburg has succumbed. All quiet ; no news. 

JuxE 2. — Father been to old Johnny's ; no nevvs. Some negroes from 
Grand Gulf say the ofScer there told them the rebels offered to give up 
on conditions, but Grant will have an unconditional surrender. Our 
brave men, how hard they have worked, and how hard a fall ! Father 
much depressed, and, I am sorry to say, I am not much better. I hoped 
so much from Vicksburg. The question constantly arises, what are we 
to do ? And what little we have is not available, for it Avould be stolen 
from us. We are terribly damaged, but still have a start if we could bo 
let alone. The house can be made comfortable, and still a little stock ; 
the crops, though unworked, are thriving, and we could keep soul and 
body together if we remain undisturbed ; but there is the question. 
But for Elsy I don't know what we should do, and Jack is at her all the 
time to leave. I wish he would go, and let her alone ; she don't want 
to follow him ; she tells him to go and get her a home and a way of get- 
ting her living, and she will leave me. I offer her twelve dollars a 
month, feed her and her four children, she to work as usual and live on 
the lot (if Jack goes), and do as well as we can until she betters herself. 
8he has behaved well, as Elsy can do when she chooses. It seems high 
wages, with four children, making five mouths to feed ; but I know her 
v/ays, and she mine ; besides, she is strictly honest and true, a rare thing 
in a Ijlack. Father has borrowed a mule from Eandal, who continues 
civil and obliging. He has gone to Wilson's place, and will try and get 
over to Martin's from there. It makes me very unhappy to see my dear 
old husband so distressed ; his strength going from him, and not the 
iwwer to work ; it has been coming for a year, and this is finishing the 



APPENDIX. 41 T 

matter. I do pray to God lie will withstand tlie oatli ; wc can't loso 
much more, in a worldly view, and let us pray to have strength to resist 
that despotism, at all events mitil the whole country succumbs, and there 
is no Confederate Government. Hunter, Hamilton, and Berry have taken 
it. The two latter we are not surprised at, the former astonishes us. S, 
calls himself a " Union man ;" property saved ; only still point. I write 
my thoughts, and wonder if you will ever read them, or if we will ever 
meet again in this world. I regret so much we did not load up the other 
two wagons with what we most needed and tramp off all together, and 
then set fire to the premises. I believe he thinks me crazy, but I would 
much rather see the house fired than let the Yankees have it, and John 
Perkins was a wise man. No water at the quarters ; the negroes have 
washed out of three cisterns, and used up what the Yankees left ; they 
had a plenty, and Harry tried to prevent it, but they would not listen to 
it. They sent us word, buc we replied we had nothing to do with it, and 
I sent them word to go to the branch where they always went before we 
bought them ; they had taken their stand, and they might abide by it ; 
they refused to come and aid me when I wanted them, and now I refused 
to share the water with them ; Carolina, Maria, Ria Jane, and Elsy 
could get their drinking water here, as long as I had it ; the rest should 
not come on the lot for any thing. So far they have kept av/ay. The 
kitchen cistern is so impure it can't bo used ; the Yankees ruined it, and 
it is at least half full. My bath will wash my clothes, and Ilia Jane's 
too ; she continues willing to do what I v/ant. Martha told her unless 
she paid her she should not go to her in her confinement ; pretty high 
doings ! They are pretty quiet at the quarters, except that yelling at 
night misnamed singing ; a terrible joining of discordant sounds, nothing 
in unison, and all nasal ; it is very foolish, but to me very annoying. 

June 3d. — Father brought such good news from his trip ! he found all 
quiet and work going on at Wilson's. — Crossed to Mrs. M's ; poor thing, 
lost little Minnie last Friday, with Diphtheria ; only sick three days. 
Sarah unwell with the same complaint. Trouble never seems to come 
singly ; all her house servants gone, even Bony. Albert still there, but 
does not work as he ought. Three men and Henry ploughing. Old 
M. off hunting news. He had gone to Tom A's who has communi- 
cation with his brother, at or near Ilazlehurst, which is free to Jack- 
son. Johnson there. We are whipping those infernal Yankees, instead 
of their annihilating us, and they are ekedadling by Haines' Bluff. Port 
Hudson not evacuated, and General Gardner has repulsed Banks with 
much loss. News from Vicksburg also good. Lee has really taken Ar- 
lington Heights, and we hope he is swarming and pillaging Pennsyl- 
vania. If New York could only be fired, I think I v/ould feel better. I 



418 APPENDIX. 

don't care for Washington — we may want that yet. Mrs. M told 

father the report was — that Johnson had told Pemberton to hold out 
three days, and he would relieve him, Pemberton replied, he could hold 
out thirty days. Oh, that all this may prove true ! and as Father believes 
it, I may be allowed to do the same. 

Our darkeys in great commotion, yesterday, on account of Secesh, who, 
about twenty-five in number, have bsen going the rounds, and setting the 
negroes to work ; they whipped one fellow on his own evidence, and hung 
another ; and we thought last evening, all ours but a few meant to go ; 
but they were here this morning, and some have actually gone to work. 
I wish the Secesh would come, for the women sit at their doors and 
do not do the first thing, and there is no head, no any thing. Tlie men 
do any thing I tell them, but the women I don't trouble, except the two 
!Marias and Elsie. I had a talk with Buck ; he was respectful and civil, 
and agreed to attend to the cattle as usual, he and Elsy dividing the sour 
milk between them for their labor, and a pint of new milk to Buck for 
his cofiee. This is all fair enough ; we don't feed him or his family, and 
he must live, and I do not see why I should give to those who do not 
labor for me. 

June 4. — Did no writing. Still busy fixing those beds of clothing. 

June 5. — Very tired last night ; finished my job, all except making a 
bag of the finery, such as collars and sleeves and lace ; was very weary, 
and this morning got up sore and stiff, and too late for my churning, 
v\-hich was not as good as usual — or as it ought to have been. Moved all 
the medicines but a few into my closet, and fixed the old one with my 
plates, etc., and provisions ; put a piece of oil-cloth on the fioor part, and 
there laced my one shoulder and side of bacon ; funny way of living, but 
we are very comfortable — and surprising how " old master" accommo- 
dates himself to circumstances. The people not gone yet, but v^ery 
much excited, and afraid lest they will not get oif, as the Yankees are 
reducing their force at Grand Gulf, and making ready for any emergency 
Say tlie Rebels are coming down upon them ; all this of course negro 
news. Mrs. Hays refuses to accompany her dear and loving spouse ; hope 
she will still do it for my sake ; for I, as usual, sufier greatly from the 
heat. If I only could hear from my children ! not a word since they left. 
Five weeks to-morrow, and nothing from dear Frank since 28th April ; not 
a word since those awful battles. Father has found a hiding-place for all 
the clothes, at least the most useful ones. I have made the summer dresses 
into a bed covered with ticking, and in my room all the nice comforts, 
white quilts, and white dresses into another, and covered it like a bed, 
and put it in the spare room, and as I did it by myself and the weather 
hot, I was mighty tired. 



APPEKDIX. 4-19 

On tho 4tli, Mrs. Slemmons came up to see if I had saved any of licr 
things. It was in consequence of her visit that I opened my carpet beds. 
She found a good many of her clothes, hut they have stolen five new 
muslin chemises, not entirely done, some new muslin, all her dagneus, 
a large box of cotton— several dozens — which I have no doubt is all in 
my own quarters, as I learn the colored ladies are all well supplied with 

all sizes— a gold watch, which belonged to Mr. S , and a few towels. 

The trunk she left at Miss F 's v.-as entirely emptied. Mrs. S ■ 

advised Willie to bundle her clothes and hide them in the woods. She 
lias heard of the trunk at Dr. Magruder's, but nothing of her clothes. 

Mrs. S then drove her to town and left her, as she could not take any 

more persons with her to Jefferson, and went with her family to II 's. 

She says they have not left a thing at S . Poor Willie walked eight 

miles to her mother with the clothes on her back, and those winter ones. 
I gave her Alice's pink lawn, one underbody, a muslin curtain I came 
across that would make a night-gown, a sacque trimmed with pink, and 
a collar. She seemed very grateful ; poor thing ! what a time she has had. 

June Gth. — Made no entry. 

June 7th. — Heavy firing all morning, began early ; going it again at 
Vicksburg. Our poor men ! though we hear that comparatively we do 
not suffer — how I wish it was over ! and how I dread these Yankees suc- 
ceeding ! Our people very unsettled and getting ready to go. Martha, 
with her three children and Emma, left at midnight Friday, with Uncle 
Austin from Harding's, an old rascal of a preacher ; the rest are packing 
to-day. Hays resolved to go, and I dread lest he take his wife with him, 
for I can hardly get along as it is, and shall die if I have the cooking to 
do. It will be strange if the Carolines and Elsie should be the only 
ones to remain, with John Smith. Kate getting ready, and I fe^r Maria 
Jane, though so large, will tramp also ; but she says she is not going — 
dear me, what a time ! 

We heard yesterday, through Captain McClellan, some Virginia ucwi, — 
he commands Sidney's old companj''. lie says Lee whipped Hooker 
badly, and when he left, six days' rations were ordered, and no doubt, 
long before this, Lee has taken Arlington Heights — that the casualitius 
were few, and no mention of any one we know, so we hope Frank is still 
unscathed. To-day, very sultry, also yesterday. Firing ceased 11 a. ii. 
How we do long for news. 

June Gth, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th.-— Every day alike, plenty of rumors, 
nothing reliable. 

10th. — Rainy and unpleasant ; ray carpet up, and Hester helping Elsie 
clean up the room. Getting all done I can, for I believe it is only a ques- 
tion of time as to their all quitting. 



420 APPENDIX. 

Monday 8tli. — Fanny, John Smith, and the children. Buck and his 
family, Dave and his, Kate and hers, making in all thirteen who have 
gone — Dave intending to come back, but the Yankees would not let him. 
Bob said he had hard work to get away. Old George not returned — he 
has been gone since Sunday, 31st May — perhaps he can't get away ; he 

has gone to hunt up his boys. As Jimmy W says, those who have 

staid are utterly demoralized ; if they work for you, the job is only half 
done. My room is finished and called clean, but it is only slicked — but 
I am glad to have that and say nothing. Elsie and Hester have done the 
work with what I call a fling. 

June 11th. — Father returned from Watson's heart-broken. i.Iy dear 
old husband's troubles never end ; our last hope gone, on the battle-field 
of Chancellorsville. Yes, our dear Frank, killed in this cruel war — mak- 
ing two valued souls sent to eternity — and the name of this branch dies 
with your father — no son ! Alas for the bereaved parents in this unholy 
war ! the husbands, the brothers, the dear ones gone to sleep ! I felt so 
unconscious of evil, and a month or more had elapsed since the battle 
and no news. I was sure he was safe. 

12th. — Received the Richmond Enquirer from Mr. Watson ; the only 
one killed in Company I, First Mississippi Regiment, is private Frank 

J : some wounded, some missing — only my son Jdlled ! If we could 

only hear some particulars, know if he was buried, the spot marked, 
though we will never have the means to bring the bodies here, and put 
them side by side. They were united in life. How I shall long to bring 
them all three here, that they may sleep in their narrow beds, as in 
childhood, side by side ! It will never be ! No money, negroes, stock ; 
every thing stolen. 

JiiNE 13th. — No news. 



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